In the later years of Kangxi, the princes fought fiercely for the crown prince. The abolition of the prince's permission is to seek a reset. The eight sons of the emperor (four sons * * *) are ambitious, and the fourteen sons of the emperor and the three sons of the emperor all covet it, but all in vain. The four sons of the scheming emperor promised to paralyze their opponents, please their fathers, secretly cultivate power to buy people's hearts, and finally defeated their brother. Yu Huan's Saint Zubin ascended the throne a few days later.
During Yong Zhengdi's thirteen years in power, he paid more attention to officials than scholars, and his administration focused on eliminating long-standing abuses and rectifying the management of officials. He monopolizes power, does everything himself, has strict criminal law and deep-rooted thoughts. His personal governance has a distinct personality and unique style.
In the aspect of literary inquisition, Yong Zhengdi's guiding ideology is to use literary inquisition to purge the court's discipline and avoid customs and people. Although Yongzheng was in office for a short time, there were frequent literary inquisitions, and major cases confronted each other before and after. With its unique sensitivity and profound intention, Yong Zhengdi made every effort to give instructions and unique actions before and after almost every case, thus creating an indelible "achievement" in the history of literary disasters.
(a) Cases related to the punishment of cronies
1, Wang Heqian case
Wang He and Qian were the first victims of Yongzheng jailers. It's a curse to them for the same reason, that is, to give a dedication and cling to Nian Gengyao.
Nian Gengyao, a native of Huangqi, Han army, was born a scholar and had a talent for fighting. He fought in Sichuan, Qinghai and Tibet (when there was rebellion in Sichuan and Tibet) and made outstanding achievements. At the end of Kangxi, he was awarded General Dingxi and Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi. He has always been attached to Wang Yunrenzhen, and his sister is Fang Fujin (deputy princess). After Yunyou really succeeded to the throne, Nian Gengyao was highly prized. He was awarded the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, the general of Taibao and the general of Fuyuan, and was made a first-class public. Eventually he fell out of favor because of his arrogance. Yong Zhengdi thought it was a curse to keep him, and made up his mind to make an example of him, so a series of blows followed.
In February of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), there was a spectacle of "the sun and the moon combined and the five stars combined with pearls" in the sky, and courtiers congratulated them one after another. Nian Gengyao, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, also cited a table as an example. Emperor Yong found two faults in his watch: first, his handwriting was scrawled; Second, the idiom "morning dryness and evening embarrassment" is written as "evening dryness and evening embarrassment". "Doing things in the morning and doing things at night" comes from the book of changes: "A gentleman does things all day long and at night, without blame." It means to be careful all day long, and the meaning of writing "I'll do it if I'm late" remains unchanged. Nian Gengyao's congratulatory speech praised the emperor with these idioms that changed the word order, but Yong Zhengdi thought that "Nian Gengyao showed signs of not being a minister by virtue of his own achievements, and his absurdity was not unintentional" (March 23, Lian Zhao). On hearing the news, the ministers laid siege to Nian Gengyao. In April of the same year, Nian Gengyao was transferred to Hangzhou General; In June, cut Taibao and deprive the first-class male; In July, Hu was an idle flag bearer; In September, imprisoned punishments; 1February, Wang committed 92 major crimes in Nian Gengyao, ordered Nian Gengyao to commit suicide, resulting in the loss of family status, and a large number of people were purged and punished. This is the famous Nian Gengyao case.
Seven days after Nian Gengyao's death, Wang was beheaded.
Wang was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). The real name is Riqi, the word Wuzi, and the name is Xingtang. He has been down and out for nearly forty years. Although he won the prize, he always missed out on wealth. In the early years of Yongzheng, his friend Hu Qiheng was appointed Minister of Shaanxi, and Nian Gengyao was his confidant. Wang went to visit, took the opportunity to pay a visit to Nian Gengyao, and became a temporary guest of Nian Gengyao. Wang wrote two volumes of Essays on the Western Expedition in the reading room and gave them to Nian Gengyao for collection. Nian Gengyao offended the property, and the Essay was paid into the palace. After reading it, Yong Zhengdi gnashed her teeth and wrote an inscription on the front page: "Paradox and madness, as for this pole! I'm sorry to see it so late, but I'll save it for another day and let this kind of thing get away with it. "
The essay on the western expedition to the library has long been lost. According to the remnant edition printed by the Palace Museum during the Republic of China, there was an article entitled "Chronicle of General Shang Fuyuan", which was full of praise and even called Nian Gengyao "the first great man in the universe". There is also an article "Heroes Can't Do It", which blames the supreme ruler for the phenomenon of "a wily rabbit dies and a running dog cooks" in history. The author wrote:
He suspects the master, his talent is mediocre, but his intentions are timid. When the robber looked at the bonfire, his soul was shocked, and when he saw the art book, he was shocked. Suddenly, the minister had the power of a wizard and he was determined to be fierce. He is quiet in the world, and when he plays the book, he is happy, and the seven treasures are solemn and special. After a long delay, he turned his head and said: The enemy was so arrogant and the military affairs were so detailed, but this minister destroyed it. If Jinyang is prosperous, who can defend the defender? So I doubt it;
After reading the Book of Jigong, hundreds of thousands of people were beheaded somewhere, stretching thousands of miles somewhere, recruiting some people somewhere, and capturing some people somewhere. Scared in heart and gallbladder, frightened in soul, and feared by the barbarians.
