Modern reading knowledge and answering skills
Narrative reading
1, ask the genre of the article? A: This article is an article.
The alternative answers are: poetry, novels (novels, novellas, short stories, short stories), prose (lyric prose, narrative prose, argumentative prose, that is, philosophical prose)-the form is required but not the spirit, script, discussion and argumentation.
2. What are the six elements of narrative? The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.
3. What is the content of the article? Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction. Emphasize three parts: what is the content, how is the article, and how is the author.
This article tells (describes and explains) the story (deeds, process, events, scenery) of ... that is, who did what-this can be used as an answer to summarize the content of the article in one sentence.
B. Expression (praise, exposure, irony, reflection, praise, exposure and criticism).
C, expressed the author's right ...
4, material organization characteristics? Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.
5. Hierarchical?
(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)
(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)
(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)
(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)
6. Narrative clues and functions? Clues (bright lines and dark lines)-core figures, core things, core events, time, place and author's mood.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
7. Write a title for the article.
Finding the clue or center of the article is based on (1) the core characters (2) the core things (3) the core events (4) the author's emotions.
8. Taste topics
You can taste it from the aspects of -A content, B theme, C clue and D setting suspense.
Example: (1) If the theme is combined with the main idea, such as the symbolic essay topic, you can also answer it this way: the proposed topic is clever, pun intended, the original refers to … actually refers to …, which highlights the theme and makes people think.
(2) Explanatory text: What rhetorical devices are used to vividly explain ..., point out the main content of this article, and point out the research object of this article.
9. Understand the role of people.
First person: cordial, natural and true, suitable for psychological description, easy to depict characters and personality characteristics.
The second person said: it is convenient for emotional communication.
Third person: objective, not limited by time and space, easy to describe and discuss.
10, narrative order and function?
(1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read.
(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. ) function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid monotonous narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. ) function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
1 1, language features?
Choose from the following sentences by combining context and rhetorical methods: vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology, strong in rhythm and humorous. Be sure to combine specific sentence analysis. Generally speaking, the spoken language is easy to understand, the written language is rigorous and elegant, and the literary language is vivid, vivid and emotional.
12, writing skills and functions?
In a narrow sense, the writing technique is "expression", while in a broad sense, it refers to all writing techniques such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, imagination, association, symbol, straight to the point, expressing meaning, setting suspense, symbol, borrowing scenery to express emotion, cadence, positive and negative contrast, side contrast, combination of reality and reality, seeing the big from the small and expressing feelings with the second person. Common details are as follows:
(1) personification endows things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and makes things personalized, thus achieving vivid images.
(2) Metaphors vividly and concisely describe things and explain the truth.
(3) Exaggeration highlights the characteristics of people or things, reveals the essence, and gives readers a distinct and strong impression.
(4) Symbolism gives specific meaning to the things described, expresses emotions ... and enhances the expressive power of the article.
(5) Contrastive techniques highlight the characteristics of things or description objects by contrast, and better express the theme of the article.
(6) Setting off (side setting off) technique and positive description. Use secondary people or things to set off the main people or things, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main people or things.
(7) irony. Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) want to promote first and then suppress. First belittle and then praise the described object, contrast the context and highlight the written object, which has unexpected touching effect.
(9) Before and after care (echo from beginning to end) makes the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
(10) Setting suspense can attract readers' attention and lead to the explanation of the article.
(1 1) The writing skills at the beginning of the article are:
A, you can use the Fu Bixing technique in The Book of Songs. For example, the first thing to say is xing.
B, you can also use the method of reference. Such as famous sentences and proverbs.
C, you can also start with a string of parallelism sentences, which is powerful. ...
D, or by inscription. It is meaningful and literary.
E, it's good to describe the scenery at the beginning and render the atmosphere and tone you need.
F, cut to the chase.
G. flashback
13, rhetorical methods and functions
(1) Metaphor: Write the characteristics of xx vividly.
(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, making things personalized and vividly writing xx characteristics of xx things.
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric. Enhance the momentum of the article and increase the appeal and persuasiveness of the article.
(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, the sentence is neat, and the meaning is sonorous, which set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal. It has the function of emphasizing tone and strengthening content.
(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.
14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?
Methods: Contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text and find out the specific content it refers to. A: The original meaning of the word "××" is that it plays the role of ….
15. Appreciation of article allusions: one is to enrich the theme of the article, the other is to add interest to the article and make it literary.
