An Analysis of Ecological Ethics in Taoism's Book of Persuasion for Goodness

As an ethical and moral education book, Taoist exhortation book is not only used to adjust the relationship between people, between people and society, but also further extended to adjust the relationship between people and animals, between people and nature. It advocates the equality of life in nature. Guisheng? Life perception, put forward? Is the Tao advancing or the Tao retreating? The code of conduct of ecological ethics has thus formed an ecological ethics with theological characteristics centered on life.

Keywords: Taoism; Advise the good book; Ecological ethics

Abstract: The Tao Te Ching of Taoism has always been a guide to moral conduct. The moral norms discussed in the book can not only be used to regulate the relationship between human beings and between human beings and the world, but also be extended to the relationship between human beings and plants, animals and human beings and nature. The instruction emphasizes the equality of all living beings, proclaims the value of life, and puts forward the ecological ethics law that everything follows the heaven, and the world goes backwards if it goes against the heaven. These are helpful to form a life-oriented ecological ethics with theological color.

Keywords: Taoism; A statement about morality; Ecological ethics

The extant books of Taoist exhortation in Daozang and Daowai Daoshu mainly include Tai Shang Induction, Wen Chang Di Yin Jun Wen, Tai Wei Xian Jun, Ten Commandments, Warning, History and so on. Some scholars define the Taoist book of advice as? A religious ethics book? It is believed that it is a popular moral education book made in the name of immortals or written by Taoists in their own names, which persuades people to do evil and do good from the perspective of Taoist theology in order to become immortals and accumulate good deeds. [] Some scholars have made a special study on Taoist books of good advice from the perspective of ethics. This paper focuses on the discussion from the perspective of ecological ethics, and holds that, as an ethical and moral education book, the Taoist Book of Advising the Good not only regulates the relationship between people, people and society, but also further extends to the relationship between people and animals, people and nature, which contains ecological ethics with theological characteristics.

One. From Moral Education to Ecological Ethics

The fundamental purpose of Taoism's book of exhorting goodness is to persuade people to do good and accumulate virtue, and to turn evil into good, that is, the so-called? Do good instead of evil? . What are the good suggestions of Taoism? Okay？ And then what? Evil? In theory, it is not an abstract definition, but more concrete and operable codes of conduct. The book "Tai Shang Induction" is the earliest book of Taoist persuasion that appeared at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. Among them, the good deeds listed are: if it is Tao, it will advance, and if it is not Tao, it will retreat; Don't go astray; Don't cheat the darkroom; Accumulate merit; Kindness to things; Loyalty, filial piety and loyalty; Be transformed into human beings; Poor widow; Respect the old and love the young? Waiting for more than twenty articles, the evils are: forbearing cruelty; A dirty thief is good; Insult your loved ones secretly; Mr. Slow; Resist what he has done; Ignorance; Defame students; Fake, fake; Attack the clan? Wait for more than a hundred. Since then, Taoist books on good advice have generally followed this pattern.

However, when the Taoist exhortation lists its recognized good deeds and evil deeds, it also regards protecting animals and plants as good deeds and hurting animals and plants as evil deeds. For example, it is explicitly mentioned in "Tai Shang Induction"? Insects and vegetation are still harmless? . For the so-called good deeds listed in this article? Care about things? , "The Emperor's Sensation Map" Note:? Concealing pity for things is called benevolence. If you fish without a net, you can swim for a night without shooting, and you will stab without killing, but you will not surrender. ? [] Visible,? Care about things? what's up Things? Mainly animals and plants. Care about things? Being kind to animals and plants means protecting and caring for them. Is it explicitly mentioned in the evil deeds listed in "Tai Shang Induction"? Shooting, flying, chasing, stabbing, filling holes and building nests, hurting tires and breaking eggs? ,? Kill trees with drugs? ,? Hunting in spring and moon? ,? Kill turtles and snakes for no reason? People think that hurting animals and plants is also a kind of evil. The Taoist book Wen Chang Di Yin Jun Wen written in Yuan Dynasty teaches people how to do it. Save ants? ,? A fish in distress? ,? Sparrows to save Milo? ,? Or do you want to buy things and let them go free, or do you want to fast, stop killing, watch insects and ants all the time, forbid fire, burn mountains, climb nets and birds, and not poison fish and shrimp when you are near the water? , and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, there was also a Taoist exhortation book, Guan Sheng Dijun Shi Jue Zhen Jing [], which also taught people to ask? Stop killing and release? ,? Save the people with things? , against? Slaughter cows and dogs? . Obviously, protecting animals and plants is regarded as a good deed, and harming animals and plants is regarded as a bad deed.

