In study and work, everyone will inevitably touch or use papers, which can promote experience and exchange knowledge. How to write a thoughtful and literary paper? The following is my paper on the necessity and effective methods of literature information retrieval in colleges and universities, hoping to help you.
With the continuous updating of information and knowledge on the Internet, the ability of document information retrieval has become an important content of information literacy of teachers and students in colleges and universities, an important means to improve students' learning ability and teachers' scientific research level, and an important tool for continuing learning. By discussing the scientific definition of literature information retrieval and the necessity of university information retrieval, this paper puts forward the ways and strategies of university literature information retrieval from the perspective of literature information retrieval process.
Keywords: literature; Information retrieval; Strategy;
Literature information is a huge social wealth, which is rapidly updated and accumulated with the extensive progress of society. While bringing us more and more convenience, it inevitably brings some difficulties to reading, searching and making full use of information. In order to solve the contradiction between the huge scientific literature and the specific needs of individuals, literature information retrieval came into being. The retrieval and utilization of literature information has developed into a specialized subject. The information retrieval ability of colleges and universities has become an important content of information literacy of teachers and students in colleges and universities, and it is also an important means to improve the learning ability of college students and the scientific research level of teachers.
First, the definition of literature information retrieval
The word "information retrieval" first appeared in the 1950s, and it has broad sense and narrow sense.
Information retrieval in a broad sense refers to the process and technology of organizing and storing information in a certain way and finding out relevant information according to the needs of information users. In other words, information retrieval includes two links and contents: "deposit" and "retrieval". Information retrieval in a narrow sense refers to the second link in the process of information retrieval, that is, the process of finding the required information from the information set, which is also the term we often say, information retrieval, information search or information search.
According to different retrieval objects, information retrieval can be divided into literature retrieval, data retrieval and fact retrieval. This paper focuses on literature retrieval, that is, obtaining the required information, knowledge and intelligence through literature retrieval [1].
Second, the necessity of literature information retrieval in colleges and universities
(A) the diversity of information requires teachers and students to have certain information evaluation and screening capabilities.
In today's Internet and information society, people constantly use information resources for production, life and innovation. However, in the face of the vast amount of information, the information flow and the amount of information are increasing, and it is more and more difficult for people to retrieve and use information. With the coverage of 4G networks and the popularity of smart phones, people can easily access all kinds of information. The normalization of information pushed by various portals, Weibo, WeChat and QQ has enriched our daily life and broadened our horizons. On the other hand, it also brings great challenges to the filtering, evaluation, screening and application of massive information [2]. In the complicated flood of information, what is good for us and what will bring us negative effects requires us to have certain information identification and evaluation capabilities, and to have higher information literacy and information processing capabilities. Literature information retrieval ability has become one of the basic learning skills that teachers and students in colleges and universities should master, and it is an important means of continuing learning, which plays a huge role in teaching, learning, scientific research and life.
(B) the school does not pay enough attention to students' information literacy education
As early as the 1970s, UNESCO gave a new definition of "illiteracy": in today's era of rapid development of science and technology, illiteracy is not an illiterate person, but a person who does not know how to acquire knowledge. China's State Education Commission requires all colleges and universities across the country to offer literature information retrieval courses, which is of great practical significance for college students to popularize literature retrieval knowledge, improve information literacy, enhance information retrieval interest and improve information retrieval ability [3]. However, the current situation is that most information retrieval courses offered by colleges and universities all over the country exist in the form of elective courses, and students choose voluntarily, with the main purpose of earning enough credits. This kind of information education can't achieve the ideal effect, and this kind of education that emphasizes professional literacy and ignores information literacy still exists universally and objectively.
(C) information retrieval is helpful to scientific research in colleges and universities
Scientific research is one of the important functions of colleges and universities, which play an important role in leading and promoting the scientific and technological progress and development of the whole society. The rapid development of modern science and technology, the intersection and infiltration of various disciplines, on the one hand, promoted the emergence of new disciplines and a steady stream of new knowledge; On the other hand, knowledge will age and be eliminated faster and faster. As scientific researchers in colleges and universities, they must have certain information literacy, that is, keen information awareness, the ability to discover high-quality information, the ability to select and evaluate information, the ability to correctly quote documents and the ability to respect the intellectual property rights of others. As a scientific researcher, you must always know the latest trends of this subject and master the latest knowledge in order to study valuable scientific research results, and the ability of document information retrieval is one of the essential elements for scientific researchers. In order to reduce repeated research and improve the success rate of research, researchers must collect relevant data and retrieve literature before studying a topic. After determining the subject, we should also use the literature information retrieval method scientifically and reasonably, screen and apply the literature information, conduct further research, ensure the continuity of research results, and then promote the further development of scientific research.
