(1) title

Medical papers shoulder the heavy responsibility of spreading medical information, conducting academic exchanges and guiding clinical practice. The title of the paper is the focus of information, and it also requires that the thesis proposition can accurately reflect the content of the article and provide valuable information. Therefore, the theme of the paper requires concrete, concise, distinct, accurate, concrete and searchable.

1, the topic of the paper should be specific.

The topics are not specific, such as "prevention of silicosis" and "epidemiological investigation of hepatitis B".

2. The title of the paper should be concise.

The title should be short and concise, and express the central idea of the article concisely. Delete all words that can or cannot be used to highlight the theme. Chinese characters are generally less than 20 Chinese characters, and no more than 30 words at most. It is advisable to use 65,438+00 notional words in English, with no punctuation in the middle and no period at the end. Try to use less specific words such as "research", "discussion" and "observation". If the topic is too long, it is not clear, concise and eye-catching. For example, the analysis of hepatitis index test results and gender and blood group differences of unpaid blood donors should be changed to: analysis of hepatitis test results and related factors of unpaid blood donors. When necessary, you can consider adding a subtitle to solve it. Subtitles often list the main research projects and are attached to the main title, but they must be separated from the topic by brackets or dashes and located under the main title to distinguish them from the main title. The larger topic should be divided into several sub-topics. Write a separate article for each sub-topic, and try not to have subtitles.

3. The theme of the paper should be accurate and specific.

It refers to the requirement of highlighting particularly original and distinctive content in a paper. The title should accurately express the specific content of the paper, realistically reflect the scope and depth of the research, and prevent making a mountain out of a molehill and not being worthy of the name.

Example 1, Statistical analysis of cesarean section data, this article only involves the statistical analysis of cesarean section time, and other data such as maternal age, occupation and newborn sex are not involved, so it should be changed to: Statistical analysis of cesarean section time.

Case 2: Long-term curative effect analysis of 38 cases of nasal contusion and burn, including laceration, avulsion, amputation, contusion and burn. It should be changed to: Long-term curative effect analysis of 38 cases of nasal trauma.

Example 3: Paired case-control study on risk factors of gastric cancer in Tianjin (China Journal of Epidemiology, 200 1, 22 (5): 362) has both characteristics and specificity. The topic should highlight the specificity and novelty of the paper, instead of applying the phrase "Clinical analysis ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× For example, the relationship between low density lipoprotein receptor gene polymorphism and hyperlipidemia should be changed to the relationship between low density lipoprotein receptor gene polymorphism and hyperlipidemia.

4. The title of the paper should be searchable.

The topic selection should meet the needs of academic exchange and information transmission, and the words should be rigorous and standardized. Where the names of diseases, anatomical and physiological terms, treatment methods and examination methods are involved, common names, idioms or old social terms shall not be used, and the terms published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Natural Science Terms must be used.

5. Pay attention to the following points when writing a thesis topic (1). Avoid using non-public abbreviations, symbols, codes, formulas, etc. Names, commonly used abbreviations and symbols of foreigners (such as CT, ATP, DNA, HBsAg, etc.). ), but it is not appropriate to list their prototype words at the same time, and it is not necessary to write their full Chinese names. Symptoms or signs named after foreigners do not need to be translated into Chinese, and the word "yes" is not added. (2) The figures in the title are all Arabic numerals. However, numbers used as nouns or adjectives are not included. For example, "duodenum" cannot be written as "12 duodenum" and "trigeminal nerve" cannot be written as "trigeminal nerve". (3) In the following cases, a corner note should be added to the top right corner of the title, and the contents of the corner number and note should be given at the bottom of the home page. The paper is a summary of the projects funded by a scientific research fund, and it is indicated that "this paper is funded by a scientific research fund"; The paper made a report at an international academic conference, indicating that "the paper made a report at an international academic conference in a certain year"; The paper is a summary of the work during the study or study, indicating that "this paper was completed during the study in a hospital".