16. What is the function of a sentence or paragraph? Some situations should be answered in combination with the third and fourth points.
A: First, the content: the first paragraph and the last paragraph: literal meaning and symbolic meaning. Point out the main idea, sublimate the theme, make the finishing point and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The symbolic and figurative meaning of language, the ideological character of characters, and the ideological significance of the full text. Sometimes it is necessary to supplement the explanation with the specific content of the article.
Second, the structure: the beginning of the article: (1) overview, full text overview, opening (leading out below) and other functions.
In the middle of the article: (1) Continuation (2) Opening (leading to the following) (3) Connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) Paving the way for the following; Mark the train of thought, pave the way for the following and lay a good foundation.
At the end of the article: Summing up the above, the full text, taking care of the beginning, and breaking into paragraphs independently make the article come to an abrupt end, which is meaningful, thought-provoking and meaningful.
Third, the performance effect: sublimation center, rendering atmosphere, contrast artistic conception and so on.
Fourth, from the writing technique: there are often opening questions, paving the way for the following, deepening the center, pointing out the theme, contrasting, rendering, echoing, caring, contrasting, symbolizing, suppressing first and then promoting, which plays a predictive role.
17, expression? Narration (narration), discussion, lyricism, description and explanation.
18. Analyze the methods of scene description in scene narration-① Time lapse method ② Space transformation method ③ Steady scene transformation method ④ Classification.
19, understand the role of writing about scenery and the purpose of writing. Express the author's subjective feelings with the help of the description of natural scenery. Narratives that focus on "things" often use the writing method of "expressing meaning with things".
20. What is the type and function of description?
Understand several description forms (1) from different senses to describe (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch) (2) dynamic contrast static, dynamic and static combination (3) front and side, direct and indirect (4) various methods of character description.
Category: 1. Character description: a. Positive description (1) Portrait description (2) Appearance description (3) Expression description (4) Action description (5) Language (dialogue) description (7) Psychological description.
The function is to highlight the personality characteristics of the characters and the theme of the works.
B, the role of the profile is to set off some thoughts, feelings or personality characteristics of the characters.
Second, the description of the environment: the description of the natural environment by the social environment.
Focus on the role of several descriptions and the answer format:
(1) Portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (description of appearance, clothes, expression, posture, etc. ): Explain the identity, status, situation, experience, psychological state and ideological character of xx.
② Language (dialogue) description and action (action) description: The image vividly shows the xx psychology (mood) of the characters, reflecting the xx personality characteristics or xx spiritual quality of the characters. Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot.
③ Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the xx thoughts of the characters and reveals the xx character or quality of the characters.
④ Environmental description: natural environment description and social environment description.
Natural environment (describing natural landscapes such as time, place, weather and season, and scenery scenes such as mountains, rivers and oceans): explaining the time and place of the story and the space for the characters' activities, rendering the environmental atmosphere, setting off the feelings of the characters, predicting the fate of the characters, expressing some characters and promoting the development of the story plot; Reveal the theme of the article.
Social environment (describing the social situation or the scene of people's activities and the surrounding (indoor) layout and furnishings): Elaborate the background, characteristics, social customs, concepts and the relationship between people in the XX era where the story took place, and render the environmental atmosphere of XX. Contrast the emotions of the characters, promote the development of the plot and deepen the theme.
2 1. Character analysis: from two aspects: one is to understand the characters by analyzing typical cases; The second is to grasp the character's ideological character by analyzing the methods of character description (appearance description, action description, psychological description, language description, portrait description, etc.). It is necessary to analyze direct description, side description and detail description.
22. What are the three elements of a novel? People (main elements), environment, plot. The plot includes the beginning, development, climax and ending.
23. The function of combining positive and negative subtitles is to enhance the expression effect.
24. Continue to write the ending of the novel. Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.
25. Ask what the demonstrative pronoun "this, that" refers to: Find the answer from the words before the pronoun.
26. Ask if a word can be removed, or change the problem-solving mode of a word:
Answer: answer yes or no; Not ordinary, especially in the original text of the book.
B, explain the meaning of words, compare the differences between two words, and analyze why words should be used in combination with sentences (emphasize or limit the specific expression effect+or modification of sentences, which expression effect is better and can express something more vividly or appropriately)
C. What changes have taken place in the context after not using or changing it? (No, it can't reflect the accuracy, rigor, vividness and image of the language, or it doesn't conform to the facts, or it is too absolute. If used, it reflects the accuracy, vividness, vividness or rigor of the language. )
27. Language appreciation or advertising:
Type 1. Analyze the expression effect of a braille.