The record of merits and demerits is a book for Taoist priests to record their own merits and demerits, which belongs to a kind of Taoist exhortation book, and also lists the merits and demerits of protecting and hurting animals and plants. The Merit of Taiwei Xianjun, which appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, is the earliest extant merit, isn't it? Article 36? ,? Thirty-nine laws? . Are you online? Article 36? Under it? Twelve decompression doors? , including saving wild animals, livestock and? Insects, ants, moths, wet things? , in? Thirty-nine laws? what's up Fifteen rules of unkindness? , including? Harm the lives of all living creatures and livestock? And kill someone? Animals and birds? 、? Is the insect ant moth wet? 、? Evil beasts and poisonous insects? . What is the later Ten Commandments []? Stop killing? 、? Second, stop stealing? 、? Three abstinence? 、? Bad mouth under temptation? 、? Five precepts and two tongues? 、? Six commandments? 、? Seven commandments? 、? Eight quit greedy? 、? Nine commandments? 、? Ten commandments? . One of them? Stop killing? Including abstinence from killing? Little life? 、? Little life? 、? Big life? And then what? Life? ; ? Little life? Such as mosquitoes, flies, fleas, lice, crickets and butterflies. Little life? , such as snakes, badgers, pheasants, geese, starling thrush quails, etc. Big life? Such as tigers, wolves, deer, monkeys, horses, pigs and sheep. Obviously, these merits and demerits all contain the requirements of protecting animals.

Generally speaking, ethics is a code of conduct that regulates the relationship between people and between people and society. However, the ethical norms described in the Taoist exhortation book not only regulate the relationship between people and society, but also further extend to regulate the relationship between people and animals and plants, and broadly regulate the relationship between people and nature, including the content of ecological ethics.

Of course, among the moral norms involved in Taoist exhortation, loyalty and righteousness? 、? Filial piety? It is the most fundamental. Mr. Qing Xitai said: the way of loyalty and filial piety is advocated by various books to persuade goodness, and loyalty and filial piety are the first of all moral obligations and good deeds. ? [] Moreover, in the Taoist Book of Advising the Good, the moral norms and standards about the relationship between people and between people and society are above the moral norms about the relationship between man and nature in quantity and importance. However, the moral norms and rules of the relationship between man and nature are, after all, included in the Taoist book of exhortation to goodness, which is one of the contents of the Taoist book of exhortation to goodness, and its importance is self-evident.

In some merits and demerits, Work? And then what? Pass? The size of is quantized. Take "Ten Commandments and Merits" as an example. It takes 50 years to kill animals (such as cattle, horses, camels and elephants) that have contributed to the world for no reason, and 50 years to save things that have contributed to the world. In contrast, it takes 50 lives to kill people because of poor medical skills and improper medication, and it takes 50 efforts to save a burn and drowning person; People who seek people's property and deprive people of their physiology do 50 things at a time, trying to raise money and spread it around, and do 50 things at a time. Another example is "The Merit of Warning the World", which saved the life of a powerful person (cow, horse and dog), scored 50 points for the five pillars of Islam, and forgave a poor man's debt at the same time. 10 points is 50 points; Poisoned fish more than 30 times, lied about property more than 30 times. Through these quantitative comparisons, we can see what is the protection or harm to animals in terms of merits and demerits? Work? Or? Pass? It is still relatively large, so the education on protecting animals and plants is also more important.

