Reasons and Enlightenment of China's Backward Science and Technology in Modern Times

This paper holds that the reason for China's backward science and technology in modern times is the result of both historical and practical factors, not just one reason.

On the one hand, factors

I. Historical reasons

1, lacking traditional culture represented by Confucianism. The historical development of science and technology shows that the scientific cause of any country is always influenced by the people.

The restriction and influence of national traditional culture should be carried out under the guidance of certain ideological culture. A remarkable feature of China's traditional culture is its concern for human nature.

Education, despise science and technology education. As early as Xia and Shang Dynasties, there was a complete teaching content system of "Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Writing and Numbering". But due to the calendar.

Under the needs and advocacy of the North Korean rulers, thousands of years of Chinese civilization gave birth to humanistic education characterized by Confucian "rites and music". China valley

A generation of literature is vast, and humanities education is in a leading position in world history. Corresponding to humanities education, science and technology education has been far away.

Cultural education with Confucianism as the mainstream is considered as an unpretentious temple. China's feudal traditional culture has two major defects: first, scientific ethics; The second is technology.

Practical operation. The so-called scientific ethicalization refers to turning scientific issues into political and moral issues. This ethical tendency is manifested in the rules of scientific activities.

The utilitarian purpose of service. Including the "four great inventions", were also serving the state power at that time. This is especially true for other scientific and technological activities.

However, science and technology is an independent thing, it has its unique development requirements, and the development law of science and technology is different from politics and morality. Primary technology

If it is linked with politics and morality, it will lose its direction and motivation, and its healthy development will be dealt a fatal blow. Ancient history of China.

The "literary prison" is destroying and persecuting scientific and technological talents all the time, which is manifested as setbacks and pauses in the development of science and technology. This is the influence of Confucian culture on the development of science and technology.

Constraints. In the history of China, the development of Confucian culture and science and technology showed a constantly changing trend. The weak period of Confucianism is the revitalization period of scientific and technological development.

Period, such as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the late Ming Dynasty. On the contrary, when Confucianism strengthened its control, the development of science and technology was in a downturn or stagnant state.

Another important aspect of traditional culture is the emergence and prevalence of ancient weft cutting in China. The "emblem" of weft cutting research is "paradox is a code word, which indicates good luck."

Fierce ",very religious. Wei is a comparison between Confucian classics and theological superstitions, such as Jingwei of Poetry and Chunqiu Wei. special

It is the birth of the theory of yin-yang and five elements, and it is also the time and energy that a large number of intellectuals devote to these aspects. Yin and yang, words and deeds.

The theory of five elements can be described as extensive and profound. They are a meditation for human beings to face the ever-changing social situation and the fate of the world, including faces.

Art, fortune telling, feng shui and so on. These things are largely superstitious and run counter to the scientific and technological revolution and development.

Yes The emergence and prosperity of these theories seriously hindered and restricted the development of science and technology.

2. The orientation of state power. The history of the development of science and technology shows that the development of science and technology depends not only on economic and cultural factors, but also on a large extent.

This depends on the orientation of state power. Due to the influence of traditional Confucian culture, feudal rulers of past dynasties attached importance to humanistic education and despised scientific and technological education.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the strengthening of feudal autocracy and the intensification of feudal autocracy, the phenomenon of attaching importance to literature and neglecting skills became more serious. Whether it is an official school or

Private schools, "Four Books" and "Five Classics" are still the only teaching contents. In addition, the implementation of the system of "stereotyped writing for scholars" links reading, taking exams and being an official.

In feudal society, only promotion is the only way to get rich and improve social status; And those who engage in scientific research not only have low social status.

And there are all kinds of persecution. Zhang Heng made the armillary sphere in the Han Dynasty, but it was attacked by the imperial court as a plaything. His research results are described as

Useless "killing dragons". So thousands of scholars can only flock to the imperial examination. Few people are interested in the research of science and technology.

This feudal imperial examination system severely destroyed scientific and technological talents and hindered the development of modern science and technology in China.

Another important aspect as the orientation of national power is the foreign policy of the country. When western countries have made great progress in human modernization, China still

. For a long time, J million girls were angry and lacked cloth. Good, disease spreads to the moon, seven stones enter the weft in July, seven salt strips are 20 thousand long, long, long, rammed, July long, Zhu cloth strips are evenly distributed for a long time, Ren Shixin's second cloth is scattered only for a few souls, and anger on the moon is only two long; Time is long, more; , even seventy thousand people died.