(two) the author and his unit

The author's name is arranged in order under the heading, and the author's unit name and postal code are in the footnote at the lower left of the home page. Authors should be: ① people who participate in topic selection and design, or in material analysis and interpretation; (2) Writing or modifying key theories or other main contents in the paper; (3) Be able to revise the editorial department's revision opinions, defend them in the academic circles, and finally agree with the publisher of this article. People who only participate in obtaining funds or collecting information and managing the scientific research team in general should not be listed as authors, but their contributions should be listed as thanks.

The author's signature mainly indicates the name and unit in turn according to the role, contribution and responsibility of the author (or unit) in the research, rather than queuing on the basis of capital. For example, sometimes the graduate students' names come first and the tutors' names come last. In fact, the whole research and design tutor played a great role, and the graduate students did a lot of practical work, so they were listed as the first author. For the above three conditions, all signed authors must have a main conclusion in the article, at least one author is responsible, and the collectively signed article must indicate the key person responsible for the article. For multiple studies in different units, only the names of researchers (authors) can be written, and a small symbol is marked in the upper right corner of each name, and the name of the author unit represented by this symbol is indicated in the footnote on the first page. All personnel involved in signature should be responsible for the content of the paper, and if necessary, they can give appropriate explanations and explanations to readers' questions.

In addition, we should also pay attention to the following points

1, a paper should not have too many signatures.

Generally no more than 10 people. The rest of the authors can be listed at the bottom of the first page of this article in the form of comments, and the thanks can include directors, collaborators and reviewers, with the consent of the thanked person. If the participating researcher or author has died, a black box should be added before the name.

For a single author, there is a space between the last name and the first name.

If the author is the author of the paper, the author of the abstract, the author of the communication and the synthesizer, his name is usually placed at the end of the article and in front of the references, and is enclosed in brackets.

3. The signature of the translation abstract should be written in brackets at the lower right of the full text, leaving a space between the translator and the proofreader.

4. The signature should be based on the real name and full name, not the pen name. Chinese names of domestic authors are written in full names, and mbth is written in Chinese Pinyin according to the regulations of the State Council 1978. Capitalize the first words of surname and first name, leaving a space in the middle. Pinyin words with duplicate names or double surnames are linked together without hyphenation. For example, Haojiahu is a "good family" and Ou Yangming is "Ou Yongming". If vowel characters are connected at the phonetic connection of two characters, and their syllables may be mixed, add a sound isolation symbol (,) above the two vowel characters to distinguish them. For example, Liu Changan is a native of Liu Chang.

5, the signature of the dissertation should be based on the principle of "seeking truth from facts, choosing the best signature", regardless of qualifications or academic titles, but should be determined according to the responsibility and role played in the research work.

6. The signatures of multidisciplinary comprehensive research projects should generally be arranged in the front according to the name of the team leader, and the team members should be arranged in the back according to the contribution. If there are sub-topics in the overall research topic, when the sub-topics are published separately, the leader of the sub-topics can be ranked first, and the team members can be arranged according to their role in the research results.

3) Abstracts and keywords

It is a highly concentrated content of the paper, which can provide key information in the paper. The abstract of the paper should briefly describe the nature of the subject, the purpose and significance of the research, materials and methods, results, discussions and conclusions. Abstracts of papers should generally not exceed 200 words.

Before the text of the paper, you need to write an abstract. China ethnic medical journals usually require Chinese and English abstracts and adopt the structured abstracts required by international medical journals. Most foreign journals adopt the format proposed by Haynes RB (revised for more information summary). Anecology, 1990, 1 13: 69-76. ), including objectives, design, background, patients or other participants, interventions, main outcome measures, results and conclusions. China medical journals simplified it into four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion. Each part has a corresponding title, written in the third person, and there is no subject of "this article". Words should be extremely concise, not necessarily complete sentences, and the number of words should be limited to about 200 ~ 250 words.

