Keywords: fire protection of high-rise buildings under construction
Introduction to 0
With the rapid development of economy and the acceleration of modern urban construction, high-rise buildings have become the development trend of urban architecture due to the shortage of land resources. However, the construction period of high-rise buildings is long, the supervision of all parties is not in place, and it is difficult to put out the fire. Therefore, the fire prevention and control of high-rise buildings under construction has become a difficult problem in today's fire protection work. However, the fire at the construction site of high-rise buildings has not attracted enough attention from the construction units, construction units and relevant departments. In recent years, fires have occurred continuously in the construction site of high-rise buildings, with high disaster rate and huge economic losses. Through these fire accidents of high-rise buildings under construction, it is particularly important to strengthen the analysis and research on fire risks and prevention and control countermeasures of high-rise buildings under construction.
Fire Risk Analysis of 1 High-rise Building under Construction
First, there are many combustibles. There are many temporary buildings in the high-rise construction site under construction, such as warehouses and sheds, and most of these buildings are made of flammable materials such as bamboo, wood and linoleum. Protective nets, construction scaffolding, etc. around high-rise buildings under construction. Most of them are made of combustible materials; Due to the need of construction, a large number of linoleum, wood, formwork, paint and decoration materials are stored on the construction floor, and the storage materials are chaotic, mostly flammable and combustible, which provides the necessary conditions for fire. As long as it comes into contact with open flames and other fire sources, fire accidents may occur. Second, the amount of electricity, gas and fire used in construction is large. All kinds of construction machinery, electric welding, oxygen cutting and other operations in the high-rise building under construction need a lot of electricity and gas, but the facilities on the construction site are often not designed and installed according to the specifications, and effective protective measures are not taken. There are too many and chaotic temporary power lines, which may easily lead to power overload or short circuit, thus causing fire accidents. Third, the fire-fighting facilities are not perfect. Due to the lack of fire-fighting facilities in the high-rise building under construction, the early warning facilities and fire-fighting facilities such as automatic alarm, automatic sprinkler and fire hydrant in the building are not perfect, and the initial fire is not easy to be detected, so it is impossible to control the fire spread in time. Water shortage has become the biggest problem, which brings great difficulties to firefighters' internal attack and melee, thus delaying the favorable opportunity of fighting. At the same time, due to the ongoing construction, there is no fire separation inside the building, stairwells, doors and windows, elevator shafts and various pipeline shafts are not blocked, and the horizontal and vertical air circulation is rapid, which is obvious in stack effect. Fourth, the site environment of high-rise buildings under construction is complex. Due to the large area of the high-rise building under construction, many building materials are piled up, the internal situation of the building is complicated, and the fire escape is blocked. Once a fire breaks out, the fire truck can't get close to the scene of the fire for the first time, which affects the fire fighting and is not conducive to fighting the initial fire. Fifth, the fire safety awareness of construction workers is weak and the fire management is chaotic. Construction units often mix office areas, living areas and work areas, and many workers live next to or inside the construction site. The construction unit did not take corresponding fire prevention measures and strict fire safety management system, did not formulate corresponding fire fighting and evacuation plans and organized construction personnel to conduct drills. Many operators of welders, electricians and other special types of work on the construction site lack professional training, and many of them are undocumented, so the operation is not standardized during construction. Fire-fighting equipment and facilities are not equipped at the site where fire and electricity are used, and sparks and hot melt beads generated by welding operations are scattered everywhere. Quite a few construction workers have a weak awareness of fire safety. For convenience, they often cook on the spot, even burn wood to keep warm, throw cigarette butts and other fire sources, which can easily cause combustible burning and lead to fire accidents.
