Basic explanation of function words
1. [function words, function words; Words that have no complete lexical meaning and do not represent true meaning. Except adverbs, they are generally not components of phrases or sentences, but they have grammatical or functional significance. Chinese function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeia.
2. [talk big]: grandiose words.
Detailed explanation of function words
1. A word that can't make a sentence alone, but has abstract meaning, but helps to make a sentence.
2. empty talk; Lies
"Shang Jun's Law of Writing Gods": "What he said is the trend of fools; If a scholar learns to speak, the people will reason and recite function words, and the people will reason and recite function words, but their strength will be less, not more. " ?
Don Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu: "Jade was born late, so I visited the news several times." Every day is different. It's a myth. "
The sixty-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions: "The imperial court knew what happened, took the stolen money, and returned to the imperial court the next day, saying only that Zhang Hua was a rogue and falsely accused a lover because he owed money to the Jia family."
Sun Li's Lu Xiuji Reading: "History is the most upright and fair, and it doesn't need function words, and it hates function words the most."
Modern function words
According to grammatical functions, words can be divided into real words and function words. Function words are words opposite to "content words". Function words are words that can't act as syntactic components alone, but have the grammatical meaning of connecting or attaching various content words. According to what content words or phrases function words can relate to, and what kind of relationship they have, function words can be divided into six categories: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeia (see Outline of Teaching Grammar System in Middle Schools [for Trial Implementation]). Chinese is a language rich in function words, which is determined by the characteristics of Chinese. Chinese function words are closed, including 1000 which is rarely used. Mastering the meaning and usage of hundreds of commonly used function words in Chinese can be said to be the key to learning Chinese well and of great value.
Adverbs can modify verbs or adjectives; Nouns cannot be modified. 1. It means degree, 2. It means range, 3. It means mood, 4. Time and frequency, and 5. Express the meaning of negation. Adverbs except no, no, of course, generally can't answer questions alone; Adverbs are adverbials or complements in sentences; Some adverbs can be used with conjunctions. Prepositions cannot act as predicates alone; Often attached to nouns, pronouns and verbs to form prepositional structure; Some prepositions can be attached to verbs to form a whole, which is equivalent to a verb.
Content words are open. There are more than 50,000 notional words in Modern Chinese Dictionary compiled by the Dictionary Editorial Office of the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and more than 90,000 notional words in Ci Hai published by Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, with about 25,000 commonly used words. The number of function words is much less. As far as the function words in modern Chinese are concerned, there are about 800, and the commonly used ones are about 350.
Although the number of function words is small, they are as important as real words on the whole, and individual words are more important than real words. Some people compare real words to human flesh, bones and hair, and function words to human meridians. This metaphor is certainly inappropriate, but it mainly shows that the number of function words is small but important. Because the use of function words often involves the structure of the whole sentence and affects the meaning of the whole sentence. If we cancel some content words (such as "table", "steamed bread" and "electric light"), it will certainly have some influence on our speech, but it will not have much influence, at least it will not affect normal communication. However, if the words "de, le, ba, bu, ye, mo and you" in modern Chinese are removed, the influence will be great and normal communication will be affected, which is particularly important in Chinese.
Because function words are much less in number and as important as or even more important than real words, they are used much more frequently in communication than real words. Like "de" and "le", their frequency of use is as high as 3~5%, which is unmatched by any content word. Function words play an extremely important role in various languages, especially in Chinese. Grammatically speaking, Chinese is analytical, and it "lacks morphological changes in a strict sense". Chinese has neither the morphological signs and twists and turns of Russian, French and English, nor the cohesive forms of Japanese and Korean. In this way, function words in Chinese assume a heavier grammatical task and play a more important grammatical role. Therefore, if we Han people want to improve our cultural level and Chinese literacy, and foreigners want to learn Chinese, we must pay attention to the use of function words.
It is not easy to use real words well, and it is even more difficult to use function words well. It may be for this reason that when we say refined words, we only say refined real words and real words, not refined function words and function words. In fact, refining function words and function words is a very noteworthy thing in writing. If a function word is used well, it can not only make the sentence in which it is located receive good expression effect, but also make the whole paragraph or even the whole article vivid and receive unexpected expression effect. For example, the phrase "Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan" in Wang Anshi's poem "Dengguazhou" has always been regarded as a model of rhetoric. Where are the good things? Usually the focus is on the word "green". It is said that Wang Anshi first used the word "Dao" in his draft, then changed it to "Guo", "Jin" and "Man", and changed it a dozen times before finally choosing the word "Qing" (Hong Mai's Rong Zhai Continued). This "green" word is really well used. It is impossible to use "to, to, to, to, to" inaccurately, but the meaning of "green" is much richer. It not only contains the meaning of "want, want, want, want", but also is fresher and more vivid than them. Therefore, the word "green" can really be called a model of refining Chinese characters. However, the function word "you" in this poem is also well used, but most people ignore it.