The manuscript should be marked with keywords below the abstract. Keywords are the correct cataloging of papers, and the main purpose of marking keywords is to facilitate subject indexing and computer retrieval, so it is required to be as accurate and complete as possible. Keywords should be concise and clear, and list the available search points in the paper. Keywords are technical terms, not other words, and generally need 25 columns. It is required to mark the key contents of the research and discussion in the article, only the means mentioned in the research method are marked and not marked. Try to use the words listed in the latest edition of Index Medicus edited by the National Library of Medicine (MeSH). If there are no corresponding words in the latest version of MeSH, you can choose several directly related topic phrases to match. If you can't match them, you can choose the most direct upper topic words, and you can use appropriate customary free words when necessary.

(4) Introduction

It is a short passage written in front of the main body of the paper, which plays a leading role in the outline. The first paragraph of the paper is the preface. Generally, the preface is not listed as a title, but there is a paragraph that leads to the text, and the number of words should not be too much, generally about 300 words. However, foreign journals introduce the research background knowledge for a long time. The preface is to give readers some preparatory knowledge, thus arousing their interest in reading. Therefore, we should pay special attention to conciseness, get to the point, be fascinating and avoid tedious review of research history. In the preface of the research paper, the historical materials closely related to this paper are briefly introduced.

The preface mainly explains the source of the research question and the writing purpose of this paper. The source of the subject can come from literature or clinic, which needs to be clearly written in the preface. What is the problem to be studied and where does it come from? What problem does this article want to solve? Sometimes a scientific research work has been going on for many years. This paper is a summary of the previous work. It is necessary to explain the general purpose of this scientific research work. Previously published papers have solved one of the problems, and this paper will solve one of them. In short, the purpose of the paper should be clearly written, so that readers can see at a glance the source, importance and purpose of this study. The content of the preface need not be repeated in the text, and the first author often repeats the preface and discussion, which is not allowed.

In short, the preface is to describe the research background and trend, research purpose (including ideas), scope, history, significance, methods and important research results and conclusions in simple words. The preface should be relevant, play a role in preparing the reader's knowledge and be fascinating.

5) materials and methods (materials and methods

It should reflect the requirements of scientific research conception and experimental design. This part is an important part of the paper, with a large length. General analysis and experimental research probably need 1500 words to write clearly. The reason why it needs to be written in detail is because: in order for readers to repeat it after reading it, it is also convenient for reviewers to check it. "Material" mainly tells the author what specific experimental objects or materials to use for research, and "method" refers to what specific experimental methods or means to collect materials. Therefore, "materials and methods" are also called "objects and methods" or "data sources and methods" in some research papers. Materials and Methods cannot be merged with the Results section. The contents written include

1, object

① Selection method of research object: that is, how to select a sample population from the target population. The following terms should be used in writing: random sample, population-based sample, reference sample, continuous sample and volunteer sample. And random sampling (convenient sampling) to introduce the source of the research object clearly. Its main purpose is not only to estimate the sampling error, but also to help readers understand the scope of application of the conclusions of the paper. ② Diagnostic criteria and inclusion/exclusion criteria: Use the "gold standard" as far as possible, and indicate the source of diagnostic criteria. The label "All subjects meet the national unified diagnostic criteria" shall not be generally labeled. ③ Number of samples selected for the study: If there are those who refuse to be selected, please indicate the number and explain the reasons. ④ General characteristics of the research object: including age, gender, nationality and other important characteristics. ⑤ Grouping method of research objects: whether to randomly allocate them or not, and what random allocation method to use: simple random, block random or stratified random. Never simply write "random grouping".

