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Zhao Mengfu (1254— 1322) was born in Song Xue Road. Famous painter in Yuan Dynasty, one of the four masters of regular script (Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and Zhao Mengfu). Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang) people. Song Taizu's eleventh grandson, Empress Qin also. The fifth ancestor An Xiu Xi was a prince, and the fourth ancestor worshipped Jing Xian Wang Bo Gui. The emperor had no children, so he gave his son to Huzhou as filial piety, and Bo Gui and his brother were born in Huzhou. Great grandfather and teacher, Zu Xiyong, father and? , the official song dynasty, are all big officials; When in Rome, do as the Romans do and be honored by Meng Qigui. He gave a gift to Ji Xian, his bachelor's teacher, hoping that he would serve in the etiquette palace forever, and sealed the Duke and Duke Wei together with Ji Xian.
Zhao Mengfu experienced the change of Song and Yuan Dynasties. He was both an official and a hermit. Although he is a nobleman, he was born at the wrong time. As a teenager, the Southern Song Dynasty was about to fall, and he spent his time in rough and difficult years. His father, Zhao, from senior officials to assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, is known as the prefect of Lin 'an and the envoy of western Zhejiang. He is good at poetry and has a rich collection of books, which has given Zhao Mengfu a good cultural influence. However, when Zhao Mengfu was eleven, his father died and his family went from bad to worse. After the demise of the Song Dynasty, he returned to his hometown to live in seclusion. In the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty (1286), imperial envoys Cheng Jufu and Zhao Mengfu were recommended to Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu. When he first arrived in Beijing, Zhao Mengfu was immediately received by Yuan Shizu. Yuan Shizu praised his talent, calling him a "fairy middleman" and treated him in every way. He was appointed as a doctor of the Ministry of War from the rank of five products and took office two years later. In the 29th year of Zhiyuan (1292), he was the general manager of Jinan Road. In Zhenyuan (1295), when Ji 'nan was in power, Emperor Chengzong needed to compile A Record of Sai-jo because of the death of Sai-jo, but Zhao Mengfu was recalled to Beijing. However, there were many contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, Zhao Meng, who had self-knowledge, asked for help from his illness, and finally had to return to his hometown of Xing Wu after years of separation at the turn of summer and autumn. Zhao Mengfu lived in the south of the Yangtze River for four years. In his spare time, he and Xian Yushu, Chou Yuan, Dai, Deng and others gathered around the West Lake to talk about art and things, and lived a quiet life without competition. In the third year of Dade (1299), Zhao Mengfu was appointed as a straight bachelor in Jixian County and promoted Confucianism in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Although there is no promotion in official position, there is no need to leave Jiangnan, which is closely related to the cultural circles. He is more elegant and leisurely, which is more suitable for Zhao Mengfu's purport. He has been working for eleven years. In the third year (13 10), Zhao Mengfu's fate changed. The Crown Prince likes Ba Li Libada very much and is very interested in him. He worshipped Zhao Mengfu Hanlin as a bachelor and studied national history with him. In May of the following year, Ba Li established Bada as Injong. Shortly after he acceded to the throne, he immediately promoted Zhao Mengfu from Jixian to a bachelor's degree and a doctor's degree. After three years' delay (13 16), Yuan Renzong promoted Zhao Mengfu to be Rong Lu, the bachelor and doctor of Hanlin, and the official residence was one product. At this point, Zhao's political status reached the peak of his life. Due to Injong's favor and Zhao's outstanding art, Zhao Mengfu became famous in his later years. "the official residence is a product, and he is famous all over the world."
There are many books handed down from ancient times in Zhao Mengfu, including Thousand-Character Works, Ode to Luoshen, Danba Monument, Poem of Returning, Thirteen Postscripts of Lanting, Ode to the Red Wall, Tao Te Ching, and Tomb Inscription of Qiu E, etc. He is the author of Notes on Shangshu and Collected Works of Song Xuezhai (12).