Countermeasures: (1) Understand the beauty of words-verbs and adjectives are incisive and accurate, and make things vivid and concrete; Use idioms to add color to the article; Keywords can serve the center.
(2) Mastering answering skills: mastering the metaphorical meaning, extended meaning and pun meaning of words. For example, in A Lai's Dictionary Story, "the clerk's face showed more pity, and the aunt even became beautiful". The word "beauty" should be answered from its extended meaning. It's not that menstruation looks good at once, but it reflects menstruation's inner activities that make me feel good about her.
Second, find out your favorite sentence in the text and explain the reasons.
Countermeasures: (1) Understand several forms and functions of language beauty.
The beauty of rhetoric-see point 13. Answer with point 28.
(2) The beauty of sentence patterns, such as compound sentence, long and short sentences, antithetical sentences, compound sentence, sentences using a group of related words, etc. (Function: Different sentence patterns have different expressive effects. Interrogative questions cause suspense, and exclamatory sentences are convenient for lyricism; Rhetorical questions strengthen the tone and make people think; Parallelism and overlapping sentences are magnificent and in-depth at different levels; The antithetical sentences are sonorous and concise, repetitive and leisurely, and we can also appreciate their beauty from the aspects of flexibility and vividness.
(3) the beauty of philosophy-images and implicit, moral, philosophical sentences. These sentences usually end at the beginning of the article. (Function: It can enlighten and educate people. )
Beauty of content-sentences with rich content, novel theme and close connection with the center. Function: comprehensive and novel, and can serve the center well. )
(2) Pay attention to the answer format: I like xx sentence because it is xx.
28. Taste sentences and keywords. It is best to find written comments or overall comments: how to write, how to write and what to write, how to give readers feelings or how to express the author's feelings or effects.
A: Analyze the rhetorical devices used, such as metaphor and personification. If not, choose words with vitality.
B, superficial meaning (superficial meaning) and expressive effect (characteristics of vivid writing ...) or comment from the front and side.
C, deep meaning (related to context, theme, the author's intention, what are the reasons, ideas, feelings, etc. ) affirmation/praise/praise/criticism/irony/denial/refutation, or the impression, enlightenment, truth, etc. about ...
29. Ask if the keywords and sentences in the text are interchangeable.
A: Yes or no. B.words: explain these two words separately. Sentence: briefly summarize the contents of these two paragraphs or parts. C. Words: Why are they arranged in this order (emphasize that one of them is consistent with the previous order or conforms to collocation habits and internal order). Sentence: point out the relationship between these two sentences, so they cannot be interchanged (if it is explanatory text, it depends on the chronological order or spatial order or logical order; If it is other styles, it is parallel or layered or total score)
30. What is the expression and function of narrative?
A: Narration is the main way of expression. It also uses description, discussion, explanation and lyricism.
① Narrative has direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric is to express one's thoughts and feelings about things directly on the basis of narration. Indirect lyricism includes expressing feelings for people, things and things through scenery, which naturally permeates the author's sincere and deep feelings between the lines of narrative description, arouses readers' feelings and makes the article have strong appeal.
(2) Proper narration often makes the article icing on the cake, making the finishing point, revealing the meaning of people and things, thus deepening the theme, especially the discussion at the end of the article. Even if one or two sentences are used between paragraphs, it can play a wonderful role in connecting the preceding with the following.
(3) Description is a brief description of things, and clarification of things makes the people, things and things described clearer. Among them, lyricism and discussion are sometimes integrated and cannot be completely separated.
3 1. On the writing characteristics of the article: We can consider it from the perspectives of material selection, structural layout, language and conception, and combine the writing techniques of the article.
① Material selection: materials are typical, authentic, detailed and appropriate, showing and highlighting the center.
② Structural layout: the layout is reasonable, ingenious and rigorous.
③ Language: simple or vivid, with accurate image; Or bold or graceful; Or fresh or dignified; Or straightforward or implicit or fluent, the use of rhetorical devices, etc.
Idea: profound and novel, seeing the big from the small, full of philosophy, etc.
⑤ Expression skills: First, rhetorical devices: * * eight kinds. Second, there are five ways to express it. Among them, the description can be subdivided into static and dynamic combination, virtual and real combination, positive and negative combination, sad music scene writing and so on. Lyricism includes direct lyricism, indirect lyricism (lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by supporting things), contrast, association and imagination. Fourth, structural techniques: including getting to the point, showing ambition, seeing the big from the small, restraining first and then promoting.