2. Research methods

① Basic design scheme: the basic design scheme should be clearly stated, and the following terms can be used for writing: for example, the terms of randomized controlled trial, non-randomized controlled trial, cross-controlled trial, before-and-after controlled trial, double-blind trial and placebo control should be used for therapeutic research; Diagnostic research should use terms such as "gold standard control" and "blind method"; Prognostic study should use the terms of prospective cohort study, retrospective cohort study and initial cohort study. Etiology research should use the terms of randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case-control study and cross-sectional study. Descriptive research should indicate "case analysis", "general survey" and "sampling survey". Clinical economic analysis should include "cost-effectiveness analysis", "cost-effectiveness analysis" and "cost-effectiveness analysis". ② Research location: It should be clearly written in "crowd or community", "medical center", "primary hospital", "outpatient service" and "hospitalization". ③ Intervention measures: test measures and implementation methods should be explained in detail; The chemical name, trade name and manufacturer's name of the drug to be taken by the patient shall be indicated, and the place of origin of the traditional Chinese medicine shall also be indicated, and the daily dosage, frequency, route of administration and course of treatment shall be specified in detail; The name of the manufacturer shall be indicated on the reagent. If the test method is newly established by the author, it should be introduced in detail. The source of the old method should be indicated, and the model and manufacturer name of the instrument used should be indicated. ④ Blind method: The specific implementation of blind method should be explained, including the production of placebo and the measures to ensure the success of blind method. ⑤ Criteria for measuring indicators and judging results: For example, there are recognized standards for determining exposure and curative effect, which should be paid attention to when writing. ⑥ Quality control: measures to control the occurrence of bias.

3. Statistical analysis methods: including the introduction of data collection methods, and what statistical methods are used, such as computer analysis, computer model and computer software, should be explained one by one. For example, in the article Study on Risk Factors of Psoriasis [China Journal of Epidemiology, 200l, 22(3)], the materials and methods written by the author are as follows.

First, the research object

1, case group

220 psoriasis patients with family history, aged 6 ~ 72 years, with an average age of 34 ~ 35 years, including male 125 and female 95; 547 patients with psoriasis without family history, with an average age of 33. 10 years old, visited the dermatological clinic of our hospital from 1997 12 1 August 3, 19991,and there was no kinship between the cases.

2. Control Group

At the same time, 647 healthy family members of surgical inpatients in our hospital (without any skin diseases) were selected as control, including 378 males and 269 females, aged 3-73 years, with an average of 29.70 years. There is no affinity between controls; There is no significant difference in sex and age between the case group and the control group.

Second, the confirmation of family history.

In addition to the proband, there is at least one psoriasis patient in the first and second degree relatives.

Third, data collection and analysis.

Ask each proband in detail in the outpatient department, and record his general situation, family history, onset, etc. In order to understand the condition of the first and second degree relatives of the proband (excluding the second degree relatives), and follow up the sick relatives to confirm whether they are sick. The first-degree relatives include the parents, children and compatriots of the proband, and the second-degree relatives include the grandparents, uncles, aunts, nephews, grandsons and grandsons of the proband. EPI info 6.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of all cases and control groups.

It should also provide some information for different types of papers.

1) clinical research: 1) case source and selection criteria: whether the case is an inpatient or an outpatient or a general survey; Case selection criteria (citation should indicate the source, customization should explain the basis), diagnosis and classification criteria, classification and grouping criteria (random distribution and double-blind observation should be considered). 2) General information: patient's case number, gender, age, occupation, course of disease, etiology, condition, disease type, main symptoms and signs, laboratory and other examination results, clinical or pathological diagnosis basis, observation methods and indicators, etc. Case summary does not need name and hospitalization number, including: chief complaint, current medical history, important and meaningful family history and past history, physical examination and laboratory examination. 3) Treatment methods: such as drug name, dosage, dosage form, usage and course of treatment, manufacturer and factory date (batch number), etc. If it is surgical treatment, you need to write down the name of the operation, surgical method, anesthesia method, etc. 4) curative effect observation items and curative effect standards: such as symptoms and signs, laboratory examination and modern medical instrument examination, pathological examination, observation methods and indicators, and curative effect standards (cured, markedly effective, improved, ineffective and dead)

