The differences between various reading behaviors are determined by the different reading motivations of the readers. If the rich and diverse reading motivations of human beings are highly summarized, there are three basic types: one is reading motivation based on cognition, the other is reading motivation based on utility, and the third is reading motivation based on aesthetics.
Among them, aesthetic reading and utilitarian reading represent two extreme forms of reading behavior-their nature and characteristics are opposite and distinct; Cognitive reading is not only an independent reading behavior, but also the basis for the development of utilitarian reading and aesthetic reading behavior and the realization of reading purposes. The fundamental difference between practical writing reading and literary reading is that practical writing reading is a utilitarian reading behavior, while literary reading is an aesthetic reading behavior.
Aesthetic reading takes the feeling based on understanding as the main way to receive text information, takes association and imagination as the driving force to expand the rich connotation of the work, and produces strong feelings with the personnel landscape in the work by emotional projection, thus achieving a high degree of spiritual pleasure. Practical writing reading takes rational cognition of the text as a means, accurate understanding of the meaning of the text as a starting point, and finding relevant information to solve practical affairs as the ultimate goal.
It guides readers to the objective real world and achieve a certain utilitarian purpose, instead of going to the subjective spiritual field and pursuing spiritual pleasure. This great difference in motivation between practical writing reading and literature reading leads to a series of qualitative differences in their reading psychology and reading behavior.
First, the difference between active freedom and passive control of reading. The psychological and behavioral characteristics of practical writing reading and literature reading are: the psychology and behavior of literature reading are active freedom, while the psychology and behavior of practical writing reading are passive control. The initiative of literature reading depends on two factors.
First, literature reading is based on people's spiritual needs. According to Maslow's demand theory, spiritual demand is at the highest level in the process of people's psychological structure and psychological development.
It is based on the initial satisfaction of the needs of survival, security and society. It is an indispensable psychological factor for an all-round development person, and it is also an important symbol of a perfect personality and life. However, compared with the importance of basic utilitarian needs such as survival and security to people, spiritual needs are not and cannot be indispensable to everyone.
Its emergence and satisfaction is the result of an independent and free choice when people's psychology develops to a certain extent, and it is a personal will that is not restricted and forced by external things. Therefore, literary reading based on spiritual needs must also be the free activity of the reading subject. Whether he reads, what he reads, when he reads, and what attitude and way he reads are completely independent of external factors.
Secondly, literature reading is aesthetic reading, and a prerequisite for the realization of aesthetic function is the free transcendence of the aesthetic subject's psychology, that is, the aesthetic subject arouses association and imagination by reading aesthetic objects, and makes the mind gallop into the illusory art world through emotional projection, thus surpassing the bondage of material desire and utility in reality and achieving spiritual pleasure. Therefore, the active freedom of literature reading is also an inevitable requirement of aesthetic law, and people who are bound by fame and fortune in their hearts can't reach the aesthetic realm.
On the contrary, the psychology and behavior of practical writing reading based on utilitarian needs are passive. First of all, the satisfaction of utilitarian needs and the realization of utilitarian goals are essential and necessary for the survival and development of individuals or groups and social people.
When the realization of some utilitarian needs and goals depends on some practical activities, as the main body of practical activities, we can't decide whether to participate in practical activities based on subjective will; He must put it into practice unless he gives up the right and opportunity for survival and development. Similarly, when some utilitarian needs and goals can only be achieved by reading practical writing, this kind of reading behavior is undoubtedly passive.
When public servants read the corresponding official documents in order to achieve the utilitarian purpose of the group and society, you especially like your dreams and dreams. You dare not bask in the sun, you dare not jump wood, you stay away from the elderly, and you are full of signs. Moreover, he must read at once-even if he has no interest in reading at all for the time being. Because the realization of utilitarian needs generally has strong timeliness requirements and cannot be delayed.
