Japanese culture Japanese article 1 On Japanese culture from the perspective of Japanese structure and Japanese application.
Abstract:? People's thinking habits? It is the sum total of cognitive habits shared by people who speak the same language. It is the basis of people's daily unconscious habitual thinking and behavior patterns, and it has become a culture together. In short, the meaning of spoken words is produced in the context on the premise of the speaker's cognitive habits. In this context, it is also associated with the culture as a context. A very important clue to understand people's thinking habits as the basic elements of culture is language.
Keywords: speech culturology; Speech consciousness; Verbal expression; Japanese culture
Muye Cheng Yi said that the study of linguistic culturology is neither to explain language with culture nor to explain culture with language. Assuming that there is an inevitable connection between a certain speech phenomenon and a certain cultural phenomenon, it is necessary to prove the organic and doomed relationship between speech and culture by clearly proposing when. In a word, the so-called speech culturology is to study the characteristics of language and culture that have been identified as social habits, and to achieve the purpose of scientific description through the universal media related to them. From the perspective of Japanese language and culture analysis, this paper makes clear how Japanese and Japanese culture are linked together.
First, the culture in Japanese structure.
(A) Vocabulary and Japanese culture
As the sum of words, vocabulary can reflect the natural environment, social culture and the way of thinking of people living in it to some extent.
1. On the interweaving of Japanese traditional culture and foreign culture from the perspective of vocabulary
Japanese vocabulary reflects the mixed culture of Japanese inherent elements and foreign elements. For example: and language? China? Foreign languages are mixed together. For example, we are limited to food, clothing, housing and transportation, as well as clothing, sleeping and clothing. They all contain three languages, and the competition of these three languages reflects the interlaced posture of Japanese traditional culture and foreign culture. This dual structure is the characteristic of Japanese culture.
2. A special group-onomatopoeia (onomatopoeia? Mimicry words)
Professor Kazuhiko Kanda believes that the existence of onomatopoeia is the uniqueness of Japanese vocabulary, and onomatopoeia is a blank part in many language vocabulary systems. It is said that there are many onomatopoeic words and mimetic words in Japanese. Although it can't be said that this is a unique feature of Japanese, the multi-use of such words is an example of perceptual rather than analytical understanding of things. For example: ィラィラ? ムシャクシャ? ヤキモキ? Wait, it's hard for foreigners to understand. ホットする? What is the score? スッキリした? (on the chest) モヤモヤしてぃる? ウンザリだ? ガッカリだ and so on. The emotional state is always divided into special details, and sometimes the sentences describing the very intense action state are very rich and frequently used. ショゲル? フサギコム? ムクレル? ムカツク? ジレル? イラダツ? Hey, wait, for the Japanese who divide this constant emotional swing so finely, how can they live a life without romantic words? Meaning world? In the room, they will feel very painful.
(B) Grammar and culture
1. Word order
Japanese is the word order of SOV (subject+object+verb). In other words, not only the information of the sentence, but also the basic meaning of the sentence can not be understood until the end of the sentence. For example:
His daughter is a Japanese teacher.
That girl is a Japanese teacher.
That girl is a Japanese teacher; She is a Japanese teacher; She is a Japanese teacher.
His daughter is a Japanese teacher.
Whether a sentence is narrative, negative or interrogative is not known until the end of the sentence. It can be said that there is suspense until the end of the sentence. If the information of a sentence is regarded as internal, then the process of a language with word order like Japanese reaching the interior is not abrupt, but relatively smooth. From the listener's point of view, you can't grasp the whole sentence at the beginning of the clause, but slowly reach the inside from the outside.
2. Automatic choice of words and other verbs
(1) No? His verb sentence? And choose to use it? Automatic words?
ぉがりましたよ. (Automatic word)
ぉをれましたよ. (Other verb sentences)
This is the scene after the speaker pours tea to the other party. At this time, the automatic phrase "ぉがってぃます" is used instead of the verb "ぉをれましたよ". "By saying? Is the tea poured? If this sentence shows the result, should the subject be erased? Me? , this is a kind of does not involve? I poured tea? Statement. If you use other verbs, it becomes contain? I made you tea? This statement that one's actions bring benefits to the other party will make the other party unhappy.