Meng Yi's works include Notes on Shangshu Qinyuan Leyuan, which makes it better not to pass on Lv Lv. Poetry and prose are beautiful and wonderful, which makes people want to float out of the dust. Seal cutting, brush, division, official script, truth, line and cursive script are the highest in ancient and modern times, hence the name of the world. There are monks in Tianzhu, and Wan Li came to ask for their books, which is a treasure of the country. His paintings of mountains and rivers, wood and stones, flowers, bamboo and horses are particularly exquisite. Yang Zai, a former historian, said that Meng Ke's talent was hidden by calligraphy and painting, and those who knew his calligraphy and painting didn't know his articles, and those who knew his articles didn't know his economics. People think they know what they are talking about. Zhong ren and Yi are famous for their calligraphy and painting.
"Yuan Yue of the Yellow Race" Meng Wei "Gui Xiang, an immortal, gave birth to jade, which is called Qingqing. Sing slowly, knock on the elephant board and fall in love with the country. When has it been, red skirt and green sleeves, how much leisure. I think it should be the same as before, spring mountain is quiet, autumn water is Ying Ying. "
Meng Qian's "Lu Xian Hou Ting Dialect" "Qingxi leaves a boat, and both sides of Furong are in autumn. Who is the girl who picks ling? She sings at dusk. I am worried about clouds, full of wind and rain, and wear lotus leaves to go home. "
The landscape, taking the method of Dong Yuan and Li Cheng, the method of figures, pommel horse master Li and the Tang Dynasty, and also the method of ink bamboo and flowers and birds, are all good at painting stones by flying from themselves and writing bamboo by calligraphy. It broke through the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy and broke the "unification" of Ma Xia. The flowers and birds he painted became a model for the future. Among his paintings, there are still two volumes left: Heavy Han Tu (Taiwan Province Province), Twin Pines and Pingshan Tu (USA), Autumn Que Hua Tu (Taiwan Province Province), Autumn Suburb Drinking Horses Tu (Palace Museum) and Red Luohan Tu (Northeast). The characteristics of his "The Man Riding a Map" are that the characters are harmonious, calm and charming.
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Wang Shizhen, an Amin scholar in Zhao Mengfu's "Man Riding a Horse", once said: "Scholars painted from Dongpo to Song Xue." This sentence basically objectively reveals Zhao Mengfu's position in the history of China painting. Whether studying the history of China painting or China literati painting, Zhao Mengfu is an unavoidable key figure. If the interest of painting in Tang and Song Dynasties lies in creating a literary environment, and the interest of painting after Yuan Dynasty is more reflected in the freehand brushwork of calligraphy, then Zhao Mengfu played a bridge role in it. If the literati painting movement before the Yuan Dynasty was mainly manifested in the preparation of public opinion, and the literati painting movement after the Yuan Dynasty gradually replaced the formal painting with its successful practice and became the mainstream of painting, then Zhao Mengfu is still the giant who triggered this change. As a great leader in the period of transformation and change, Zhao Mengfu has made outstanding achievements in the following aspects:
First of all, he put forward the slogan of "painting is expensive and has ancient meaning", which reversed the decline of painting circles since the Northern Song Dynasty and turned painting from complicated style to simplicity and naturalness.
The second is to put forward the slogan of "taking Yunshan as a teacher", emphasizing the painter's realistic basic skills and practical skills, and overcoming the bad habit of "ink play".
Thirdly, he put forward the slogan of "painting and calligraphy are of the same origin", and painted with calligraphy, which made the literati temperament of painting more intense and the charm of painting enhanced.
Fourthly, he put forward the slogan "How to write a distant worry without faking the pen of Dan Qing" to convey the meaning of painting, which deepened the inherent function of painting and covered a wider range.
Fifth, he has made great achievements in figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, horses and beasts, and his painting techniques are comprehensive and innovative.
Sixth, his paintings have the beauty of poems, books and seals, which complement each other.
Seventh, under the political situation of the unification of the North and the South and the Mongols' occupation of the Central Plains, he absorbed the strengths of the North and South paintings, revived the traditional painting art of the Central Plains, and maintained and continued its development.
Eighth, he can unite artists from ethnic minorities, including Gaohe Kanglizi Mountain, and prosper China culture.
Looking at Zhao Mengfu's paintings, combined with his related expositions, we can know that Zhao established the aesthetic standard of painting art thought in Yuan Dynasty by criticizing "modern people" and advocating "ancient meaning". This standard is not only reflected in painting, but also widely penetrated into poetry, calligraphy, seal cutting and other fields.