2) Experimental study: 1) Experimental conditions: animal name, strain, strain, quantity, source, sex, age, body length, weight, health status, grouping standards and methods, operation and specimen preparation process, means, methods and precautions of experiment, observation and recording. 2) Experimental method and quality: infection inoculation method, instrument type and its accuracy, determination result, tracer image, reagent type, specification, source, composition, purity, concentration, preparation, operation method and process, production unit, factory date and batch number, etc. 3) Others: season, room temperature, humidity and other conditions.

3) On-the-spot investigation: Make clear when and where to conduct this investigation. The design types are cohort study, case-control study or status survey, random sampling method and sample size estimation. The survey object is the general population or high-risk population, even patients. If the object of investigation is a case, there must be correct diagnostic criteria, and it is also necessary to indicate whether the case comes from a hospital or from a general survey. Because the data source can reflect the credibility of the investigation conclusion, it should be described in detail in a realistic way so that readers can judge whether the article has further reading value and the reliability of the conclusion. Methods include laboratory detection and statistical methods. The methods, procedures, reagent sources, batch numbers and diagnostic standards of laboratory testing should be introduced, and the specific operation procedures should be introduced if new methods are applied. If the statistical methods are well known, there is no need to elaborate. If a new statistical method is adopted, the calculation formula should be introduced and the literature cited to let readers know whether the application is accurate or not.

(vi) Results

After checking and verifying the experimental observation data after statistical processing, it is required to explain it truthfully and concretely, rather than writing out all the original data. Mainly introduce all the survey results and data, which is an important basis for argumentation. The central content of the results is the data obtained through scientific statistical processing, not the original data, not the original records. The results should be objective, complete and reliable. All the results should be organized in a logical and hierarchical way around the research topic. It is not appropriate to list all the irrelevant parts, but the items and standards listed in the materials and methods must be reflected and consistent in the results.

The result is the core of the paper, which reflects the level and value of the paper, is the basis of the conclusion, and is the foundation and pillar of forming the viewpoint and theme. This part is written in 1/3 1/4 of the full text. Initiate discussion and draw inferences from the results. The results include authentic and reliable observation and research results, measured data, derived formulas, typical cases, obtained images, effect differences (valid and invalid), scientific research theoretical conclusions, etc. Data and results that do not conform to subjective assumptions should be objectively analyzed and reported. Some medical papers can combine experimental methods with results. Clinical medical papers can also include efficacy criteria, treatment results and complications in the results.