(2) instead of using? Automatic words? And choose to use it? His verb sentence?
The house is scattered, the house is scattered. (Other verb sentences)
The house is scattered, the house is scattered. (automatic word)
Both the former and the latter are often used. Another verb sentence of the former means that it is oneself who has made a mess in the room, and there is an expression of apology for bringing unhappiness to the other party. The latter's automatic words are just descriptions? The room is a mess? In this state, as for who is responsible, it is more ambiguous. In this case, compared with using automatic words, using other verb sentences has a stronger sense of apology and will give the other party a better impression.
Using automatic sentences or other verb sentences has the following tendency:
If you use automatic words and expressions, it is easy to attract people who will directly or indirectly have a negative impact on each other? Evade responsibility? Misunderstanding, so in order to really convey the feelings of apology to the troubled party, I prefer to use other verb sentences instead of automatic words;
If you (the action master) deliberately make actions that bring positive effects to the other party, if you use other verb sentences, you may give the other party one? Well-intentioned self-assertion imposed on others? And so on, so I prefer to use automatic words rather than other verb sentences.
Second, the use of cultural language in Japanese
Consciousness and Speech Act (1) Stereotyped Greetings-Lubricant of Interpersonal Relations
The so-called greeting refers to the polite behavior or language that people communicate with each other when they meet or leave. Saying these words can show respect or closeness to each other, so that interpersonal relationships and social life can be smooth.
When it comes to greetings, it includes: ① When people meet each other? ぉはよぅござぃますぉですか? Wait; (2) welcome time? いらっしゃいませ? Wait; ③ During separation, "さよぅなら", "ぉやすみなさぃ" and so on; (4) When shall I go home? ただぃまぉぼりなさぃ? ; (5) When going out? いってきます」いってらっしゃい? Wait; 6. While eating? いただきますごちそうさま? Wait a minute.
It is a common habit to say this kind of fixed greeting in Japanese. ? It's hard to come to the store, but it's hard. This fixed greeting is also widely used in Japanese society. In many other languages, this fixed sentence is blank. However, for the Japanese, it depends on whether or not greetings are used, and what kind of greetings are used can show the great differences between people. There may be disharmony in interpersonal relationship just because there is no greeting, and vice versa. In a word, greetings are the lubricant of interpersonal relationships. Without greetings, it will become a world that is difficult to survive.
(B) the psychological control of honorific behavior
Everyone knows that Japanese honorifics are very developed. Respect for people can be seen in any country, but it is a feature of Japanese to develop it into the whole grammar and vocabulary and form a complete system. In Japanese, in addition to social status such as identity, occupation and related business, differences in social, age and gender determine the language of the parties. Not only that, when there is a gap between the two sides of the conversation, we must choose words that can balance this relationship.
The commonly used honorific rules are based on the relationship between the other party or the things appearing in the topic and themselves (up and down? Familiarity? Interest relationship), use the right words. Of course I'll think about it, okay Treatment performance? Or? Character language? . There are many conditions that govern Japanese speech acts. What is the most important one? Respect? People's expression and subtle consciousness? Heart distance? It depends on the balance between the two. In short, does it include the other party and the object? One of our own? Scope, according to the distance from your heart to decide what kind of words to use.
Third, the conclusion
Japanese and Japanese consciousness interact with each other and become an organic whole, forming a unique spiritual space on the Japanese archipelago. Can you call? The spiritual space of the nation? . This can also be called? National speech space? . ? Japanese portrait? Okay？ Japanese image? Both can be reflected from it. Based on the analysis of Japanese language and culture, this paper analyzes the structure and application of Japanese. Japanese image? And then what? Japanese portrait? . It can be said that through some vocabulary, grammar and several oral expressions, the relationship between Japanese and Japanese cognitive habits and Japanese culture is clarified to some extent. Of course, the connection between Japanese and Japanese culture goes far beyond the above two aspects. For example, it also includes aspects that Japan is good at and not very good at. Japanese can show that Japanese people like to express their thoughts with automatic words, use verbs more frequently, skillfully use passive voice, silence in Japanese, omission of personal pronouns, ambiguous expression, euphemistic refusal and so on. These are topics to be discussed in the future.