In ancient China, which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, protecting animals and plants was regarded as a good deed, while harming animals and plants was regarded as an evil deed. The Analects of Confucius? Talk about Confucius Fishing without steel, cruising without accommodation? . Book of rites? Sacrificial meaning:? Ceng Zi said: Time cuts down trees and kills animals. Confucius said: it is not unfilial for a tree to fall apart. ? "Dai Dai"? Wei will write Confucius: If you don't kill the thorn, you will be forgiven. ? Mencius asked? Lovers love things? [], Dong Zhongshu of Han Dynasty also said:? Quality is under the love of the people. As for birds, animals and insects, they are all love, not love, and ridicule is benevolence! ? [] Later, Zhang Zai went further? People and my compatriots, things are me and also? []. In the history of Taoism, long before the appearance of "Tai Shang Induction", the main Taoist classic "Taiping Jing" said: The husband is good at killing, and the genus of peristalsis is well known. It is useless to kill lightly. ? Ge Hong of Wei and Jin Dynasties said:? Those who wish to live a long life must accumulate virtue and do good deeds, be kind to things, forgive themselves and others and catch insects? , but not? Ejecting birds, breaking eggs, hunting in spring and summer? , and so on. [] Tan Qiao of the Five Dynasties said:? What's the difference between a husband and an animal and a person? There are nests, couples, fathers and sons, and a sense of life and death. Birds feed back, and benevolence also; Falcon compassion, benevolence and righteousness; Bees are polite; The sheep kneels and suckles, and is wise; Pheasant no longer answer, letter also. What can we do? Among all things, the five permanent members are everywhere, taking teaching as the key link and making them work hard. And the husband burns the nest, which is heartless; It is unjust to take away his love; It is indecent to enjoy yourself; The parishioners are cruel and unwise; Make everything doubt, not believe. ? [ ]

Obviously, before the Taoist exhortation appeared, many thinkers, including Taoist scholars, had derived ecological ethics from general ethics and regarded the protection of animals and plants as an important moral norm. It should be said that the ecological ethics thought of Taoism to persuade the good is the inheritance and development of the related thoughts of predecessors, mainly Taoist scholars.

Two. Life-centered Ecological Ethics

Although the ecological ethics of Taoist exhorting good books comes from general ethics, it also has relative independence and forms a basic ecological ethics. Can be roughly summarized as the following three points:

First of all, the ecological ethics of Taoism to persuade goodness is based on the equality of life in nature.

What is the so-called "feeling of the emperor's father"? Care about things? Zheng Qingzhi's praise:? Everything is the same, obey heaven. Little Joe squirmed, full of pity. Regard things as your own and benevolence as the whole. ? Think that natural things are equal to people. Is Li Changling writing for Thai businessmen? Shoot? When taking notes, he said: the old gentleman said: chaos is divided into heaven and earth; Clear gas is the sky, and turbid gas is the ground; Yang essence is the sun, Yin essence is the moon, and the essence of the sun and moon is the stars; Harmony is man, proximity is beast, thinness is bird, complexity is worm. Species are related, they meet and reproduce. With karma, you have your own karma. However, is it unusual that people can fly? The so-called world is rooted in me, and everything is integrated with me. ? It is believed that man and all things in nature are born from heaven and earth and have the same root.

According to Taoism's exhortation to goodness, the equality of life in nature lies not only in the fact that people and natural things are born from the same root, but also in the fact that natural things are as spiritual as people. Li Changling's Annotated Induction of the Emperor's Father? Kill trees with drugs? Say: There are saints among the trees. For example, Yi Yin was born in Gongsang, Shuijing. There are also spiritual bodies that practice the wrong way and fly into it, such as the so-called karma sutra that Han Yuanshou turned into a wood essence; There is also spirituality in it, which is no different from people. For example, the more money teachers there are, the looser the roots are; Another kind of tree stealing caused disasters, which was first known by tree gods, such as peony stolen by Qian Renhua. ?

In addition, the Taoist book of exhortation also believes that what is natural is known by people. Ten commandments? Stop killing? Divide animals into three categories? Little life? 、? Little life? 、? Big life? , among them? Little life? So-called? The stupidest of all creatures? ,? Little life? So-called? Little knower? ,? Big life? So-called? A knowledgeable person? . It is believed that all animals in nature have knowledge, but there are differences in size.

Second, the Taoist exhortation requires the protection of animals and plants, including? Guisheng? Perception of life.