Ancient function words
There are *** 18 function words in classical Chinese-[er, he, Hu, Nai, Qi, and, if, what, what, how, also, by, because, Yu, and then, who, what].
Ancient function words are words with no practical meaning in Chinese, and some of them are equivalent to modern function words. Function words can't form sentences independently, but can only cooperate with content words to complete grammatical structure. Function words are helpful to content words, which include introduction, connection, help, exclamation, vice and image sound. Function words play an important role in conjunctions, and some conjunctions are far from true because of the difference of a function word. Clever use of function words can make conjunctions more colorful and interesting.
Please check the next link:
Your grace is like the sea;
Minister's Day is like a mountain.
It turns out that this couplet was written by Hong Chengchou, the governor of Shaanxi Province in the late Ming Dynasty. Originally, there were no empty words at the end of the couplet, which was called "your kindness is like the sea, and my festival is like a mountain." It is a couplet to express oneself and praise the kindness of the emperor. Hong Chengchou later defected to the enemy and betrayed the country, and was spurned by others, so someone added the words "Yi" and "Hu" at the end of the original couplet, which had quite different meanings and became a wonderful satirical couplet.
Look at such a couplet:
The people are still there, the country is still there, and there is no distinction between north and south;
In a word, it is not a thing.
This pair of couplets was written by Wang Xiangqi to satirize Yuan Shikai and is called Ming Lian by modern people. The couplet is embedded with the word "President of the Republic of China", and the word "not something" is pointed out at the end of the couplet. The word "Ye" in couplets and the word "Zhi" in couplets are well used. If the function words are removed, it is hard to call it a masterpiece.
Empty word is mostly used in ancestral temples of the ancients to collect words and make sentences. Such as Shandong Jining Luzi Temple Trade Union:
Allow saints to smell good and do it, and enjoy it;
The master's courage is great, he will be saved when he sees danger, and he will do what he sees righteousness.
[Function]
Used to make sentences, the meaning is neat, for example, the words "ear" and "eye" are both content words. If the words "ear" and "eye" are combined into "ear and eye", it means agile and active. Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty said: "When a cardinal's wife is rich, there must be a sentence of Xu Yinzu, which is the beginning and the end. It is based on Iraq, Wei, Fu, Beggar, and eventually as a language; He, Yi, Yi, and the help of broken sentences. " If you go, you will lack words, and if you add them, you will have a whole chapter and sentence. "("Shi Tong "Volume 6" Floating Words ") Therefore, it is neat for ancient books to use function words to make sentences, you see. For example, using the word "Wei", "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Seventeen Years": "And why Tian Wei? "Zuo Zhuan" xianggong twenty-two years: "Why is it sacred? Today: "What are you going to do?" "Xun Zi Yi Bing Zhou" ... Why do soldiers do this? "Because of the end of the sentence, you can't make a sentence without adding words. In addition, the word "Wei" has been added. The Record of Hao Tao Hume is "time-oriented" and "unbounded, interest-oriented" in Zhaogu. Only "time" and "interest" are not in a sentence, and "for" is added to achieve it. Then add the word "or", "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Tianbao": "Like pines and cypresses, without exception. If the word "or" is omitted in this sentence, but only "there is no inheritance", the meaning of the sentence is hasty, and the word "or" is added to ease the tone. If you add the word "zhi", it can be divided into three types:
1. Add the word "zhi" to enhance the tone. Chen Shufang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Lao Tzu said:" Tao is born, virtue is cultivated, growth is cultivated, success is achieved, familiarity is cultivated, and the word "eight-fold" is inexhaustible, which only helps the middle ear. "("Yingchuan Xiaoying ")
2. The end of the sentence is meaningless, and the conjunction is meaningful. The Book of Songs: "Left is left, the gentleman should take it, right is right, the gentleman has it, and the dimension has it, so it is similar." Obviously, six sentences use eight words of "zhi", but without the word "zhi", the meaning is incomplete.