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Japanese Culture Japanese Part II A Brief Analysis of the Influence of Japanese Culture on Japanese Idioms
Abstract: Idioms are the product of the development of national languages, bearing rich cultural information and the essence of language vocabulary. It is like a mirror, which clearly reflects the cultural characteristics of a nation. National culture will leave a deep impression on language and promote the formation of idioms. This paper discusses the significance of Japanese culture to the emergence, development and formation of Japanese idioms from three aspects: natural environment, customs and religious beliefs.
Keywords: Japanese culture, meaning of Japanese idioms
? Language is the carrier, accumulation and image of culture? [ 1]。 There are rich cultural connotations in language. The emergence, change and development of any language are closely related to the natural geographical environment, social culture and customs of its nation and country. As the Japanese linguist Yoshiyuki Morita said: Talk about the culture of the society, cultural views, and textual research about talking about it. ? [2] (Language is the product of social culture, and you can't see the real language without considering it from a cultural perspective) Idioms, as the most sinicized part of language and culture, are the embodiment of the essence of national culture. It is like a mirror, which clearly reflects the cultural characteristics of a nation.
National culture will inevitably leave a deep impression on language and promote the formation of idioms. Learning and mastering idioms can not only improve language expression ability but also enhance cultural ability, and the enhancement of cultural ability will inevitably help improve language ability. Japanese culture is complex, absorbing the essence of many cultures and having a large number of idioms. This paper briefly discusses the influence of Japanese culture on the formation and development of Japanese idioms from three aspects: natural environment, customs and religious beliefs, so as to arouse people's attention to the relationship between idioms and culture, and then better learn and understand Japanese idioms, accurately express their meanings in language practice, and avoid ridiculous mistakes caused by not knowing the cultural background of Japanese idioms. The authoritative Japanese dictionary "Mandarin Dictionary" explains idioms in this way: the ancients repeatedly used がって, かららられてた sentences, compound words and idioms. ? (Words, compound words, idioms and other languages that have been used since ancient times are all composed of more than two words) It can be seen that Japanese idioms include two-character and four-character phrases, proverbs, idioms, aphorisms, two-part allegorical sayings and so on in Chinese.
First, the natural environment.
? As the living space of human beings, the natural environment is bound to be closely related to the cultural characteristics of this nation? [3]。 The Japanese have lived in an island country surrounded by the sea since ancient times, and are rich in all kinds of fresh fish, thus forming a unique? Fish farming? . Idioms abound from the most common and cheapest "roe" to the rarest and most expensive "mackerel". ののもから "(sincerely) The head of mackerel is a chicken head, not a phoenix tail"; ををむ む む む む む む む む む む む む む む む む; りりり (soaring); "Bao has a thought" (wishful thinking); Shrimp, fish, fish "(throw a brick to attract jade); Sweet potatoes and eels "(golden phoenix can't fly out of the chicken coop); Sea bass is skilled "(deception); It's fantastic "and so on. Because? Fish? It is the protagonist of Japanese national diet, so the types of fish are divided in detail in Japanese idioms, and the image characteristics of various fish are also portrayed incisively and vividly. Because Japan is rich in seafood resources, fresh seafood can be eaten all year round, so the Japanese nation is not as eager and particular about food seasoning as the mainland nation. In Japan, only "Wei" and "Miso" have been used as seasonings for a long time. "Dun" is extracted from seawater, so every household tastes the same. But the "miso" made of soybeans tastes different to everyone. If your own miso smells better than others', you are very proud. Thus came the Japanese idioms "Miso before serving" and "Miso before serving" (boasting); "Miso" (flattery). But if there is a problem with the formula ratio, miso will be ineffective, so "miso pays the bill", right? Shame? The meaning of. In addition, "miso もくそもにする" (regardless of good or bad); "Mistaste is rotten" (meaning bad voice) and so on.
