Mainly record and discuss etiquette system and etiquette. It involves social organizations, living customs, moral norms and cultural relics system before Qin and Han Dynasties, and reflects the political, philosophical and ethical thoughts of Confucianism. These are all important materials for studying ancient history.
The Book of Rites is an anthology of Confucian scholars' articles from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and a compilation of Confucian thoughts. There is more than one author of The Book of Rites, and the time for its completion also follows. Most of the chapters may be the works of Confucius' 72 disciples and their students, and other classics in Guang and Qin dynasties are also collected.
The main content of The Book of Rites is to record and discuss the pre-Qin etiquette system, etiquette and explanation etiquette, to record the questions and answers between Confucius and his disciples, and to record the principles of self-cultivation. In fact, this 90,000-word book has a wide range of contents and diverse categories, involving politics, law, morality, philosophy, history, sacrifice, literature and art, daily life, calendar, geography and many other aspects. It is almost all-encompassing and embodies the political, philosophical and ethical thoughts of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. It is an important material for studying the pre-Qin society.
The Book of Rites is written in prose, and some chapters have considerable literary value. Some use short and vivid stories to illustrate a certain truth, some are magnificent and precise in structure, some are concise, some are good at psychological description and characterization, and there are a lot of philosophical aphorisms in the book, which are incisive and profound. According to legend, The Book of Rites was jointly compiled by Dade, a ritual musician in the Western Han Dynasty, and his nephew Dai Sheng. Eighty-five pieces of Selected Works of Great Virtue were called "Dai Dai Li Ji", but in the later circulation process, only thirty-nine pieces were left in the Tang Dynasty. Dai Shengxuan's forty-nine articles are the Book of Rites of Little Dai that we see today. These two books have their own emphases and choices, and each has its own characteristics. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a famous scholar, made an excellent interpretation of The Book of Rites of Little Dai. Later, this book became popular, and gradually became a classic from the works explaining scriptures. It is listed as one of the "Nine Classics" in the Tang Dynasty and one of the "Thirteen Classics" in the Song Dynasty, and it is a must-read book for scholars.
From the perspective of prose art, some chapters of the argumentative paper in The Book of Rites, such as Li Yun and Yue Ji, are elegant, magnificent and well-structured. Some chapters in the narrative, such as Jade Algae and Ji Fang, are concise and to the point. In particular, the narrative sketches in Tan Gong and Zhong Ni Salt Drama are excellent works with vivid images and profound implications. For example, chapters such as "Jin Xiangong will kill his prince Shen Sheng" and "Ceng Zi will fall ill" in Tan Gong convey different life scenes and characters' psychology with concise words, vivid scenes and changeable brushwork. The chapter "Confucius Crossing Mount Tai" describes that tyranny is fiercer than tigers, which is shocking. The chapter "Qi Da Hunger" has only more than 80 words, but it vividly describes Qian Ao's arrogance and unyielding hunger, including the description of clothes, manner and tone, which are close to novels. Poems, couplets and sentences are also embedded in chapters such as Confucius' Flea Works and Give Wen Zi a Room, which adds vividness and emotion to the article. A lot of space in Tan Gong is a mixture of imagination, not a belief in history, which has been revealed by many predecessors. It can be seen that "After Seventy Scholars" also made literary processing on the teacher's theory.
The Book of Rites was listed as one of the "Nine Classics" in the Tang Dynasty and "Thirteen Classics" in the Song Dynasty. It is a must-read book for scholars and has a certain influence on later generations' thoughts and literature. The main notes are: Zheng Xuan's Notes in Han Dynasty and Justice in the Book of Rites compiled by Confucius in Tang Dynasty. The existing Song San Year (1 192) was engraved by Zhedong Tea Salt Company in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. In Qing Dynasty, Zhu Bin had The Book of Rites and Sun Xidan had The Book of Rites.
The Book of Rites, together with Yili and Zhou Li, is called the "Three Rites", which has had a far-reaching impact on China culture, and people of all ages have been looking for ideological resources from it. Therefore, there are many books that annotate the Book of Rites in past dynasties, and contemporary scholars have also made some new research results in this regard. The original text selected in this paper is based on Annotations to Thirteen Classics edited by Ruan Yuan in Qing Dynasty. The annotation and translation refer to various influential research results extensively, and strive to be accurate, concise and easy to understand. The selected chapters are named by the author (the original text only has titles, and each original text is longer). In principle, the first sentence of the selected text is used as the title, and the notes only indicate that they are selected from an article.