Normal heating in residential areas and family areas creates a beautiful environment for the development of colleges and universities.

Five, the implementation of environmental management measures in colleges and universities

Change the face of the school, create a warm and comfortable learning and living environment for teachers and students, and establish a green environment for teachers and students.

Home, formulate the following measures: ① Planned greening management. Think from the future, have pioneering spirit, build a first-class university and walk in the forefront of colleges and universities.

Frontiers of environmental management; ② In the environmental management of colleges and universities, we should learn from foreign experience to make all aspects of environmental management green. Do at the same time

Improve economic and environmental benefits; (3) Study the countermeasures of environmental management in colleges and universities, and adopt new technologies and new processes to reduce the accumulation of hazardous wastes.

Recycle, treat and utilize waste materials, use green materials, and strive to pass environmental quality certification; (4) in the socialized management of university logistics, cancel

Track and detect the consumed energy, materials and wastes, and evaluate and analyze all aspects of the whole construction process; ⑤ Financial activities in colleges and universities

The fund demand for environmental management must be guaranteed. Including all kinds of funds needed for environmental management, mainly including all kinds of funds needed for emission trading.

The funds needed to pay sewage charges, all kinds of funds needed to control environmental pollution, and all kinds of funds needed for decentralized and centralized control are guaranteed.

Capital activities necessary for environmental management in colleges and universities.

In a word, the environment of colleges and universities is directly related to the health of every worker and student, to everyone's vital interests and to the country.

The economic development of family and country is related to the balance of ecological structure and the prosperity of mankind. Society should purify the living environment and enterprises should optimize the living environment.

The home should balance the ecological environment and the campus should beautify the environment. Strengthening environmental management in colleges and universities has laid a solid social foundation. Most world-renowned universities

Every university has a first-class logistics service system, a first-class campus and a first-class educational environment. To establish a first-class well-known university, it is necessary to change through reform.

Concept, change management mechanism and management mode, optimize resource allocation. Establish schools that meet the national conditions and conditions for running schools, and meet the characteristics and development needs of higher education.

The dynamic new logistics service environment system makes the logistics work in colleges and universities do better, provides better and better logistics services, improves the efficiency of running schools, and guarantees.

Development and stability of colleges and universities.

Stay in the ancient feudal society. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in the process of foreign exchange, the feudal dynasty kept its doors closed for a long time, which hindered the development of science and technology.

The development of. Because it was the period of rapid development of western science and technology, the feudal dynasty closed its doors and refused to accept the descendants of western civilization.

Be complacent about being a big country; While the western countries were actively developing science and technology, the feudal rulers in China were also addicted to Yin-Yang and Five Elements and small-scale peasant production.

And narcissism. For example, during the reign of Kangxi, there was an error in calendar calculation, and the die-hards represented by Yang Guangxian refused to accept the new research results in the West.

Even shouted out the slogan "It is better to have a good calendar in midsummer than to have westerners in midsummer". Self-deception to such a serious extent. Technology is difficult to develop.

You can imagine the exhibition. China feudal society with a long history has a strong ability of self-regulation and self-maintenance, but it is the key to the historical turning point.

This period shows great inertia. It is a favorable opportunity for China to open to the outside world and develop science and technology by investigating the international and domestic environment from18th century to19th century.

Machine. The industrial revolution in western countries flourished, and the Qing government was in its heyday, with sufficient financial resources and strong national strength, which no country in the world had.

Expedition to China, the arrival of a large number of missionaries and the development of Sino-foreign trade created excellent opportunities for Sino-foreign exchanges and enabled the Qing government to adapt to the times.

It is not impossible to form a powerful modern China by following the trend, implementing the open policy and guiding the situation. Unfortunately, the Qing government took another approach.

France, in order to consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty and prevent "mainland traitors" from colluding with hostile forces at sea, implemented a closed-door policy. Get off to a good start

Let the situation go to waste. This foolish behavior of closing one's eyes directly leads to the backwardness and difficulty of the development of modern science and technology.

3. The deep-rooted consciousness of small farmers has seriously hindered the development of science and technology. China's feudal society lasted more than two thousand years, with such a long history.

In rivers, people's ideas and consciousness have been firmly confined to self-sufficiency and self-satisfaction. Self-sufficiency, all don't ask outsiders, since the closed.

Mentally, it is the best state. Judging from the open mind and the trend of social development, this is an extremely conservative and backward table.

Now In the 20th century, manual farming methods of cattle and plows were still popular, and manual spinning wheels were still circulating in rural areas. New technology is not easy to produce, even if it does.