Japan has many islands and few mountains, and its natural environment is particularly harsh, so it grows rice for a living. Irrigation by diverting water is an important prerequisite for planting rice, so water disputes often occur among households, and the idiom "water hanging" (arguing endlessly). Japanese people take rice as their staple food, and related idioms are: "Others eat rice, others are white" (home flowers are not as good as wild flowers); "Flower" (seeking truth from facts); "Before meals" (a trick); "Cold rice and cold food" (sitting on the bench); "cake house" (no matter what you do, you have to rely on experts); "Eat together" (intimacy) and so on.
Japan is often hit by typhoons, earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. The ancient Japanese were very afraid and awed by all natural phenomena. They believe that everything in the world has a soul and is the embodiment of God. The Japanese people believe in "gods" and "ghosts" and think that "ghosts" are the deformation of "gods" after they were sent to the world from the sky, the sea and the mountains. It is boundless, ruthless and terrible. This produces a "ghost gold stick" (such as adding wings to a tiger); "Ghost is empty" (insincere); "Ghost, well, lustre and washing" (no tiger or monkey in the mountain is called overlord); のにするのするの (cross the heart); "Ghosts don't eat" (fearless) and so on. Facing the powerful God and nature, people must pray for the protection of the gods if they want to survive. There are many large and small "shrines" in Japan, where different "gods" are enshrined, and various grand sacrificial activities are held every year, which is called "sacrifice" in Japanese. "initial sacrifice" means very grand and lively; And "post-sacrifice" is to miss the opportunity, which is meaningless.
Since ancient times, the Japanese nation has lived and multiplied on the Japanese archipelago, and island culture is the source of Japanese idioms.
Second, customs and habits
? Customs and habits are gradually formed by a nation in a specific historical development process and geographical environment, and are symbols of cultural patterns, involving all fields of social life? [4]。 As a cultural carrier, language is bound to reflect the customs and habits of the nation and form idioms with its own characteristics.
The Japanese people have believed in "speech" since ancient times and believe that language has incredible effects. This effect can bring both good luck and disaster. If you casually say what good luck you expect, "words" will be invalid. The Japanese are cautious about their own language and advocate that "if you talk too much, you will lose" (if you talk too much, you will lose). Shen is the greatest hero (silence is the best eloquence); "Misfortune comes from the mouth" (Misfortune comes from the mouth); "Say something" (it's better not to say it). Most idioms composed of the verb "Yan" have derogatory meanings: "Yan" falls into "とす" (nonsense); "Say" (spread rumors); The words "ぃまくる" fully reflect the Japanese's negative understanding of speech.
"Flower Road" and "Tea Ceremony" occupy a very important position in the life of the Japanese nation and are world-famous and extremely high-level arts. The idiom "three years of grass flowers" means that learning flower arrangement begins with the most common flower arrangement, but it takes at least three years of hard work to insert it well, which emphasizes the hard work of basic skills. The etiquette of "tea ceremony" is very difficult, but eating an ordinary "teacup" in the morning is the simplest thing anyone can do, so the idiom "teacup" comes into being. Tea art is not refined, so the idiom "ぉをす" came into being when making tea casually, meaning vague and careless. There is also an idiom with tea as the theme: "Tea にする" (love and ignore); "Put out the bitter tea" (in a mess); "Tea and Flowers" (old look and new look) and so on. The colorful life of the Japanese nation is a fertile ground for the survival of Japanese idioms. Humans and animals and plants live together on the earth and get along with each other day and night.
The characteristics of some animals and plants have unexpected effects in expressing people's thoughts and feelings, and there are also many idioms in Japanese that use animals and plants as metaphors. Cherry blossoms are the national flower of Japan and have been deeply loved by the Japanese nation since ancient times. Cherry blossoms have a short flowering period, but they are in full bloom, colorful and full of vitality? Is collectivism beautiful? Before dying, I still maintained a noble demeanor. These are the lofty qualities that the Japanese nation has been pursuing all its life. There are many idioms in Japanese that praise cherry blossoms: "Flowers are blooming" (brilliant); "Seven Days" (great career should be completed in a short life); "See you in three days" (things are different) and so on. Two important festivals in Japan, the Dragon Boat Festival on May 5th must be planted with calamus, and the Double Ninth Festival on September 9th must be decorated with chrysanthemums. However, the "calamus" on the sixth day and the "chrysanthemum" on the tenth day of the festival are useless. The idiom "six-day calamus" and "ten-day chrysanthemum" means that if the opportunity is missed, it will be worthless. Send an umbrella after the rain? .