It can be seen that for the reading of practical writing, readers' willingness to read, what to read, when to read, what attitude and way to read, etc. Without freedom and selectivity, practical writing reading is a passive information acceptance behavior that loses psychological freedom. Second, the difference between creative reading and restorative reading. Modern reception aesthetics and literary hermeneutics boldly criticize the one-sidedness and illusion of the traditional "author-centered theory", and point out that the whole process of literary creation should include two heterogeneous and isomorphic links, one is the creation of the writer and the other is the creation of the reader.
From the perspective of social history, the creation of readers is even more important than that of writers. The prominent role of readers' participation in the creation of works lies in the construction and generation of the meaning of works; The reason why readers can creatively generate and construct the meaning of works is based on the following reasons.
First, the openness of text structure provides conditions for creative reading. Before literary works are brought into the reading field of vision, they only have the potential structure of meaning generation, and there are a lot of meaning vacancies and uncertainties. They are empty and open to every reader, who is expected to fill in the gaps of meaning and increase the uncertainty of meaning.
2. The original publisher of the four elements of applied writing: Pudou Promotion.
What are the characteristics of practical writing? Practical writing is an applied writing activity. Generally speaking, it is the study of the basic theory, knowledge and skills of practical writing. In school education, it is a comprehensive and practical basic course. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, writing activities have four basic elements, namely, the writing subject-the author; Writing object-objective things (including spiritual objects) reflected; Writing ontology (or carrier)-text; Writing receptor-the object of acceptance and action is the reader. These four elements constitute a complete and organic writing system. Practical writing has the following characteristics: (1) The main task of practical writing is to solve practical problems. For example: to analyze economic activities, we must write economic contracts; For legal acts, you should write a complaint and a defense; Invitations, congratulatory letters and congratulatory messages should be written for ceremonial activities, obituaries should be written for the deceased, eulogies should be written for memorial service, and couplets should be posted on the doorframes for weddings, funerals and celebrations; Notice should be issued at the meeting, and important matters should be approved by superiors. In short, in order to do something, solve a problem, exchange experiences, dredge an emotion and reach an agreement, we must choose a specific language suitable for expression and stress practical results. It can be said that every kind
3. What are the characteristics of writing application?
Practical writing is an applied writing activity. Generally speaking, it is the study of the basic theory, knowledge and skills of practical writing. In school education, it is a comprehensive and practical basic course. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, writing activities have four basic elements, namely, the writing subject-the author; Writing object-objective things (including spiritual objects) reflected; Writing ontology (or carrier)-text; Writing receptor-the object of acceptance and action is the reader. These four elements constitute a complete and organic writing system.
Practical writing has the following characteristics:
practicability
The main task of practical writing is to solve practical problems. For example: to analyze economic activities, we must write economic contracts; For legal acts, you should write a complaint and a defense; Invitations, congratulatory letters and congratulatory messages should be written for ceremonial activities, obituaries should be written for the deceased, eulogies should be written for memorial service, and couplets should be posted on the doorframes for weddings, funerals and celebrations; Notice should be issued at the meeting, and important matters should be approved by superiors. In short, in order to do something, solve a problem, exchange experiences, dredge an emotion and reach an agreement, we must choose a specific language suitable for expression and stress practical results. It can be said that each style has strong practical value. Practical writing is not a style for people to appreciate and ponder, nor a style for scholars and poets to compete with, but a style for people to practice and use to achieve some utilitarian purpose.
(2) Authenticity
Practical writing requires the author to write in strict accordance with the true colors of objective things, and never allow fiction and imagination. Authenticity is the life of applied stylistic writing. Only by truly transmitting all kinds of information to all aspects of society, giving the upper level feelings and reaching the lower level feelings, will its stylistic value be effectively realized, otherwise it will be distorted and bring adverse effects and even harm to society.
(3) targeted
Practical writing has a clear utilitarian purpose, which is to deal with and solve practical problems in social life. Therefore, there are clear and specific recipients with strong colors. From the choice of genre, the arrangement of format to the use of words, we should choose and choose according to the purpose and audience of writing.