Third, the strategy of literature information retrieval in colleges and universities
(A) Analysis of retrieval problems
Before solving a problem, the first thing we should do is to analyze the problem, and the analysis of the problem is the key to solving the problem. We can consider a question from the following aspects: First, who is the questioner? For the same problem, teachers and students have different requirements for content; For a professional problem, professional teachers and students in colleges and universities have different requirements. Secondly, the nature of the problem. Different problems correspond to different requirements. If we need to define a concept or look for documents closely related to our own articles, then we need to define the concept and retrieve documents "accurately". If we want to determine the topic of a paper, declare a project or develop a new product of an enterprise, we need to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the previous research results before doing these tasks. The requirement for such questions is "all". For another example, if we want to know the trend frontier and the latest progress in a certain field, the requirement of this kind of problem is that the information we are looking for must be novel, that is, "new". Moreover, for some highly technical problems, such as patent application, new product development of enterprises, introduction of a certain technology, etc. The retrieval requirements for such questions are "detailed". Third, disciplines and themes. If it is only a single subject or topic, then you only need to find the database containing the resources of the subject for retrieval. However, there are many problems in interdisciplinary research. If we only search in the database, the resources will be incomplete. Fourth, the type of resources. We are familiar with the types of resources, such as dissertations, conference papers, periodical papers, books, patents and standards. Different types of resources have different characteristics, such as the depth, systematicness and timeliness of content, different research topics and different requirements for resource types. Fifth, the scope of resources. When looking for information, the scope is often limited, including time range, geographical range, language range and so on.
(B) Select an appropriate retrieval tool
After analyzing the retrieval problem, we need to choose a suitable retrieval tool. Commonly used retrieval tools are search engines and commercial databases. Search engine has the characteristics of free retrieval process, facing all end users and low requirements for users' retrieval level. Commonly used search engines include Google, Baidu, sogou and Bing. The characteristics of commercial databases are as follows: First, retrieval requires fees or authorization. Colleges and universities generally cooperate with relevant commercial databases, and some commercial databases can be used free of charge under the campus network environment. Secondly, their functions and resource ranges are defined, such as De Winter Patent Innovation Index, ProQuest Digital Dissertation Database, CPCI Database and Web Of Sicence Database, which can only retrieve patent information, dissertations and dissertations. Thirdly, these databases all have their own set of retrieval technology, so the retrieval level of users is required to be higher. In addition to the professional databases mentioned above, there are some comprehensive databases that are familiar to us because of frequent use, such as China HowNet, VIP and Wanfang.
Besides search engines and commercial databases, there are other ways to obtain resources for free, such as subject guides (navigation), digital libraries, government websites (databases), electronic preprints, blogs, Weibo, institutional knowledge bases and so on. Therefore, only by being familiar with different retrieval tools and their characteristics can we retrieve different literature types. Teachers and students in colleges and universities should choose appropriate literature information retrieval tools according to their own work and study needs to help scientific research, daily teaching and study life.
(C) extract appropriate keywords
After choosing a scientific and suitable retrieval tool, the next step is to determine the retrieval keywords.
First, determine which core keywords can be studied. We can extract the core keywords according to the Thesaurus of China, such as the terms of specific things, the terms of things' state or phenomenon, the terms of scientific classification, the terms of research methods, technical methods, processing technology, chemical elements, compounds, metal materials and alloys, country names, place names, organization names, documents, etc. Secondly, in order to ensure the recall and precision, we should pay attention to whether these core keywords have other expressions, such as synonyms, synonyms, related words, abbreviations or full names, related organizations, English singular and plural forms, etc. In that case, we should search separately. Third, avoid using too general keywords and choose keywords with strong pertinence. For example, if we want to retrieve video materials related to computer software, we can certainly find some retrieval results by inputting a retrieval formula similar to "Computer Operation Video", but it is not targeted. We might as well directly output the name of the software we want to learn, such as "Powerpoint video", so that the retrieved results are much more relevant. Fourth, learn to use technical terms. Different disciplines have different expressions of their technical terms, such as information retrieval, human cloning, e-books and so on. When searching for these technical terms, try to use double quotation marks for accurate search, which can improve the relevance and accuracy of search results.
(D) the structure of the retrieval type
After determining several groups of keywords, the next step is to build the retrieval type. That is to say, these keywords should be connected with certain operation symbols to form a meaningful expression, also called retrieval problem expression. The construction of retrieval style is professional and needs to be realized by relying on information retrieval course and computer course, focusing on guiding students how to correctly construct retrieval style. To construct a search formula, we can consider the following aspects: first, we must make clear the logical relationship between search terms AND connect them with boolean logical operators and, or, NOT; Then, it is necessary to consider whether it is necessary to define the positions between search words, and if so, use certain retrieval means according to different retrieval tools to define the positions of search words; For some proper nouns, whether it is necessary to search accurately, and if necessary, put double quotes on the searched words; In order to make the retrieval results more accurate, we need to limit the retrieval to a certain range, such as a certain field, different fields such as language, publication year, abstract and title, and other restrictions, such as the type of literature and the type of domain name of the organization. Of course, different retrieval tools may have their own unique grammatical usage, so we should learn to use and adapt to different retrieval methods and techniques flexibly.