The Book of Rites-Ideological Achievements
The thoughts of theoretical reflection focus on Liu Yun, Li Qi, Xue Ji, Yue Ji, University, Doctrine of the Mean and Confucianism. And there are also chapters that give full play to the role of Confucianism with the help of Confucius' Q&A, such as Zeng Ziwen, Mourning Official Documents, Biao Ji and Ji Fang. In these chapters, we can see the reservation of different factions of Confucius' post-learning, including Ziyou School, Xia Zi School, Ceng Zi School, Zisi School, Mencius School, Xunzi School and many other factions within Confucianism. It can also be seen that Mohism, Taoism, farmers, Yin and Yang, and other pre-Qin hundred schools of thought's thoughts and theories penetrated into it. Therefore, it reflects that The Book of Rites was written in an era when hundred schools of thought sought common ground while reserving differences and a hundred schools of thought contended. The ideological and theoretical contents in The Book of Rites are profound and rich, with rites and music as the core, involving politics, ethics, philosophy, aesthetics, education, religion, culture and other ideological theories. Therefore, in China's ancient traditional thoughts, it is necessary to study the thoughts and theories contained in The Book of Rites.
Educational thought
Three programs of educational purposes: morality, being close to the people and stopping at perfection.
Five steps in the learning process: erudition, questioning, thinking, discrimination and loyalty.
Eight steps of human perfection: discipline, knowledge, honesty, honesty, housekeeping, governing the country and leveling the world.
Nine principles of education and teaching: learn from each other's strengths, learn from others' strengths, learn from others' strengths, learn from others' strengths, save the loss, inspire and induce, complement Tibet and capital, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
Three teaching methods: explanation, question and answer, and practice.
Scholars have four mistakes: lose more, lose less, lose more easily, lose more and stop.
What teachers need: metaphor.
Filial piety thought
The Book of Rites
From the above discussion, we can see that the thought of filial piety in the Book of Rites is rich and comprehensive, which not only discusses the origin, position and function of filial piety, the relationship between filial piety and loyalty, etiquette, politics and teaching, but also discusses the overall and individual significance of filial piety in micro-details. Accordingly, the author thinks that The Book of Rites has completed the theoretical creation of filial piety and reached the peak in the history of Confucianism in China. To get such an evaluation, the following questions must be involved: What is the relationship between the filial piety thought in the Book of Rites and the Classic of Filial Piety? To discuss this issue, we should first discuss the era of the two books, and then discuss the relationship between them from the comparison of their contents. The Book of Rites was written in the Western Han Dynasty, but the years of each book were different. It is generally believed that The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean were written by Ceng Zi and Zisi, so this article does not take these two articles as the object of discussion. Most of the chapters in the Book of Rites were written by Confucian scholars in the Qin and Han Dynasties, except for some chapters whose authors and times are conclusive, which seems to be conclusive. There are different opinions about the author and age of Xiao Jing, and the author agrees that it is a Confucian work in Han Dynasty. Therefore, it can be asserted that The Book of Rites is earlier than or contemporary with The Book of Filial Piety. From the content point of view, the Book of Filial Piety is similar to the Book of Rites in many aspects, so that Liang Qichao said that the Book of Filial Piety is "extremely superficial in meaning, although it is not necessary to read it, it is still not as good as Dai Ji's Forty-nine Articles." Indeed, from the discussion of the above article, we can see that the Book of Filial Piety and the Book of Rites are similar. For example, the Book of Filial Piety: "Filial piety is loyal to the monarch." "Book of Rites: Sacrificing Righteousness"; "The Book of Filial Piety": "The father loves the mother, and the father respects the husband." "The Book of Rites-Funeral System IV": "The father respects the monarch" and "the father loves the mother"; "The Book of Filial Piety": "The parents who suffer from it dare not damage it. Filial piety begins. " "Sacrifice": "Where heaven is born, what the earth does, no one is great. All parents are born and all children are returned, which can be described as filial piety. It is filial piety not to lose his body and not to humiliate his body. " Even the five-person filial piety thought discussed in the five chapters of the Book of Filial Piety can be seen in the Book of Rites: "A gentleman's filial piety is also cited by admonition; The filial piety of a scholar is also obedient to virtue; Shu Ren's filial piety is also bad to eat; Ren Shan dare not be the