(4) timeliness
Timeliness includes three meanings: timeliness, timeliness and time limit of application. The so-called modernity is to closely integrate with reality, keep pace with the times and adapt to the changes and needs of the times. The so-called timeliness means that the writing task is required to be completed within a certain time limit. Delay will affect the function and even delay the work. The so-called effectiveness of action time refers to the direct effect only within a certain period of time. When the purpose of writing is realized, its direct function disappears and the text becomes archival material.
(5) Instrumentality
Practical writing itself is not a goal pursued by people, but a means to actively achieve a specific goal. It transmits all kinds of information through the medium of language, and plays an instrumental role in all aspects of society, economy, culture, science and technology and even daily life.
(6) Normality
Practical writing has a fixed style, rigorous format and accuracy. There are specific requirements for its text form and release procedures, and attention is paid to standardization. In actual writing, different kinds of practical writing have a set of corresponding styles to serve the content, and all have their usual formats, structures, techniques and writing requirements, which are relatively stable and will not change for a long time. Of course, what we call fixation is only relative fixation. From the long-term historical development, practical writing experience changes with the development of the times and social life.
Writing process: 1. Establish the theme (article title); 2. Select materials; 3. Arrangement structure; 4. Language expression;
Please briefly describe the difference between practical writing and literary writing. Literary writing is a kind of aesthetic reading. Aesthetic reading takes the feeling based on understanding as the main way to receive text information, expands the rich connotation of the work with association and imagination as the driving force, and produces strong feelings with the personnel landscape in the work with emotional projection, thus achieving a high degree of spiritual pleasure. This is a bit embarrassing, in fact, it is a sentence: there are a thousand Hamlets in the eyes of a thousand people.
Practical writing reading takes rational cognition of the text as a means, accurate understanding of the meaning of the text as a starting point, and finding relevant information to solve practical affairs as the ultimate goal. It guides readers to the objective real world and achieve a certain utilitarian purpose, instead of going to the subjective spiritual field and pursuing spiritual pleasure.
Therefore, this great difference in motivation between practical writing reading and literature reading leads to a series of qualitative differences in their reading psychology and reading behavior.
5. noun explanation: the minimum amount of applied writing is 0.27 yuan, so that library members can view the complete content > original publisher: kulolocky1noun explanation 12 applied writing: applied writing is the writing with a specific form or customary format used by government agencies, social organizations and people in their daily work, study and life to handle official business and personal affairs.
Documents: the general term for all documents and materials. Including official documents and private documents.
Official documents refer to all written materials formed by organs in their official activities. Private documents are all useful written materials formed by individuals or groups in dealing with private affairs.
Document: refers to the important written materials with complete format and strong general practicability in official documents. Include version header file and non-version header file.
Applied writing: it is a behavioral process of expressing information by using words, pictures, tables, numbers and symbols. Endorsed author: refers to a person who engages in writing activities as a copywriter instead of others.
Group author: refers to two or more authors who form a group and engage in a "special needs" writing activity. Legal Author: That is, the main body of written form is those units and individuals that are legally established and can exercise their rights and obligations in their own names.
Text: It is the difference between the same document in multiple languages. Practical writing refers to a complete practical writing written in a certain language.
Review: mainly the review of manuscripts. The audit includes two links: the business audit of department leaders or functional departments and the audit of the general office of the issuing authority. The latter is the main body of manuscript review.
Distribution: it is the final legal confirmation of the manuscript by the person in charge of the organ. Once the official document is issued, it is basically completed in terms of the process of text expression, and issuing is the last procedure in the process of document materialization.
Review: it is the re-examination of the manuscript by the general office of the publishing organ before formal printing. Genre: it refers to the classification of specific official documents into several types according to their different requirements of nature and use, and the designation of a fixed name for each type of official documents, that is, the name of official documents is simply called genre.
Write the rules.