It not only has outstanding achievements, but also imitates outliers, worships the fifth class and is extremely humble. Courtiers at home and abroad regarded it as the weight of the imperial court and respected it without exception. After flattering the villain, you kneel down and bow down, which is more than the usual ceremony. Moreover, the title officer thinks that he is good at it and prevents it from being abused when playing. When he made a contribution, he regretted cheating. When he accepted the bribe, he said he had property, he was in trouble, and the competitors were structured like this, so he was angry.
He claimed that he was deeply indebted, loyal to his country and eager for it, while Li (Risheng) longed for Wei films. Love can't be eradicated, and advice is hard to listen to. I hate it for being rude to you and relying on my arrogance, so I'm tired of it.
Doubt, fear, anger and disgust are four ways to treat heroes. Is there anyone who is not fierce in the end? ..... Although the Minister's Day is not pure, I guess it is caused by the Lord of violence.
These words seem to be a wake-up call for Nian Gengyao.
Some items in the essay expressed dissatisfaction with the system of selecting officials and the atmosphere of officialdom at that time. It is said that there is also a poem mocking the sage that "the emperor spends money for value" (2). He also criticized posthumous title, the Holy Father and the Yongnian. It is an ominous sign that the word "Zheng" is decomposed into "one stop" in the yearbook of past dynasties. In history, anyone who took the word "Zheng" as the title has no good end, such as Jin Hailing Wang (title "), Jin Aizong (title") and Yuan Shundi (title "Supreme").
The "absurdity and madness" criticized probably refers to the above content, but the "Punishment Letters about the King" only says that Wang "wrote poems to mock the Emperor Saint Zuren, which is a big rebellion". So the king was beheaded, beheaded; His wife and children were sent to Heilongjiang to be slaves to the armored people (sergeant Manchu); Brothers and uncles exiled Ningguta; Alienate relatives, all the incumbents were removed from office and handed over to the local officials of their origin. Because there were so many people involved, even in Pinghu county where Wang lived, rumors of a "massacre" spread. After local officials asked the residents to settle down, the residents fled in panic.
Qian was convicted in March, 4th year of Yongzheng (1726). Although there is no decapitation, it is not much better than decapitation.
Qian was born in Wujin, Jiangnan (now Wujin, Jiangsu). In forty-two years, Kangxi was a scholar, and he was given the title of editor and promoted to reading. He and Nian Gengyao had obtained after having obtained the provincial examinations in the same year (Dujiangyan was the year of the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi, one in Nanwei and the other in Wei Bei), so they may be friends. In the second year of Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao, a powerful official, went to Beijing to pay tribute to his poems, such as "General Zhou raised a standard in Shaanxi, and drums and drums came from heaven" and "Zhong Ding is famous for its mountains and rivers, so it is appropriate to publish the second monument". At the end of Kangxi, the fourteenth son of the emperor conferred the title of Dingyuan General on Qinghai-Tibet, and the holy father once erected a monument to praise him. The issue of water supply was once an important role in the struggle for the throne of the prince. Yong Zhengdi was relieved of military power (and later imprisoned) immediately after he acceded to the throne. This is the last thing to mention, and money doesn't know how to avoid it.
Nian Gengyao was punished, and Qian certainly heard about the disaster. Yong Zhengdi accused him of "flattering and praising evil" and "disobeying poetic language". But he didn't kill him, he just dismissed him and sent him back to his hometown. However, he wrote the word "teach the sinner's name" and ordered local officials to make a plaque on the origin of money and hang it at Qian's home (at the front door). This is the usual way that Emperor Kangxi prized different courtiers, such as "Fu Yuan Peak" in Fan Wencheng Ancestral Hall and "Fang Chong Chun Shen" in Li Guangdi. Yong Zhengdi occasionally followed suit, such as "Qing. Writing in the era of Yang Ming, Qing Fang by Tian Congdian. "shine on you is better than blue", the Yong Zhengdi landlord can put himself in other's shoes, and it is easy to get mixed opinions. The word "teaching sinners by name" is a great shame, which not only makes Qian ashamed to be a man, but also makes his descendants look down upon him. Yong Zhengdi also ordered Changzhou Magistrate and Wujin Magistrate to go to Qianjia to check the hanging of the plaque on the first and fifteenth day of each month. If you don't hang up, it's a wake-up call and a crime of Meiji.