minister of the three virtues. " (Filial Piety in Dai Zhong): It refers to the filial piety of kings. Sande is three old people. In the Han dynasty, the position of "three seniors are more important" was established to support the elderly, and each of them is more important. The son of heaven raised him with his father and brother. Therefore, the filial piety of the king lies in "being kind and not daring to serve the three virtues." Of course, it is undeniable that the Book of Filial Piety, as a text devoted to filial piety, is superior to the Book of Rites in its systematization and easy dissemination, although it has little new creation in theoretical achievements. Both of them were included in the Thirteen Classics, which had a great influence in history. However, their influence has different characteristics. The Book of Filial Piety is less than 2,000 words, and the monograph, coupled with the vigorous promotion of the rulers of past dynasties, has a much greater impact. No matter intellectuals or ordinary people in cloth, they may read the Book of Filial Piety, while the Book of Rites can only affect scholars with a certain Confucian cultural accomplishment. However, due to the infinite generalization of filial piety in the Book of Filial Piety and the argument based on it from the beginning, the subtle details such as "the metaphysical refers to the device" may be ignored, which makes many specific moral requirements of filial piety mentioned in this paper ignored. In a word, the theoretical problems of filial piety and the universal principles of filial piety, which were created by the Book of Rites and systematized by the Classic of Filial Piety, were widely spread by the Classic of Filial Piety. Filial piety in The Book of Rites comes from many books on children's education and family training, such as Twenty-four Filial Pieties, Thirty-six Filial Pieties, Disciples' Rules, Daughters' Classics, etc. It has long influenced China people's family life etiquette and social communication, and has become the lifestyle of a country of etiquette. Therefore, we should not underestimate the great influence of The Book of Rites on the formation and development of filial piety in China and the traditional lifestyle of China people.
Political ideal
One world. Confucianism believes: "The trip to the Avenue is also the public of the world. Choose talents and abilities, practice beliefs and cultivate mutual understanding. An old friend is not only a relative, but also an only son. The old, the strong, the useful, the young, the strong, the lonely and the sick are all raised at home. Men get points and women get rewards. If the goods are abandoned on the ground, there is no need to hide them on yourself. You don't have to do it for yourself. Therefore, it is called "Datong" to seek closure but not prosperity, and thieves do not do it, so leaving the house is not sealed. This avenue is hidden, and the world is home. Each has his own relatives, each has his own son, and the goods are all his own. Adults believe in propriety, while Guo Cheng believes in honesty and propriety. Be honest, be honest with your father and son, be harmonious with your brothers, be harmonious with your husband and wife, establish a system, establish a field, be both wise and brave, and take merits as your own. Therefore, the use is the work, and the soldiers set out from this. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu,, etc. are all among them. None of the six gentlemen is unwilling to be polite. Take its meaning and test its letter. There have been works, and there are benevolent policies in punishment, which shows that the people have often. If someone doesn't come from here, someone in power will go, and everyone thinks it will hurt. It is a well-off society. " This political ideal of a well-off society and a world of great harmony was born in China 2000 years ago, which is extremely precious historical materials. Thirdly, Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Xueji contain many reasonable economic and educational ideas respectively. University and The Doctrine of the Mean were originally two books in the Book of Rites. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the philosopher Zhu took out two independent books, which were called "Four Books" together with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. During the six or seven hundred years from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, it became a must-read for young students. "University" said: "There are avenues to make money. There are many people born, few people eat, many people are sick, and people who use them are comfortable, so wealth is enough. Kind people get rich by money, and unkind people get rich by their own bodies. People who don't do good deeds, people who don't do good deeds, people who don't do good deeds, and people who don't have treasury wealth are not their wealth. " This is a classic exposition of Confucian financial management thought and a precious legacy of ancient financial economics. The Doctrine of the Mean contains Confucius' famous saying: "Be knowledgeable, interrogate, think carefully, distinguish clearly and be faithful."