32. Evaluate and appreciate the characters and themes of the article (talk about your own understanding of the characters and themes)
Look at the full text, filter important information, and analyze the spirit or quality contained in it from the words and deeds of the characters. The answer can be made up as follows: ×× (words or actions) in the text expresses the spirit (quality, character, thought and personality) of the character ××. Generally speaking, the answer consists of three parts:
A. The first half briefly summarizes the content of the article, which can be expressed as follows: ① The article is narrated by ...; (2) This article was written by … (something) and used …
B, the second part summarizes the ideological significance contained in the content of the article, which can be expressed as: show/reveal/criticize/praise/persuade ... (some kind of ideological truth). Sometimes the topic can be a part of the answer and a necessary content.
C. state which view you agree with and explain the reasons. On the basis of the overall perception of the text, find out the sentences that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article, and answer them with specific materials.
33. What are your thoughts, experiences, inspirations and opinions after reading? Pay attention to the correctness and health of your own views and the rationality of what you say, and be sure to prove it with typical examples. That is, ask questions, analyze problems and solve problems.
Answer the questions in the order of the total score: a. Point out the ideological significance contained in this article and the gains, experiences and understandings you get from it, and find out the sentence answers that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article.
B, combined with specific examples and materials in the text and life, to explain the reason C, then what should we do.
Explanatory reading of senior high school entrance examination
1. Type of expository: the expository of things (in terms of content, according to the object and purpose of explanation).
Description text: the general title is the object of description;
Explanatory text: find the summary sentence at the beginning and end.
Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at topic 2 and look at the first and last paragraphs. The description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).
Second, the language of expository writing: plain and vivid expository writing (language expression angle).
Third, the interpretation method: generally answer three words, master several common interpretation methods, and analyze the role in the text:
(1) For example, it truly illustrates the xx characteristics of things.
(2) Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. The content of the explanation should be clear and avoid overlapping.
(3) Numbers: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.
④ Comparison: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.
⑤ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑥ Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing and enhance the interest of the article.
⑦ Draw a chart: Let the reader see at a glance, and explain the xx characteristics of things intuitively and vividly.
⑧ Explanation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.
The difference between definition and interpretation is that definition requires completeness, while interpretation does not require completeness. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. It can be reversed.
9. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/facts of things makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.
(10) Information citation: It can make the content of the explanation more specific and substantial. Explain the characteristics of things by quoting, so as to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.
Fourth, explain the order.
Time sequence (program sequence), spatial order, logical sequence. You can be more specific when answering questions.
For example, spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, always to point, from outside to inside, from front to back, from left to right, from whole to part, and vice versa) and so on. ).
Logical order (first cause, then step by step, phenomenon to essence, cause to effect, effect to cause, main to secondary, simple to profound, individual to general, etc.). Common words indicating causality and logical order, such as "because, therefore", "first and second").
Time series is to explain the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing working procedures.
Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the explanation order to make the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science".
V. Explanatory object
Refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally without answering the characteristics of people or things).
Structure of Explanatory Text of Intransitive Verbs
Common forms are: "total score-score" type (or from total score to subtotal, or from subtotal to subtotal, or total score), parallel type, progressive type and so on. Analyze the structure of the article and grasp the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "except".
Central sentence: the position of the beginning or end, sometimes in a sentence. Judgments are mostly sentences with strong generality. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable for central sentences. The same is true of other stylistic articles. Summarize the central sentence of this paragraph.
Countermeasures: (1) When thinking about this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.
Eight. descriptive language
What is the purpose of adding words by typing 1? Grasp the accuracy of the explanation and answer the questions.
Countermeasures: A: It accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".
Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.
Countermeasure: A: (1) No.
(2) the meaning or content of the original word.
(3) The meaning or content of the changed words.
(4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.
Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?
Countermeasure: A: (1) statement (delete or not delete).
(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Estimate the number of tables such as "about", "possible" and "about".
(3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute.
(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.
Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.
Type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth refer to in the text?
Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.
Nine, common test sites
1, understanding of description object and description feature.
2. Identify and understand the interpretation method.
3. Analysis and understanding of the order of interpretation.
4. Analysis of paragraph structure characteristics.
5. Summarize the meaning of the text, levels and paragraphs.
6. Comment on the meanings of keywords and key sentences and their expressive functions.
7. Explain the experience of language accuracy