Taoism attaches great importance to human life. In Taiping Jing (Volume 114), "You can't count your lives without books", saying: If you want to be reborn, life comes first? , "Du Renjing"? Immortality is precious, infinite person? , Sima Chengzhen's "Sit Forgotten"? What do people value, life? . At the same time, Taoism believes that all life in nature is equal. Therefore, Taoism attaches importance to human life, further extending to all life in nature, thus projecting the feelings of human life to all creatures in nature, forming a kind of universality? Guisheng? Perception of life.

Li Changling is commenting on "Taiwanese businessmen's induction"? Care about things? Say: Kindness is the foundation of all good things. ? People believe that kindness to all life is the foundation of kindness. Therefore, we should stop killing animals and plants, release them, help them and even leave them alone. Li Changling's Notes "Induction on the Sun"? Surprised habitat? Say: This is just like Confucius said that you can't shoot at night without warning people. Generally speaking, the birds are alive and people are still sleeping. Suddenly, there was a surprise. Didn't you disturb the whole family? ? The notes also take Li and Chen Anshi as examples: Yuan Lee is a mountain. When there is heavy snow, birds have no branches. If you fly to their home, you can't stay long. If you want to help the valley, don't you dare to be surprised? ; ? Chen An Shi Benquan's uncle is a servant. He has never practiced insects or killed anything in his life. Every time he goes in and out and sees the birds of the dynasty, he will avoid them so as not to be surprised? .

At the same time, the description of animals in Taoist exhortation often gives people emotion. Is Notes on Induction in Tai Shang a Annotation? Shoot and fly away? Give two examples: first,? Zhenjiang Qiancai will win the goose cage tail, and there are geese in the air mourning with the ship; Will fall to the ground, the goose in the cage will cran its neck and shout out, the goose in the air will suddenly descend, and two geese will die with their necks crossed? ; Second,? Pan Chang, a native of Henan, is good at hunting. When he entered the mountain, he saw an old monkey and shot it with a crossbow. The monkey received the first hair, and then the middle arm. I couldn't hold on any longer, so I held my son's breasts, picked up a few leaves of wood, filled the rest of them, and died of tuba? . Then go on to say:? Judging from these two things, all animals are human beings and have families. Or fly or walk, shoot and chase, such as people going out of town, killing on the road, and looking forward to their wives. ? [] Finally quote a poem:? I advise you not to shoot birds in Sanchun. My son is waiting for his mother to come back in the nest. ? This poem is often quoted by various Taoist books to persuade good and abstain from evil; It endows animals with all kinds of emotions in an infectious way and shows great sympathy for injured animals.

It should be said that Taoism's advocacy of goodness puts forward the need to protect animals and plants with deep feelings, a universal sympathy and pity for life, and requirements? Guisheng? Be kind to all feelings of life.

Third, what is the pursuit of Taoist exhortation? Is the Tao advancing or the Tao retreating? .

Taoism exhorts good books to protect animals and plants, not blindly, but according to the laws of nature, that is? Tao? . People should take animals and plants as the source of subsistence and develop and utilize natural resources, but they must act in a natural way and develop and utilize them reasonably. Is this too inductive? Is the Tao advancing or the Tao retreating? Basic code of conduct of ecological ethics. The dialogue between the Taoist priest and the beggar in Shi's "Right and Wrong" illustrates this point well: The beggar said: No matter whether you don't kill anything, everything is raw, that is to say, what's the use of feeding him if you don't kill chickens and ducks? If you don't kill cattle or horses, where can you get rubber? If pigs and sheep are not killed, what is the sacrifice? If you don't kill, bamboo and wood don't cut, where does firewood come from? Vegetation should not be cut, and houses should not be taken. This is really difficult. ? The Taoist priest said:? Very easy. (Historical paper) Chickens and ducks do not damage eggs, size or waste money. Kill the biggest one when using it. Why kill it? Horses help the DPRK, and cows have the virtue of raising people. Why kill them when they are old? Why not take bamboo and wood? How can it be useless to cut grass seedlings when they grow out? ? The beggar said:? According to the Taoist priest, it seems that everything was killed in prosperity. It is not enough to kill a prisoner when he is weak. It can be seen that a rich life is the love of all things in the world and must not go against God's will. Take it from time to time from heaven and earth, and use it endlessly. ? The beggar felt very understanding, sighed and said: Heaven and earth have the virtue of good life, and everything has the heart of greed for life. Do everything according to heaven and people's hearts, and don't go against heaven and people's hearts. No one doesn't like it. ? [ ]