(5) screening search results
By selecting keywords and constructing a search formula, we will get many search results, but not all of them are what we need, so we should filter the search results. First of all, according to the relevance of the results, whether the retrieval results we get are related to the theme of the content we want to retrieve and whether they match the level and depth of the information content we need; Secondly, it depends on the author, that is, the authority and influence of the author, which directly affects the quality of the literature information we retrieve, and lacks certain rigor for some websites that do not show the author; Thirdly, depending on the timeliness of retrieval results, the latest viewpoints, new theories and new solutions often come from the latest published literature information. In addition, we should reasonably judge the fairness and accuracy of the retrieved information, and avoid using wrong documents and materials that lack scientific argumentation, and so on.
(6) Adjust the retrieval strategy
If there is still no ideal retrieval result in the retrieval results obtained through the previous retrieval steps, it is necessary to adjust the retrieval strategy. First of all, when there are too few search results, we need to expand the search scope. For example, if there are synonyms, synonyms and superlatives in search terms, we can expand the search scope by connecting these search terms with Boolean logic OR. Another example is the use of tolerant retrieval methods. For example, English words often have some common parts, and those variable parts can be replaced by truncated retrieval. English nouns also have singular and plural forms. If you want to find information about "woman", just entering "woman" will miss a lot, and you should also search its plural form "woman". There are also abbreviations in English. For example, we are looking for documents related to massive open online courses. If we just enter "massive open online courses", we may miss relevant important information. You should also use its abbreviated form to search, and enter "massive open online course" or its full English name "massive open online course", so that you can search independently without missing important documents. If too many restrictions lead to too few search results, then we can consider removing one or two restrictions. Because the scope and content of each retrieval tool have certain emphasis and limitations, we can also consider replacing different retrieval tools for retrieval. Secondly, when there are too many search results, we should also take certain measures to narrow the search scope. For example, Boolean logic operators AND and NOT are used to connect search terms, and several more search terms are used to qualify, or NOT is used to exclude some qualifications; Search by using the lower word of the search word; Accurate retrieval of some proper nouns and technical terms with quotation marks can also narrow the scope of retrieval, thus achieving more accurate retrieval; Put some restrictions on search terms, such as limiting their time, organization, website, document format, etc. In addition, we can also use the secondary retrieval function of the retrieval tool itself to filter the retrieval results, thus narrowing the scope of the retrieval results.
(7) Seek professional help.
If we still can't get the ideal literature information through the above channels, we can get the literature information we want through some professionals who have mastered modern technology and rich scientific research experience. For example, many libraries have the function of online consultation on the homepage of their websites, and we can obtain literature information from librarians through the service function of online consultation. Many libraries have opened the function of interlibrary loan. Through interlibrary loan, we can enjoy the literature information resources of many member libraries, which are often ignored by teachers and students. For another example, we can also turn to some online question-and-answer websites, such as Baidu Know and Zhihu. , as well as more authoritative foreign websites, such as AIIExperts. By consulting some authoritative experts on these websites, we can also provide valuable suggestions for our study and research.
In a word, the Internet is a very open space. If we are good at using it, we can not only contribute our own experience and wisdom to serve others, but also enjoy the wisdom of others to serve our own research and study.
Four. conclusion
The ultimate goal of information retrieval is to improve the ability of learning and scientific research by solving various problems. As Herbert, an American linguist, said, "Half knowledge is knowing where to find it. Tomorrow's illiterate people are not people who can't read, but people who lack retrieval ability. " The document information retrieval ability in the network era is more important than the document information itself. A report by the American non-profit organization "Information Science Website Today", "Information Literacy is a Life Skill", is also calling for new skills in the Internet age, namely media and information literacy. From this perspective, the cultivation of information literacy is not only suitable for information literacy education in colleges and universities, but also of worldwide significance. With the development of society, literature information knowledge is rapidly updated and accumulated. Colleges and universities should strengthen the guidance of information retrieval, improve the ability of information retrieval, and help the teaching and scientific research of colleges and universities.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference
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[3] Wan Aiqun, Yang Hong. On the Necessity of Offering Information Retrieval and Utilization Course [J]. Guangxi Quality Supervision Herald, 2007 (6):105-118.
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