China has ushered in another space peak. After the successful launch of Shenzhou VI, Shenzhou VII will also be launched soon. Shenzhou VI carried 50kg of oxygen for astronauts to breathe and a complete system for absorbing carbon dioxide. Some spaceships remove carbon dioxide from their cabins through filters filled with lithium hydroxide. The chemical equation of this reaction is as follows:
2LiOH+CO2═Li2CO3+H2O
(1) If you strike a match in the cabin of a spaceship, the flame will go out immediately. Four students made the following guesses about this phenomenon, and what you think is reasonable is (fill in the serial number) C.
A, the cabin oxygen concentration is not enough
B, the temperature on the spaceship is too low to reach the ignition point of the match.
C under weightlessness, the air in the cabin will not convect.
D, the carbon dioxide concentration in the spacecraft cabin is too large.
(2) Space food must be "swallowed" bite by bite, and biscuits, bread and other foods must not be eaten, otherwise the possible consequences will be (fill in the serial number) A.
1. Dust pollution in the space capsule
B, there may be an explosion
C, astronauts are seriously short of energy in their bodies.
(3) The rocket propulsion contains liquid hydrazine (N2H4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). When they are mixed, they produce a lot of water vapor and simple substance, and release a lot of heat. The reaction equation is N2H4+2H2O2═4H2O+N2↑.
n2h4+2h2o2═4h2o+n2↑； According to the analysis of the above reaction products, hydrazine as a fuel in the propeller has the advantage of no pollution.
(4) 1998, scientists synthesized a substance called "N5". This substance is extremely unstable and usually explodes to generate nitrogen, releasing huge energy. Every time the rocket launches 1t equipment, it needs to carry 5t of liquid hydrogen. If "N5" is used as fuel, the amount of fuel that the rocket needs to carry can be greatly reduced. If you are a
How to prepare or how to store and transport, etc. (the answer is reasonable)
On spacecraft, hydrogen and oxygen react under the action of catalyst to make fuel cell: 2H2+O2=2H2O, in which chemical energy can be directly converted into electric energy.
Shenzhou VI spacecraft was launched by Long March II (F) carrier rocket, which used unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine [(CH3) 2n-NH2] as fuel, N2O4 as oxidant, and the products were nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water.
(1) When Shenzhou VI took off, red-brown gas emerged from the middle of the first-stage rocket, which was changed by the high-pressure oxidant discharged by the automatic opening of the safety valve to ensure the safety of the tank. The escaping reddish-brown gas is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gas.
(2) When1mol of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine is burned, the amount of substances that transfer electrons is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(3) Nitrogen tetroxide gas and nitrogen dioxide gas can be transformed into each other: N2O4(g) (colorless) 2NO2(g) (reddish brown); △H & gt； 0。 Nitrogen dioxide is known to have strong oxidation, so the following statement is correct.
A. In gaseous state, 1 mol N2O4 can be completely decomposed into 2mol B. NO2 N2O4 and NO2 are allotropes.
C starch-potassium iodide solution can be used to identify NO2(g) and bromine vapor. D. N2O4 and NO2 are not nitric anhydride.
(1)NO2, N2O4 2NO2, (2) 16 mol, (3)D, the gas produced by the reaction has no pollution to the environment.
One of the fuels of spacecraft is a solid mixture of aluminum powder and ammonium perchlorate. When it is ignited, the exothermic oxidation of aluminum powder will trigger the reaction of ammonium perchlorate.
The following statement or analysis is wrong ()
A. ammonium chloride is both an oxidant and a reducing agent.
B when 1 mol NH 4CLO4 completely reacts, the electron is transferred to 14mol.
C, only chlorine is reduced in the reaction.
D From the point of view of energy, chemical energy is mainly converted into kinetic energy and thermal energy.
Analysis: This topic examines the chemical equation of ammonium perchlorate decomposition reaction with spacecraft fuel as the carrier, which not only examines the students' redox knowledge, but also examines the thermochemical reaction. The answer is B.
3.3 The Long March bundled rocket developed by China uses "unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine" and nitrogen tetroxide as liquid fuels in the first and second stage engines.
(1) It is known that the relative molecular mass of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine is 60, containing 40% carbon, 0/3.33% hydrogen and the rest nitrogen. It is also known that the nitrogen atom in its molecule is not connected to the hydrogen atom. The chemical formula and molecular structure of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine are written by calculation.
(2) In the engine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine is fully burned in nitrogen tetroxide, and the chemical equation of combustion reaction is written. (In the reaction, all nitrogen elements are converted into N2)
Analysis: The topic is 22 questions in the 2004 Guangdong College Entrance Examination. Taking rocket fuel "unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine" and nitrogen tetroxide as propositional scenarios, the calculation of chemical formula, the judgment of structure simplification and the law of mass conservation were investigated.
(1) C: 60× 0.4 = 24, H: H:60×0. 1333≈8 ≈ 8, N: 60-24-8 = 28, so the chemical formula is C2H8N2；; The simple structure is as follows:
H3C
n-NH2
H3C
(2)c2h8n 2+2n2o 4 = 2 CO2 ↑+ 4H2O ↑+ 3n 2↑
Four problems related to space gas circulation.
4. 1 The air renewal process in the space shuttle cabin is as follows:
(1) Ⅱ is a reaction device for CO2 and H2, and the chemical equation of this reaction is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(2) As can be seen from devices I, II and III, the sources of O2 are CO2 and H2O, and astronauts consume 28mol O2 O2 every day and exhale 23 mol CO2 CO2, so the gas exhaled by astronauts every day contains H2O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mol.
Analysis: This is the 27th question of the 2004 Shanghai College Entrance Examination, which shows us the source of oxygen for astronauts through a gas circulation system. Ⅱ device tells the reactants and products, so it is not difficult to write its reaction equation, 2h2+CO2 = 2h2o+c; ; Whether H2O reacts with sodium peroxide or electrolyzes in device III, the relationship between H2O and O2 is 2: 1, 28 moles of O2 * * * need 56 moles of H2O, while 23 moles CO2 CO2 produce 46 moles of H2O in device II, so the H2O exhaled by astronauts is 10 mole.
4.2 The successful launch of China's Shenzhou VI spacecraft marks another historic step for our people to climb the world's scientific and technological peak. In a manned spaceship, each astronaut consumes 0.9kgO2 and exhales 1.0kg CO2 on average every day. In order to keep the air composition in the spacecraft cabin stable, scientists have made a lot of scientific explorations. Some scientists have put forward a "metal peroxide treatment system", that is, the air in the cockpit passes through a container filled with metal peroxide (taking sodium peroxide as an example) continuously, and the treated gas is filled into the cockpit. The relevant chemical equation of this method is: I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The measures to be taken should be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Analysis: The "metal peroxide treatment system" is actually that H2O and CO2 exhaled by astronauts react with Na2O2 to generate O2 for breathing. The equation is 2na2o2+2h2o = 4 NaOH+O2 = 2na2co3+O2 =. After the astronauts inhaled O2, they produced CO2 again, forming a CO2 cycle, but the water vapor was continuously consumed, resulting in gas drying. Therefore, when the treated gas is filled into the cockpit, an appropriate amount of water vapor should be added.