The first disadvantage of hydrogen fuel cell is the difficulty of hydrogen storage and transportation: because hydrogen molecules are the least molecular structure, it is difficult to ensure that even a closed container is not prone to slight leakage, and the leakage can only be controlled to almost zero, which does not endanger the application. However, the costs involved are enormous. The cost of pressure vessels is not low. I think the scientific research materials think that the hydrogen pressure tank should be at least 35MPa, and Toyota uses a three-layer structure of 70MPa. In addition to pressure vessels, the regulations of gate valves and pipelines connected with hydrogen tanks are much higher than those of other fuels. The service life is not clear, but the maintenance cost may be much higher.
Second, the cost of platinum-based catalysts has increased: Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM) or Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) are the main raw materials of metal catalysts commonly used in ternary lithium batteries. In fact, the amount of cobalt is very small (about 10%), but now the price of cobalt has skyrocketed. The key reason is that the output of lithium batteries is huge, so even if the cobalt consumption of a single rechargeable battery is small, it can't eat more rechargeable batteries. Therefore, everyone is studying the orientation of cobalt-free rechargeable batteries scientifically. In the aspect of hydrogen fuel cells, I saw that some graduation papers were also studying the replacement of platinum with metal catalysts. After all, platinum is too expensive, much more expensive than cobalt, or it is not used much at this stage. If hydrogen fuel cells are produced in large quantities, it is not clear that the price of platinum will be higher.
Third, the cost of electricity and energy is also high: for example, the calorific value of automobile gasoline is 47.3MJ/Kg, that of natural gas (methane gas) is 78MJ/Kg, and that of hydrogen is 1.4 1.8 MJ/Kg. At present, the price of gasoline is 1 kg 9.7 yuan (calculated by the relative density of No.92 gasoline, 0.725 kg) in terms of 7 yuan per liter. The natural gas price is calculated according to the commodity gas price of 4.5 yuan m3, 1kg 6.25 yuan (calculated according to the natural gas price of 0.72Kg/m3), and the hydrogen price is 1kg 40 yuan. According to the specific calorific value, the cost of motor gasoline per megajoule is 0.2 yuan, the cost of natural gas per megajoule is 0.08 yuan, and the cost of hydrogen per megajoule is 0.28 yuan. Note: Hydrogen fuel cells can't actually be calculated according to the ignition calorific value. For better comparison, the calorific value is taken here.
The advantages of hydrogen energy are basically only in the fuel cell industry. In other industries, natural gas (CH4) can completely explode hydrogen energy. The production and manufacture of 1 m3 hydrogen must be 6.7-7.3 kWh, and the carbon emission per kWh is about 0.785 kg according to the specification, which means that the carbon emission of 1 m3 hydrogen is about 5.3 kg, while the carbon emission of 1 m3 hydrogen is only 90 g.. Natural gas is a primary energy source, which leads to chemical changes of organic compounds in the whole process and no carbon emission. When ignited, the carbon emission per kilogram is 2.04kg, that is, the carbon emission per 90g of natural gas is 0.18kg. The calorific value of 90g hydrogen is 12.8MJ, and that of 90g natural gas is 7MJ. Then the carbon emission of hydrogen with the same calorific value is 16 times that of natural gas, and the temperature of vaporized hydrogen is lower than that of natural gas, and the access time is shorter than that of natural gas, which means that the storage and transportation cost of hydrogen is higher than that of natural gas.
Similarly, Ford Motor Company also announced on June 13 that its fuel cell joint venture with Daimler in Bennaby, British Columbia will be closed in the summer of 20 18. However, noisy shops are inevitable, where they are busy breaking up. Here, Audi and Contemporary announced the cross-licensing document to realize the patent right, and will jointly develop hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Compared with the key technology of pure electric vehicle, why does hydrogen fuel cell vehicle cause such a big opposition in the world? To solve this problem, we should not only understand the technical difficulties and challenges of hydrogen fuel cells, but also grasp the motives behind the promotion of this technology by government departments all over the world. In fact, the big problem is that the key technical defects and high cost can not be widely promoted.