The results should be described in sections according to different situations, and a subtitle can be set, and a subtitle can also be set under the subtitle. When expressing the results, we should pay attention to: ① The data should be complete: the number of reported results should be consistent with the number of selected subjects, and the number of excluded cases and the reasons for exclusion should be explained. The number of cases lost to follow-up and the number of deaths caused by other reasons should also be clearly written. If the data is incomplete, it should be explained. If the two groups are compared, the clinical baseline of the two groups should be listed except the research factors, and the balance test should be carried out to see if the two groups are comparable. (2) The main measurement indicators of scientific research assumptions determined during scientific research design, such as changes to the results, should be explained. ③ Matters needing attention in statistical processing: If the denominator of relative logarithm is too small, the absolute number should be reported, such as 10/20 cases, instead of only reporting 50% cases; The application rate and proportion should be correct, the selected statistical analysis methods should be correct, and the complicated statistical analysis should be explained; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) should be reported at the same time. ④ The study of diagnostic test should report sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio and receiver's operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Statistical processing mainly changes the original data from difficult to easy to understand, and reveals some inevitable laws hidden in it from the contingency of the original data. When processing the original data by statistical methods, we should first rearrange the original data into frequency tables, then calculate the mean value or percentage, judge the significance of the differences between groups with the P value obtained by significance test, so as to obtain the information contained in the original data, and then express it in words or statistical charts. The results can be expressed in three forms: table, graph and text. Statistical charts are easier to understand and compare than statistical tables, but the exact figures cannot be obtained from statistical charts, so they cannot completely replace statistical tables. The title of the chart should be placed at the bottom of the chart. The graph has a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, and the two axes should have titles, and the titles should indicate the units. The horizontal axis should be from left to right, and the vertical axis should be from bottom to top. Dimensions must be equidistant, and values should be from small to large. Generally, the vertical axis starts from 0: 00 (except logarithmic graph and dot graph). Different lines should be marked in the drawing, and the aspect ratio of the drawing should generally be 7: 5. Commonly used statistical charts include bar chart, circle chart, percentage bar chart, line chart, histogram and scatter chart. Bar charts use the length of bars to represent the values of all kinds of data classified by nature, such as disease classification, gender, treatment effect, etc. , and shows the comparison between them. Circle chart and percentage bar chart are suitable for percentage component data, indicating the composition of various components of things. Line charts and histograms are used to group data according to quantity, such as time, age, height, weight and blood pressure. Scatter charts are used to show the correlation and trend of two things. Generally, the horizontal line represents the white variable and the vertical axis represents the dependent variable. In the achievements of clinical medical research papers, illustrations and photos such as ECG, EEG, X-ray film and CT film are often used to express the findings in the research. The picture of illustration should be prominent, and the photos should pay attention to the consistency of shooting environment and technical conditions. Don't repeat the expression of words and charts. Words are an important and indispensable means to express results. Concise, to the point, try to express the result clearly with the least words and the most concise language. It is generally not appropriate to cite references. The written expression should be a narrative, which can be written in several items. Each report contains a set of data for readers to see at a glance. The expression of charts should conform to the provisions of statistics.

In a word, the achievement is the main body of the paper and the author's main labor achievement. The results must be complete, clear and accurate, without ambiguity or error.

VII) Discussion

It mainly analyzes the experimental observation results or investigation results theoretically. This is the essence of the whole article. The purpose of discussion is to find the internal relationship between things. The results obtained in this paper can be compared with literature or past work to find out the relationship between them. The documents to be quoted in the discussion should be as abstract as possible, rather than copying others' documents. In the discussion part, the experimental and observation results are analyzed and synthesized theoretically, which provides theoretical basis for the conclusion of the article. The discussion part is to analyze and reason according to the results and clues, and express the reasoning content that the author can't express in the results part. The content of the discussion should be based on the experimental and observation results, seeking truth from facts, and not subjective speculation, which is beyond the scope of the data. To a great extent, it depends on the author's ability to master and analyze literature. It is forbidden to write the discussion part as a summary of other people's literature. To sum up, the discussion part should express the following contents.

1. The discussion should be closely combined with the important findings and conclusions obtained from this study, rather than repeating the contents of the results. In particular, it is necessary to discuss the new findings and the contents that have not been reported in the literature, including the possible mechanism, clinical application scope and inferences drawn from the research results. It must be emphasized that the discussion should be closely combined with the findings of this paper, and the inferences made must be appropriate.

2. We should discuss the differences between the findings of this paper and similar research conclusions reported in the literature, which documents support the findings of this paper and which documents are different from the conclusions of this paper, so as to avoid lengthy literature review.

3. Discuss the shortcomings of this paper;

Possible deviation, and the source of deviation; Discuss the internal authenticity and external authenticity of this article; What projects need to be studied to confirm the conclusion of this paper and so on.