Every culture in history is prone to anomie. People always take history as a mirror and look for a cure from the ancient enlightenment, such as Confucius' self-denial and self-surrender, the return to simplicity of the seven sages of bamboo forest in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the ancient prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties. Attaching importance to tradition has become one of the characteristics of China culture. Zhao Mengfu's starting point of advocating "ancient meaning" is no exception. He took the Jin and Tang Dynasties as a mirror and criticized the Southern Song Dynasty for being dangerous, weird, overbearing and obscene. Not only that, as a scholar-bureaucrat painter, he also opposed the ink play attitude of literati painting since the Northern Song Dynasty, which is very valuable. As a value principle, Zhao Mengfu not only maintained the individual interest of literati painting, but also abandoned the game attitude of literati painting. As a morphological principle, Zhao Mengfu not only created a unique form of expression of literati, but also made it worthy of the technical style of conventional painting, and carried out comprehensive practice in various painting themes, thus establishing the position of literati painting as a conventional painting in the painting world. It should be said that Zhao Mengfu made professional formal painting and amateur literati painting, which were originally opposite or parallel painting traditions, communicate and merge. Since then, a new era of painting with literati painters as the protagonist and the construction of literati painting schema as the theme has begun.
It should be pointed out in Zhao Mengfu's "Two Sheep Map" in Yuan Dynasty that Zhao Mengfu's landscape painting not only combines hook shadow, painters and ink painting, ink painting and pen painting, learning from others and innovation, but also combines the spirit of noble people and loose literati, thus transforming "sightseeing landscape" into "lyrical landscape"; Moreover, the harmony and unity of creation and freehand brushwork, poeticization and calligraphy in painting laid a solid foundation for the emergence of poetic and calligraphic literati paintings of the "four masters of the Yuan Dynasty" (Huang, Wang Meng, Ni Zan and Zhenwu).
These theories and practices pushed Zhao Mengfu to the position of a master of painting in Yuan Dynasty.
As a great master, not only his friend Gao, his wife Guan Daosheng and his son were all influenced by his painting skills, but also his disciples Tang Di, Zhu Derun, Chen Lin, Yao Yanqing, his grandson Wang Meng, and even Huang and Ni Zan at the end of Yuan Dynasty all inherited and carried forward Zhao Mengfu's aesthetic view to varying degrees, which made the literati painting in Yuan Dynasty last forever and wrote a beautiful and strange chapter in the painting history of China.
"Draw first and then order this paper. It looks good from a distance." Zhao Mengfu's books, paintings, poems and seals were famous at home and abroad at that time, and even Japanese and Indians attached great importance to his works, which contributed to the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries at that time. In view of Zhao Mengfu's achievements in the history of fine arts and culture, in 1987, the International Astronomical Society named Mercury Crater after Zhao Mengfu to commemorate his contribution to the history of human culture. The ink of Zhao Mengfu's paintings and calligraphy scattered in Japan, the United States and other places are regarded as treasures and well preserved.
1994 10, Zhao Mengfu's hometown Huzhou also held the "International Zhao Mengfu Calligraphy Seminar"; 1In March, 1995, Zhao Mengfu International Symposium was held in Shanghai and Huzhou in two stages. Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Publishing House, Palace Museum and Shanghai Museum also held Zhao Mengfu Painting and Calligraphy Exhibition in Shanghai. The tombs of Zhao Mengfu and Guandaosheng in Deqing have been restored and listed as local key cultural relics protection units; The old Shang Lotus Village in Zhao Mengfu, Huzhou City has also been restored, with a full-length bronze statue of Zhao Mengfu. At these two international seminars, art historians, scholars and artists from China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore all expressed their admiration for Zhao Mengfu's artistic achievements. In recent years, Zhao Mengfu Collection, Zhao Mengfu Painting Collection, Zhao Mengfu Research Essays and Zhao Mengfu International Calligraphy Seminar have been published in various places.
"Prince Scott died in the Song Dynasty, and his pen was full of sadness. Literati's calligraphy and painting became popular, and Xing Wu became more famous. "Zhao Mengfu, a great artist in Yuan Dynasty, has gone abroad and gone to the world.