Taoism advises good books to abstain from killing, but it doesn't mean never killing, it means? Fishing without a net, cruising without lodging, first stinging without killing, and defending for a long time? . In other words, we should rationally develop and utilize natural things according to the way of nature. Is Notes on Induction in Tai Shang a Annotation? Hunting in spring and moon? Say: Spring is the time when everything happens, and hunting is endless, which hurts the benevolence of life. Then use vertical fire, the vegetation will be scorched by it, and the thorns will be scorched by it. I can't do it. It's a terrible crime! ? [] think? Hunting in spring and moon? The sin is to violate heaven.

For another example, "Ten Commandments and Merits" talks about killing, but it also thinks that tigers and wolves are like that. What if? Those who have hurt others deserve to die? And then what? Kill it and turn it into a job? . In other words, it is still allowed for people to kill the sky. Instead, prison, teasing, fighting and killing? . Fighting and killing? Little life? ,? For example, fighting crickets and shooting butterflies. Life is one-off, although it doesn't hurt life, it is also one-off? ; Fighting and killing? Little life? ,? For example, raising starling thrush and shooting quail twice at a time. Although it doesn't hurt you, it's a one-time thing if you can't let it go. ; Fighting and killing? Big life? ,? For example, if you get lost, your life will be over 20, although it won't hurt your life. Or open a garden to raise deer, which is more than 10. . In other words, if people just keep wild animals in captivity for their own needs, it is actually harmful and excessive to animals.

What is the ecological ethics thought reflected by Taoist exhortation and Albert, the founder of modern western ecological ethics? Albert schweitzer (1875 1965) (also translated by Albert? Schwaetzer)? Fear of life? Life-centrism of [] is very similar. Schwartz emphasized that the principle of love should be extended to all animals, and denied the distinction between high and low life forms and rich and scarce values, and clearly pointed out that goodness is to maintain life, promote life and make the developable life realize its highest value. Evil is destroying life, hurting life and suppressing the development of life. This is an inevitable, universal and absolute ethical principle. ? [] Interestingly, in his book "Fear of Life", there is a passage about "too much encouragement": The Book of Rewards and Punishment, which contains 2 12 ethical aphorisms of China Song Dynasty (AD 960 1227), in which sympathy for animals played an important role. These aphorisms themselves may be very old. This collection of aphorisms, which is still admired by people today, expresses this idea. God? (God) gives life to all animals in order to be in harmony with? God? In order to be harmonious, we must be kind to all animals. "Thai business induction" condemned hunting as a despicable act. It also believes that plants have life, and asks people not to hurt them unless it is necessary. A version of this aphorism collection also uses some stories to explain the aphorism of sympathy for animals one by one. ? [] It can be seen that Schwartz agrees with Tai Shang's mother's ecological ethics.

Three. Theologized ecological ethics

The theological features of Taoist exhortations are very obvious, which some scholars have summarized as: (1)? Good Taoist books are generally made in the name of Taoist immortals? ; (2)? Good Taoist books publicize that there are immortals to supervise people's good and evil? ; (3)? Good Taoist books emphasize that immortals reward and punish people? ; ["the emperor's father feels" at the beginning:? Taishang Laojun said: Misfortunes never come singly, blessings never come singly, and people call themselves; The report of good and evil is like a shadow. It is based on the god of heaven and earth, and takes people away according to the severity of their crimes. If it is reduced, you will be poor and you will encounter more troubles. Everyone will be evil, and punishment will follow. If you avoid it, you will die There are also three Beidou gods on the head, recording people's sins and robbing people of their discipline. There are also three corpse gods in people. Every time they go to Gengshen Day, they will go to heaven to talk about people's sins. On the day of the month, so will Kitchen God. Every mortal has had it. The big one grasps discipline and the small one grasps calculation. There are hundreds of things, and people who want to live forever must first avoid them. The so-called good people are respected by everyone, blessed by God, blessed by blessings, far away from all evils, and protected by the gods. What they do will be achieved, and the gods can hope for it. If you want to be immortal, you must do 1300 good deeds. People who want to live forever should do 300 good deeds. ? According to this passage in Tai Shang Induction and other Taoist books, it is not difficult to sum up the above theological characteristics of Taoist books.