2 fire characteristics of high-rise buildings under construction
The architectural characteristics of high-rise buildings under construction have both the characteristics of ordinary high-rise buildings and their particularity. First of all, smoke and fire have many ways of transmission. Because there is no separation between fire prevention and smoke prevention, elevator shaft and pipeline shaft are not blocked, the fire is easy to spread. Fei Huo scattered from a height, igniting the protective net and building materials on the ground, easily forming a three-dimensional fire, which is difficult for firefighters to intercept. Second, the internal situation is complicated and it is difficult to evacuate people. There are no handrails, evacuation signs, emergency lighting and other evacuation facilities in the high-rise stairs under construction. There are many holes in the floor, there is no guardrail at the intersection of the elevator shaft, and many protrusions are preset on the floor through pipes. All kinds of building materials on site are piled up in disorder, and most scaffolding and protective materials are combustible. If there is a fire, it is easy to collapse. Whether it is construction workers or fire rescue workers, evacuation and search and rescue are very difficult, which is easy to cause casualties. Third, it is difficult for the fire brigade to put out the fire. The high-rise building under construction has a narrow construction site. Due to the limitation of the site, there is a lack of necessary fire prevention spacing between houses and shacks and between building materials, and even some materials are piled up to block the fire escape, making it difficult for fire engines to get close to the fire point. The internal situation is complicated, so it is difficult to grasp the internal situation, and it is difficult for firefighters to reach the fire floor in time because of the lack of emergency lighting facilities. Fourth, fire water supply is difficult to guarantee. Due to the complex surrounding environment of the high-rise building construction site, and the lack of automatic fire-fighting facilities in the building, there is a shortage of fire-fighting water, and the water pressure and quantity can not meet the fire-fighting needs during internal attack. 3 fire prevention and control measures for high-rise buildings under construction
3. 1 Strict fire protection design acceptance. The public security fire department should further improve the fire supervision system of construction projects in strict accordance with the fire protection law and the laws and regulations on fire supervision of construction projects, and implement the work measures such as technical review of fire design review, collective review of fire inspection and acceptance opinions of large-scale construction projects, and expert demonstration of difficult problems according to law, improve the quality and efficiency of fire administrative licensing of construction projects, and strengthen the source control of the implementation of national fire technical standards for high-rise buildings. The public security fire department and the competent construction department should cooperate closely, establish a cooperative mechanism, and strengthen the supervision and management of the responsible subjects of high-rise building projects. When examining and issuing the construction permit to the construction unit, it shall examine whether the construction project has specific measures to ensure safety. The construction site shall meet the following fire safety conditions: First, the construction site shall be provided with fire exits to meet the requirements for the passage, parking and operation of fire engines, and eye-catching signs and emergency lighting shall be set in stairwells, entrances and exits to clean up construction wastes and obstacles in time. Second, the construction site should be set according to the relevant provisions of the fire water source. Outdoor fire hydrant system should be set up at the construction site, and sufficient pipe network pressure and flow should be maintained. According to the construction progress of the project under construction, indoor fire hydrant system or temporary fire hydrant shall be installed simultaneously, equipped with water gun hose, and the main fire hose shall be equipped with water pump adapter to meet the fire water supply requirements of the construction site. Three, the construction site should be equipped with necessary fire control facilities and fire fighting equipment. An appropriate number of portable fire extinguishers, fire-fighting sandbags and other fire-fighting equipment should be provided at the key fire-fighting parts of the construction site and at each floor of the high-rise building under construction. Four, the construction site office area, living area, work area, material area should be set separately, and take fire separation measures to keep a safe distance. The construction unit shall not set up staff dormitory in the unfinished building. Do not have the conditions, shall not issue a construction permit, to ensure the fire safety of the construction site.