In fact, there may be new technical goods in the new energy fuel sales market, and not everyone can master them. Today, I will tell you about a new fuel with very good actual effect in the new energy fuel sales market-high energy convergence oil. It is a clean fuel produced by green plants and mineral raw materials, and does not contain all aldehydes. It is mainly suitable for heating furnaces in family restaurants and canteens of processing factories in colleges and universities. It has the safety characteristics of non-flammable and explosive substances and does not burn non-dangerous goods. Ignition is smokeless and tasteless, non-toxic and harmless. Compared with traditional natural gas, the ignition rationality of alcohol fuel is also very good, and its calorific value reaches 10000- 13000 kcal.
At present, due to the difficulties in safety and environmental protection of alcohol fuel and natural gas, China's current regulatory policies tend to be tense, and many measures of prohibition and restriction have been introduced. Therefore, the brand advantage of new energy technology alcohol-free fuel is outstanding, and it will become the main product in the fuel sales market now and in the foreseeable future. Why don't basin friends with new energy fuel business plans care about mastering this new fuel commodity?
Why not make hydrogen fuel cells in Japan? Before and after World War II, there were no Toyota and Guangzhou Honda, and Japan was the eldest son of Japan, which was very strong. Then around 2000, Toyota and Guangzhou Honda also rose, and their daily output was close to bankruptcy. 1999, when Ghosn took over, the Japanese automobile business was loose in scale, inefficient, and improperly managed, with debts of1700 million dollars. In contrast, Toyota's sales are booming, and the hybrid system THS released by Toyota two years ago has also established its own credibility.
The Japanese government also stood on Toyota's side and announced the national industrial policy of automobiles: Toyota should strengthen its technological advantages in hybrid power, and other Japanese car companies should learn and cultivate Toyota's hybrid power. However, Ghosn is not the kind of person who wants to give up. He asked the Japanese to choose cars and sing against the Japanese government: You want me to learn from Toyota, but I won't. Then I took out the pure electric vehicle with the largest sales volume in the past: Nissan Leaf.
In other words: if First Toyota vigorously promotes hybrid power, suitors will choose other routes, that is, pure electric vehicles. If the first Toyota vigorously promotes hydrogen fuel cells, the pursuers will choose other routes, namely zero emission, pure electricity, VC-Turbo supercapacitor and e-POWER hybrid. It can be seen that the selection and termination of hydrogen fuel cells is the logical business strategy of Japanese kimono company:
In the competitive strategy, pursuers should choose different key technologies. In the company's design style: zero-emission pure electricity made in Japan, VC-Turbo hypervariable engine and e-POWER hybrid are all "brain hole" technologies; Fixed basic road is the design style of Japanese cars, and it will not change for a while. In terms of resources and capital investment: pure electricity, automobile engines and hybrid power were also made, and then hydrogen fuel cells were made, which really didn't move. Therefore, it is a competitive strategy for Japanese cars to stop the development and design of hydrogen fuel cells in Japan, and it cannot be used as a factual argument to deny the key technologies of hydrogen energy.
The hydrogen energy management system covers the source, network and storage used for transportation and travel. This is only a subdivided industry, which does not mean that hydrogen fuel cells are the key components of the future new energy management system. The development trend of hydrogen fuel cells can not be viewed independently from hydrogen energy vehicles, but should be considered from the general situation of the transformation of electric energy management system to clean, low-carbon, environmental protection, safety and high efficiency. Like electromagnetic energy, hydrogen fuel cells belong to secondary energy, but when it comes to secondary energy, there will be a trend that the four industries of "source, network and storage" must develop together. Source: How is hydrogen produced? Including green hydrogen of electrolytic water and grey hydrogen of energy and chemical industry. Network: hydrogen pipe network or liquid hydrogen compressed gas hydrogen transportation, hydrogenation station, etc. Netherlands: Customers include hydrogen cars, chemical plants, steel and metallurgical industries, etc. Storage: gas storage. Among the four major industries here, only hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are more closely linked with ordinary people, but this does not mean that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not good, and hydrogen energy management systems are not good.
Even hydrogen fuel cells are not needed in cars, and can be amplified, and can also be used as mobile power stations, combined cooling and heating power supply and so on. In a word, hydrogen fuel cell is really a good positioning from the commercial and technical aspects. As long as everything recovers and is closely related, human society is a social animal ecology, and the promotion and development trend of technology is also hurt by the butterfly effect. I hope this industrial chain can be upgraded and established as soon as possible.