It is also difficult to promote now. The repetitive state of agricultural production year after year makes the production technology stagnate year after year. Production and development do not need departments.

With technical support, the development of science and technology is at a standstill.

4. Limitations of scientific and technological development. The limitations of China's scientific and technological development since ancient times are also obvious, mainly manifested in: First, thinking.

The intuition of dimensions lacks theoretical generalization and logical reasoning. Intuitive thinking is a major feature of China people, and it is also a different way of thinking from westerners.

Important aspects: Intuitive thinking is a series of associations triggered by specific things. This kind of intuitive thinking is very creative and belongs to

Creative way of thinking. It is this intuitive thinking that produced many inventions in ancient China. But this invention depends on personal experience.

Sleep, which is actually an empirical science, is only a description, record and simple summary of various phenomena, lacking theoretical impetus and image.

A complete primitive scientific system like that in the west is a model for the development of various sciences. China's ancient scientific theory, experiment, technology and economy are

They are fragmented and rarely promote each other and improve together. For example, China ancient porcelain manufacturing technology is very developed, but it can't make glass. Precisely

Because the method of controlling the temperature and oxidation-reduction time in the kiln in porcelain-making technology has not yet risen to the height of theory and applied flexibly, and the second is to emphasize reality too much.

Availability. In the process of practical development in ancient China, we often set out from practicality, paid attention to the summary of practical experience, believed in our own personal experience and cared about reality.

The effect received. Association and analogy are carried out on the basis of intuition: therefore, there is no strict logical reasoning process. Leading to reasoning is often too

Mysterious, chaotic, and sometimes even mysterious. Emphasizing practicality is a good thing in itself, but going too far will become a disadvantage and will

The theoretical logic that binds people's thinking does not attach importance to the basic theoretical research, but only sees the practical usability in front of them. This is a short-sighted view. The third is theory.

Defects in the system itself. The ancient science and technology in China was produced under the condition of low productivity, and its theoretical system itself had many defects.

But later generations sanctified them and turned them into an unchangeable "Bible" for worship. This sacred mentality has greatly hindered the progress of science.

Scientists will no longer doubt and deny the shortcomings of the original theory, but will only worship it. In the process of scientific development, inheritance is more than innovation, and absorption is more than absorption.

Breakthrough, mostly in the stage of digestion and absorption, rarely changes or changes. Make the development of science and technology appear wandering situation.

Second, practical factors.

1, lacking capitalist relations of production in the modern sense. Capitalist relations of production are a rebellion and progress against feudal relations of production.

For feudal relations of production, it is more conducive to promoting the development of productive forces and the progress of science and technology. This is the purpose of capitalist production.

It is determined by the survival needs of workers. The aim of capitalist production is to maximize profits. In order to maximize profits, in the competition

In order to win, capitalists try their best to use the latest scientific and technological means to improve labor productivity and realize more surplus value. Workers in order to be in the fierce

If you win the competition, you must constantly improve your scientific and technological level to avoid unemployment and hunger. In this sense, capitalism

The relations of production are the great impetus for the development of science and technology. What China lacked in modern times was this driving force. Without this impetus, since the feudal society,

If production is carried out under the condition of self-sufficient natural economy, the development of science and technology will lose its significance. Small-scale peasant economy does not need high technology as a branch.

Hold on. The way of life in which small wealth means security can be satisfied by labor under the feudal mode of production. Technology has lost its original function.

2. Imperialist invasion. After the Opium War, imperialist countries successively invaded China, seized colonies and carved up spheres of influence. imperialism

The invasion of human beings, on the one hand, brought advanced science and technology from the west, destroyed China's self-sufficient natural economy, and thus promoted the development of commodity economy.

It plays a certain role in promoting the development of modern science and technology. On the other hand, it is a serious damage to China's modern industry. Imperialist thought

If we want to grab more rights and interests from China, we must squeeze and exclude China's national industries. Facts have also proved that imperialism has stepped up its opposition to China.

Under control, the development of national capital will be slow, on the contrary, it will be faster. Under the imperialist aggression, the technology that makes our country very backward is even worse.

To make matters worse, in the case of stagnation.

From the fact that the development of modern science and technology is backward, we can sum up profound experiences and lessons, which are specific to China's current strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education.

Shijiang has certain reference value.

1, pay attention to the research of basic theory. In the research, applied research and theoretical research are combined and summarized from specific empirical research.

A theory with universal guiding significance. Therefore, this application research has more universal significance.