Since Taoist books of exhortation to goodness have obvious theological characteristics, the teachings on the protection of animals and plants contained in Taoist books of exhortation to goodness certainly have theological characteristics. In Taoist exhortations, the doctrine of protecting animals and plants also belongs to Taoist gods, and people's behavior of protecting or hurting animals and plants is also supervised and rewarded by the gods.

It is worth noting that Taoism's Book of Advising the Good is sacred and authoritative by endowing it with theological characteristics, which is embodied in paying more attention to karma, and good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil. "Tai Shang Induction" says: A husband's heart begins with goodness. Although goodness has not been done, Ji Shen has followed. In other words, the heart begins with evil, although evil has not been done, the evil god has followed. People surnamed Ji speak well, regard good deeds as good deeds and do good deeds. There are three good things in one day, and three years will be blessed. The murderer spoke evil words, regarded evil as evil, and did many evils. Three evils in one day, three evils in three years. ? What is the opening significance of the merits and demerits of Taiwei Xianjun? Yi said: if there is a good family, there will be; If there is a bad family, there will be more disasters. Doak said: it is good to accumulate good, but it is bad to create evil. ? At the same time, Taoist exhortation books also achieve the educational effect of eliminating evil and doing good through a large number of causal examples. What is "Wen Chang Di Yin Jun Wen"? Saving ants, the best choice in middle school? I. Notes: Song religion and Song Qi are both in imperial academy, and there is a saying among monks: Xiao Song is the best in the world, and Da Song's family is the first. Later, when he met him again, the monk was surprised: "The wealth of the public is different, as if it had passed a million lives." Jiao smiled and said, how can a poor Confucian achieve this? The monk said: whatever is distorted by Xiao is doomed. The suburb said: Ten days ago, there was an ant nest soaked in heavy rain under the hall. I made a bamboo bridge across it. Is that so? The monk said: Yes. Xiao Song was the first to win, but the public will never get out. And sing first, first together. Zhang Xian, the Empress Dowager, said that a younger brother should not be a younger brother, and the suburbs should be the first, and qi should be the tenth. ? [] Li Changling is commenting on "Taiwanese businessmen's induction"? Fill the pit? I also gave this example. This is what goes around comes around. Is Notes on Induction in Tai Shang a Annotation? Fill the pit and build a nest? Give two examples: first,? Zhu Yisheng hated beehives. Every time he sees a bee entering from the entrance, he will put up a ladder to block it. So are others. After the birth of the second son, all the roads were blocked. People taught to burn red diamonds with scales, but they died? ; Second,? Suzhou Xue's children have repeatedly raised rafts to hide their nests and take care of their young. One day when climbing a tree, I didn't expect a big snake to spit in the young nest. The son opened his mouth in surprise. The snake actually entered and the son died. ; [] This is karma. There are many such examples in Taoist books to persuade the good. Is there "Yin Wen Zheng Tu" on the certificate? Leave things alone? Attach a certificate:? Lv Zu said: If you want to listen to me for a long time, you must forgive yourself for everything; If you want to prolong life, you must release it, which is the truth of circulation; If you save him when he dies, God will save you if you die. There is no other way to delay the birth of children except to stop killing and release them. ? [] Use karma to prove the importance of abstinence and liberation to prolong life.

Although the Taoist exhortation book has obvious theological characteristics, this characteristic is an important guarantee for its implementation and enlightenment effect. Similarly, the theological teachings on the protection of animals and plants contained in Taoist exhortations failed to really explain the significance of protecting animals and plants because of the lack of scientific explanations, but these teachings were spread at that time, especially in Taoism and related fields, which did have an important impact. Moreover, although these theories purely for religious purposes lacked scientific basis at that time, their requirements for animal and plant protection were consistent with some basic requirements of today's ecological ethics, and they were recognized by some modern ecological ethicists. This may be the practical significance of the ecological thought in the Taoist Book of Advising the Good.

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