3. Use the word "zhi" in the sentence to make the sentence neat, which can be seen everywhere in the Book of Songs. For example, the first month in The Book of Songs Xiaoya: "Whose house did you stop at?" Use the word "zhi" to make the sentence neat. There are many words "zhi" in The Book of Songs. According to Mr. li jinxi's statistics, there are *** 1039 words in The Book of Songs, including 4 verbs, 52 adjectives, 400 pronouns and 583 auxiliary words, among which the auxiliary words are the most. (Li See Jinxi's Essay on Chinese Explanatory Words) In addition to words used as language aids in writing, words used in printed titles are also used. For example, Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, saw a "Zhuquemen" at the gate of Kaifeng, and asked Zhao Pu why he didn't write Zhuquemen and why he used this word. Zhao help replied. The word ""was added to the seal. For example, people in the Han dynasty like to use five characters as seals. If they are in the position of prime minister, the seal is the seal of prime minister. In later generations, printed words were uniform, fair and versatile. If a single name is less than four words, it is "the seal of word of mouth". (See the article "Compilation of Children's Books in Ai Zhai", Volume 12, "There are words on the printed list". ) It's still useful today. Another useful word and other words are often used in sentences. For example, the peak in The Book of Songs is "the cloud of Tao is far away", which means "the cloud of man dies". Only the words "the road is long, its Xiu Yuan is Xi" and "the death of man" cannot be used to make sentences, but these two words can be added together to make sentences, which are quite common in poetry.
An article can only be written with function words. Liu Qi's "A Brief Introduction to Zhuzi" in the Qing Dynasty said: "The only way to write is the two ends of a notional word, which is its body and bones, and the temperament of a notional word is also." Gavin defended himself, accepted Xiao Shen's reasons and refused to fall. When the empty words performed well, Yan Yue and Liu Zongyuan were sentenced for blaming Du for evil! (See the later part of Du Fu's Story) When we talk about ancient classical Chinese, we must use notional words and function words. "Function words are given a pleasant title", which fully shows the importance of function words. Originally, the meanings of "reality" and "emptiness" are opposite, but the opposite is enough to complement each other. It seems that the opposite of truth, goodness and beauty is false, evil and ugly. Without falsehood, ugliness, there is no truth, goodness and beauty.
Function words are derived from content words (detailed later). They are all foreign words, such as Ye, Zhe, Yi, Er, Hu, Evil, Yan, Zhi, Yi and Yu, which have no original meaning today. Hao Yixing in Qing Dynasty said: "Every word (virtual auxiliary word) is not the original word, but its sound." (Er Ya Yi Shu Shi Xia) Therefore, function words have an uncertain meaning of "see", which is fixed as "see" in the sentence, and also as "see" at the beginning of the sentence (such as turning words) and at the end of the sentence (such as Xie Yuci). Whether it is "middle", "first room" or "last room", it is not its original meaning, and it has undergone a qualitative change. A changed word cannot be explained from its original meaning, but only from its position and pronunciation. For example, the word "suo" used to be the sound of logging or lifting wood, which originally meant a verb. Under the guise of becoming a noun "premise", such as police station and health center, it is extended from the premise and becomes a function word, such as "to those who refuse". The meaning of the word "if" has changed qualitatively and has nothing to do with the original meaning.
I have read Liu Qi's A Brief Analysis, Wang's Jing Ci and Ci Quan, and I only know why, but I don't know why. They didn't explain why, even when I wrote this book, I thought twice before acting. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu said that function words were "relying on sound to send things, and friendship was not in shape but in sound. Meaning lies not in words, but in spirit. If the spirit is similar, the words are original and informal, and the simple sound can be ignored. " (Shuo Wen Tong Xun Ding Sheng, Volume 1, borrowed). For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya Tingliao: "What about the night?" "Harmony" in Shangshu Weizi should be pronounced as voiced. The sound is between "Miracle", and function words only take the sound, or even only take the sound without taking the word, or are between words and sounds. Therefore, "Erya" said: "Those who are empty, sometimes." Confucius, boldness, elegance, delay, nothingness and simplicity are also implied. "The so-called' space' means that function words are between words and sounds. If they are between the word "base", then they are neither base nor its. Just pronounce it in a voiced voice. It can be seen that the use of function words under the guise of words is not in words, but in sounds. Meaning turns with sound, and sound turns at will. Therefore, it is very important to interpret classical Chinese in ancient books and understand the function and borrowing of function words. Grasping the meaning of function words depends on the tone and meaning of contextual sentences. We should not haggle over justice, nor should we just talk about justice.
Function words are mainly divided into suffixes, conjunctions, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, verbs and adverbs. Here, I will focus on the order of suffix and conjunction ... (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan, 4 10-4 12, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004, 1 version).