That's not enough. When Qian left Beijing, he told Beijing officials to be proud, and all students under Jiuqing wrote satirical poems for Qian. As a result, * * * 385 people wrote poems by imperial edict. Yong Zhengdi took a look and sent the money to a picture book. The title of the anthology is "Poems of Famous Teachers and Criminals", which will be published and distributed to schools all over the country, so that all scholars in the world can know it. Praise satirical poems with charm, and punish those without charm. There is a sentence in Chen Wance's poem: "A famous person has the same name, and a wise person is no different from a wise person." (3) The wording is sharp and the sentence pattern is novel and ingenious, which is praised by Yongzheng School. Wu Xiaodeng, assistant minister of Hanlin, was sent to Gu Ninggan Building as a slave because of his "fallacy" poems. His colleagues Chen Bangyan and Chen Bangzhi were also dismissed for "good mistakes". Wu Yingdian's satirical poem of usurping Fang Bao is written like this:
Mingjiao was ashamed of the world before * * *, and he opened Wukong in this life.
I am used to doing evil, walking in danger, and remembering bad words.
There are many dreams at night, but Xia Qi is very clear.
There is no place in the world, and it is too late to regret when you get old.
This should be a standard work in the poems of famous criminals.
The ancients said, "A scholar can be killed but not humiliated." At this point, Qian was better known than just holding a knife, but the "Lord" insisted on making fun of him, humiliating him and not killing him. I don't know what year he died. It is said that he is a "non-scholar" and participated in the compilation of Ming history. He once took several manuscripts written by Wan Sitong as his own. As an official of Hanlin Qing Dynasty, it is really beneath him to write poems to please the domineering frontier generals. But in any case, Yong Zhengdi has gone too far. In the imperial edict, he explained: "Since Iraq flatters evil with words, which is intolerable by famous religions, I will regard words as national laws as a warning to the people and ministers."
However, there is no such thing as "flattery, evil and retribution with words", and Yong Zhengdi also "takes words as the national law". At the end of Kangxi, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry made a promise (Wata * * *) to help him win the crown prince, and died as a "literary paragraph". After Yong Zhengdi succeeded to the throne, posthumous title was cut off, the words on the tombstone were erased, and "the tomb of infidelity, unfilial, insidious and soft" was engraved. Cloud (Watada * * *), another tombstone of party member Aling 'a, was also renamed as "the tomb of Aling 'a, neither a minister nor a brother who was greedy". Yong Zhengdi also renamed Watada * * * "Akina" and Yunhetang "Seth Black". Both of them are Manchu, which is said to mean beast, pig and dog.
Only Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty could think of and make such a despicable prank!
2. Justine case
At the beginning of Yong Zhengdi's succession, there were two most respected figures, one was Nian Gengyao, and the other was Roncodo. Longkeduo is the younger brother of Emperor Kangxi's Xiaoyi, the son of Tong Guowei, the first-class official, the head of the army in the last years of Kangxi, and the minister of Lifanyuan. In the early years of Yongzheng, he attacked the first-class officials, granted officials and ministers, and added Taibao. Similar to Nian Gengyao, Rondo is also a "bribery bullying" figure, which has attracted the attention of Yong Zhengdi. When dealing with Nian Gengyao's case, Yong Zhengdi compared him with Nian Gengyao everywhere, gradually lowering his honor and rank. In October of the fifth year (1727), Long Keduo was tried for possession of jade articles (royal genealogy). Wang unanimously found Long Keduo guilty of 41 major crimes, so he ordered it to be banned forever, and his second son was also punished. The following year, Roncado died in the forbidden area.
The court case related to the Roncodo case ended a few months before Roncodo was convicted.
Justine was born in Haining, Zhejiang. Kangxi was a scholar in forty-five years and was elected to the Imperial Academy. He was named a cabinet scholar by Long Keduobao, and was later named as a left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites by Zuo Du Cai Bao. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Justine was appointed as the examiner after having obtained the provincial examination in Jiangxi, and was accused of "resentment and satire". In September this year, Justine was arrested and imprisoned as soon as she returned to the capital from Jiangxi. The case has not yet been settled, and Justine died in prison.
The so-called test of "resentment irony" refers to the title of The Analects: "A gentleman does not attract people with words, and does not waste words with people"; "Mencius" title: "The way of mountains is an occasional way; If you don't use it for a while, you will be at a loss. Today, Mao is a plug. " However, Yong Zhengdi, who is suspicious, further suspects that the second topic: "The love between heaven and earth is obvious", the third topic: "Its meaning is far-reaching, its words" and the fourth topic: "A hundred rooms are full, women and children are at peace" in the Book of Changes written by Chasiting contain more hidden satire. According to his understanding, he cursed the title of "Yongzheng"; The sentence "its meaning is far-reaching, its words" implies that the words "Zheng" and "Zhi" in the two questions echo each other. This is a good sideline.
Later, a folk association said that the characters ""and "Wei" and "Zhi" in the title of Chasiting (from The Book of Rites) cut off the heads of "Yong" and "Zheng". This is probably because Justine wrote A Record of Wei Zheng, from which the later chapters came into being.