4. Put forward further research directions, prospects, suggestions and ideas.

The above contents are not necessarily involved in the discussion of every paper. Starting from the research content of the paper, we should highlight the key points, stick to the theme and focus on one or several "small cores". For new clinical case reports, the diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis should also be made clear. If it is about the efficacy of new drugs, it should also explain how to affirm the efficacy, whether the indicators of efficacy are reasonable, and how to improve the treatment methods in the future. There are several points that need to be focused on, and there is no need to cover everything. It is best to have a subtitle for each discussion, indicating the central content of the discussion, writing it in sections according to the order in the result column and combining with the literature, or marking it with serial number. Its sequence should be considered from the aspects of time, cause and effect, importance, complexity, similarity and contrast, so that the content is organized, related and focused. The discussion part does not use charts, so the length should not be too long, which generally accounts for 1/3 1/2 of the full text. Generally, the literature is not quoted in whole paragraphs, but its views or conclusions are extracted, and the cited literature is marked with angle codes.

Pay attention to the following points in the discussion: (1) Don't over-explain the results: Don't blindly exaggerate the theoretical significance, application scope and application value of the experiment or investigation in the discussion. For example, in a paper entitled "Analysis of Trace Elements in Epithelial Cells during the Prevention of Oral Cancer by Onion", it is concluded that "Onion can achieve the purpose of treating and preventing oral cancer". However, the experiment of this study only obtained preliminary results, which obviously exaggerated the theoretical significance and application value of this paper. (2) Don't explain the incomplete results: authors who have not been engaged in scientific research for a long time and are unfamiliar with the writing of scientific papers often make such mistakes. On the one hand, it may be that there are not many channels to obtain information, and the information related to the subject is not comprehensive; It may also be that the author doesn't know how to interpret the results because of his poor writing skills. For example, in the discussion of the article "Determination of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain of patients with spinocerebellar degeneration", the author only introduced two related reports, only repeated some experimental results, but said nothing about many places that need to be explained in the article. For example, it is mentioned in the discussion that the concentrations of 3- methyl -4- hydroxyphenylglycol (MH-PG), 5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3- methyl -4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD) are lower than those in the control group, which is basically consistent with the literature reports. However, the level of 5-HIAA in the cited literature is slightly different from the author's report, and the author also detected that there is no significant difference in 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) between SCD group and control group (this result is unique in this paper and has not been reported in the literature), and the author did not discuss the above issues. Therefore, the author suggests that the author have a targeted discussion on the above issues to ensure the academic quality of this article. (3) Don't explain the results irrelevantly: Irrelevant or redundant explanation refers to quoting documents that have nothing to do with the research, rather than discussing the data results of this paper. Such mistakes often ignore the issues that should be discussed. For example, in a case report entitled "Report of 5 Cases of Bart Syndrome", the author used a lot of space to describe the pathogenesis of Bart Syndrome, but did not see any logical relationship between this mechanism and the full text. This article belongs to a case report, so we should pay attention to the presentation and induction of clinical data and make a concise analysis of the data. (4) Don't misinterpret the results: misinterpretation refers to improper explanation or intentional distortion of experimental facts when setting the topic to make it conform to the author's original idea. This kind of mistake may be due to the author's limited theoretical level, and found no loopholes in design or expression, or it may be due to the fact that the experimental results deviated from the original idea, and the end time of the project has come or the graduation time of master's degree and doctor's degree is approaching.

In short, the discussion should closely focus on the theme of the study, and it is not appropriate to digress or repeat other people's views, avoid a lot of digressions, and dilute the first-hand information obtained from your own research. Therefore, researchers should systematize and theorize the obtained materials and form their own opinions in order to further elaborate the conclusions of the study.

VIII) Conclusion

The conclusion is the final conclusion of the paper, which mainly reflects the purpose, solved problems and final conclusion of the paper. Through the results of experimental observation, the hypothesis put forward in advance is judged, which is the conclusion. In epidemiological investigation, the law revealed is the conclusion. Any research paper should put forward clear conclusions as far as possible to answer the questions raised by scientific research ideas or scientific hypotheses, so conclusions are also answers to scientific research ideas or scientific hypotheses. The conclusion should be concise, concise, complete and logical.