3.2 Strengthen the main body control in the construction process, and find and clear the hidden dangers of building fire in time. In view of the high fire risk of high-rise buildings, the public security fire department should strengthen the fire supervision and inspection on the construction site of high-rise buildings under construction, focusing on the implementation of fire hazard rectification and preventive measures, evacuation passages, fire truck passages, fire water sources, the configuration and effectiveness of fire extinguishing equipment, illegal use of fire and electricity, the mastery of fire knowledge by key operators and other construction workers, the management of key parts of fire safety, the implementation of fire and explosion prevention measures for inflammable and explosive dangerous goods and places, and the implementation of fire inspection. In addition, it is necessary to carry out in-depth supervision and inspection of fire quality and fire products of projects under construction, and urge rectification according to law if the fire safety conditions on the construction site are not available and the fire safety responsibility system on the construction site is not implemented. Carry out the supervision of fire quality reputation of construction units, strengthen the awareness of quality responsibility of construction, design, construction and other units, severely investigate and punish violations of fire laws and regulations and fire technical standards according to law, and strongly supervise the main body responsible for fire quality to conscientiously implement the national fire technical standards during the construction of high-rise buildings; The construction unit shall formulate and implement various fire safety management systems and operating procedures, prepare fire safety technical measures and special construction plans in the construction organization design, and set up full-time safety management personnel to conduct on-site supervision. Strict fire safety management must be implemented when using naked fire, and it is forbidden to use naked fire in places with fire and explosion hazards; If open flame operation is required, the hot work department and personnel shall go through the examination and approval procedures in accordance with the hot work management system, and implement the on-site guardian. Only after confirming that there is no danger of fire or explosion can hot work be carried out; Hot work construction personnel shall abide by fire safety regulations and implement corresponding fire safety measures; Flammable and explosive dangerous goods and places should have specific fire and explosion prevention measures; Workers with special jobs such as electric welding, gas welding and electrician must hold relevant certificates; The parts that are prone to fire and have serious consequences in the event of fire are identified as key fire prevention parts, and the fire prevention inspection system is strictly managed. By strengthening supervision and law enforcement, severely investigate and deal with violations of laws and regulations, eliminate fire hazards of high-rise buildings in time, ensure fire quality of high-rise buildings, and reduce fire risks of high-rise buildings.
3.3 Strengthen social fire prevention publicity and training, and enhance the owner's self-management ability of fire safety. The public security fire department should combine fire prevention publicity with socialized education and training, increase the publicity and training of fire prevention laws and regulations, building fire prevention and fire safety management knowledge, and conduct training on fire prevention laws and regulations, fire safety system and operating procedures for all post personnel of the construction unit to ensure fire safety, fire hazards and fire prevention measures, performance of fire-fighting facilities and use of fire-fighting equipment. Through education, the knowledge and skills of fire report, initial fire fighting and self-rescue and escape are guaranteed, so as to ensure that the construction site personnel have corresponding fire fighting knowledge and escape and self-help ability, enhance the fire safety management ability of the owners of high-rise buildings under construction, educate and guide them to perform their duties, implement the fire safety management responsibility of high-rise buildings, prevent building fires to the maximum extent and reduce fire hazards. 3.4 Strengthen the initial fire fighting and actual combat drills of high-rise buildings under construction. The construction unit of the high-rise building under construction shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant national fire laws and regulations on building safety production, establish fire control organizations at the construction site, formulate fire fighting and emergency evacuation plans, and conduct regular drills. The public security fire department shall guide the formulation and exercise of the fire emergency plan of the construction unit, and effectively improve the ability of the construction personnel to call the police in time, put out the initial fire and save themselves and escape. In view of the weak links in fire supervision, operational plan formulation and drills of high-rise buildings under construction, the public security fire department should implement the joint logistics system for fire prevention and extinguishing, and the combat training department, duty squadron and fire supervision department should cooperate closely to strengthen their familiarity with the high-rise buildings under construction, formulate emergency plans for fire fighting and rescue of high-rise buildings under construction through familiarity with the internal structure and surrounding environment, and strengthen technical and tactical research. Solve the problems of fire fighting, rescue personnel, storming and melee, fire water supply, use of fire fighting facilities, safety protection and so on. In the initial battle, we used scientific and technological methods and means to study actual combat methods, formulated and improved targeted combat forces in view of possible disasters and accidents such as fires in high-rise buildings in our jurisdiction, and combined with all aspects of fire fighting and rescue operations, carried out tactical operation training such as demolition, lifesaving, water supply and communication, and field combat drills for fire fighting and rescue, so as to master fire fighting and rescue.
4 conclusion
In a word, preventing and fighting high-rise building fires is still a difficult problem in today's fire fighting work. The fire control work of high-rise buildings under construction must follow the fire control policy of "prevention first, combination of prevention and elimination". According to the characteristics of high-rise buildings under construction, based on self-prevention and self-rescue, reliable fire-fighting measures are taken to achieve safety, applicability, advanced technology, economy and rationality, and prevent fires from the source, so as to nip in the bud.
References:
[1] Fire Department of the Ministry of Public Security. China Fire Manual [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press. 2006。
[2] GB50045-95(2005 edition). Code for fire protection design of high-rise civil buildings [S].