"River boy" is a fictional animal image in Japanese fairy tales. He is good at swimming and can live on land, which is very popular among Japanese. "Land on the River" (tiger falls flat); "River children swim to teach" (teaching others to swim); "River boy" (drowning person who can swim). "Pelican" specializes in fish. When it eats fish, it swallows the whole fish in one gulp. Borrowing this phenomenon, the idiom "ヨㄩみにする" is a metaphor, which means not seeking a solution or being cheated. "Zan" is the favorite animal of the Japanese nation. People think "亀のよりの" (ginger is old and spicy) and hope "亀はは" (live as long as a tortoise). Japanese people think they have "bugs" in their bodies. No one knows what these "bugs" look like and where they hide in their bodies. Usually these "bugs" lurk somewhere in the body, making people feel nothing, but they will act desperately whenever they have the chance. These "worms" manipulate and direct the thoughts and behaviors of every Japanese, so they have created many idioms that use "worms" as metaphors. Dwelling House (unhappy in my heart); "Can't get rid of" (anger is hard to get rid of); Bug Go Away (disgusting); "The worm knows" (premonition); "crying bug" (crying person); "Weak worm" (coward). The "bug" is that the worms in the body are triumphantly manipulating people's behavior at will, regardless of other people's feelings. Selfish? . In addition, there are many idioms in Japanese that are metaphors for common animals in daily life, such as cats, dogs, cows, horses, etc., so I won't list them here. In a word, animals and plants are inexhaustible resources of Japanese idioms. For these idioms with special national cultural imprint, we must learn and use them on the basis of understanding the connotation of national culture to avoid misunderstanding, mistranslation and misinformation.
Third, religious belief.
As a social ideology, religious belief will have a profound and lasting impetus to people's thinking. Ideological and cultural infiltration is accompanied by language infiltration, and different religious beliefs form different cultural characteristics and reproduce different cultural traditions.
The religious beliefs of the Japanese nation are complex and have gone through many periods. China? Taoism? When it was first introduced to Japan, the Japanese idiom "six gods without a master" (six gods without a master) refers to Taoism. Heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and viscera? Six dirty gods. With the introduction of China Chinese characters into Japan, China advocated it in ancient times? Self-cultivation and governance? Confucianism was also introduced into Japan. What does Confucianism advocate? Benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faith? Becoming a Japanese living standard has a far-reaching influence on Japanese culture, resulting in many idioms containing Confucianism, such as "Confucius fell" (no one is perfect); The Analects of Confucius Classics Dogs (Play the lute to a cow); "Men are loose and women are vines" (men are superior to women) and so on. After Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century, it greatly changed the Japanese outlook on life and became the spiritual pillar of the Japanese nation. In Buddhism, the world of good and evil is divided into? Desire? 、? Color world? 、? Colorless world? Three realms, the highest achromatic realm? Is there a sky? Of course, I am ecstatic to reach this highest level, which is why I have the Japanese idiom "I have the sky". Monks beg barefoot every day, go back to the temple at night, and wash their feet before giving lectures to believers, so "washing feet" means washing hands. Buddhism-related idioms also include "looking at the top" (keeping a straight face and frowning); のもももももももももももももももももももももももも12 ぉにじをかせるか (teaching axe); "You can learn from the world" (things are different) and so on. These Japanese idioms with strong religious color have penetrated into Japanese life. Religious belief provides sufficient nutrients for Japanese idioms.
To sum up, Japanese idioms are colorful, full of wisdom and creativity. They are the most abundant language units in Japanese culture and the embodiment of the essence and core of Japanese culture. They are frequently used in articles and exchanges. We must attach importance to the study and mastery of Japanese idioms. Only in this way can we deepen our understanding of Japanese culture and constantly improve our Japanese level.
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