Obviously, why we should practice Scientific Outlook on Development and why we should stick to the Socialism with Chinese characteristics road all stem from our understanding of China's basic national conditions. Therefore, regarding the economic and social development of China, we should not only know why, but also know why; This is not only to sum up past experience, but also to face the future. However, there are still many vague or extreme understandings among the public and even a considerable number of leading cadres. Some people think that one is good and the other is good. There are also people who only look at problems and don't look at reality These views will inevitably affect everyone's life and work attitude, and then play a role in the progress of the country. The Great Depression has come. This is an unforgettable history, a chilling memory, and an era of nightmares at any time. The disaster of the century has directly brought the whole world economy into a once-in-a-century upheaval.
In 2008, a financial storm swept the world, and the scope and extent of the financial crisis almost reached the point where people talked about "danger", and no country was spared. When the storm blowing on Wall Street intensified and swept the world; Dan Bert Stern, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, these centuries-old financial empires fell one after another, and everyone on Wall Street felt insecure.
While people are struggling to save themselves, they are also nervously looking for a savior. Who is the candidate for the savior? The United States, China or other countries? China's voice is so high. In the economic crisis, China created the image of a great country with its unique demeanor. At this time, China, with $2 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, is the largest creditor in the United States. Faced with unprecedented difficulties, the world pinned its hopes on China. They hope that this country with rapid economic growth for many years can become the mainstay to resist the storm and lead the world out of the crisis.
The eyes of the world turned to China. After nearly 30 years of rapid development, China has survived the financial crisis. Is it really moving towards the center of the world economic stage? In the eyes of the world, what kind of mystery did China create? Who can decipher the contemporary China gene? What is the truth about China's national conditions? How far is the most advanced and the most backward? What is the localization track of China's development?
The world and China are looking for answers, trying to find a bird's eye view of China.
In the past, when it comes to national conditions, we often said that there is a large population, a weak foundation and relatively insufficient per capita resources. But today, one sentence is far from describing the basic national conditions of China.
National conditions are not only a long historical narrative, but also a grand documentary poem. In the minds of 654.38+03 billion people, there are 654.38+03 billion versions of the national conditions. In different classes
Because of the different social roles, some people will understand China's national conditions from different aspects.
Scholars often ignore the national conditions of China. Their understanding of China's national conditions stands in a macro perspective and gives us a comprehensive description of China's national conditions.
Economist Fan Gang: China is both a developing country and a country in transition. It faces two sets of problems: poverty and backwardness in development, low-income people accounting for 80% of the total population, problems in underdeveloped countries, state-owned enterprises, administrative control, planned economy, corruption and imperfect legal system. Among them, the main problem behind the gap between the rich and the poor is corruption, and the other is the transformation of agricultural society.
Compared with other countries, our national conditions are very unique. Any achievement of China divided by 65.438+0.3 billion is very small; The problem is multiplied by 13, which is a big problem.
Hu Guangyu, a researcher at the National Studies Research Center: A large population and a weak foundation are the core national conditions, one China and four worlds. According to the level of economic development. For example, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and other key cities have reached or exceeded the level of developed countries in all aspects, ranking first in the world; In the second world, like Jiangsu and Zhejiang, most provincial capital cities, some of which are richer, have not yet reached developed countries, but they are similar; The third is poverty-stricken areas, county-level cities; The fourth is the vast rural areas and western regions.
Writer Liang: Several figures in China's national conditions are quite important. The first figure means that China already has $2 trillion in foreign exchange reserves; The second figure means that our current population is 65.438+0.3 billion.
Writer Zhang Shengyou: On the surface, China's basic national conditions are social stratification and diversification under the mediation of reform and opening up. The level of wealth ownership and consumption patterns of society are stepped and layered. This is the inevitable mode of a competitive society. To some extent, today's basic national conditions are: compared with the west, in terms of social interests, wealth, education level, social compliance model, etc., to some extent, what is the difference between this hierarchical model and the model of similar stages in modern western society?
Former Japanese diplomat Tang: Our country is really great. For example, we have long been proud of it. When we talk about it, we will inevitably tell people that in the past 20 and 30 years, our GDP has increased several times, and our fiscal revenue and trade have increased several times. On the whole, there are a lot of developments. For example, people's life span ranges from 30 to 49 years old, and now it has basically reached 72 years old in 2006. At the same time, China also faces many challenges.
Shi, an international relations scholar: China's national condition is that since the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed extremely rapidly since 1992, and a series of major opportunities and new major contradictions have emerged in the world for China's economic development, which we have never seen before.
Compared with scholars, ordinary people's interpretation of national conditions mostly starts from a certain aspect of their own lives and is specific to their actual feelings.
Customer of a supermarket: Project Hope is a public welfare activity in China. Its purpose is to help backward places to set up and run schools through aid funds and materials. Over the years, nearly 10,000 hope primary schools have been built, and 2 out of every 100 rural primary schools are hope primary schools. In Yanqing County, a suburb of Beijing, children in a Hope Primary School just drank donated milk.
A college student: The difficulty in finding jobs for college students is a severe national condition in China. We are also trying to find jobs, but many people still can't find jobs. I don't want to fall behind as soon as I graduate, but I don't want to hide on campus all my life.
Post-80s white-collar workers: As a post-80s person, he just graduated for two years, has no house or car, and is working hard for the middle class life he yearns for. I want to say that everyone should be clear-headed and never be used. I can't afford to buy a house, at least I can afford to rent it. I can't afford a car, at least I can take a bus. I can't afford steak, at least I can eat rice. When the country is stable, everyone can earn money and have hope for life. If there is chaos, such as Iraq and Afghanistan. Life is even more hopeless.
Migrant workers: I don't know what the national conditions are. Tell me about myself. The people in our company are very nice. They often give me things that can be sold. Once, a girl gave me a dress. Every time I work here, I have water to drink and sometimes a good cigarette. My biggest fear is getting sick. Even if I have a cold and fever, what I want most is that my son can go to college and my mother can get better. The happiest day is to go to the grocery store to watch TV after dinner.
……
Since the reform and opening up, we have gained unprecedented wealth and development potential, integrated into the world as never before, and gained the respect of the world. But we are also unprecedented.
Facing the gaps, contradictions and conflicts of inexperience. Whether it is the reform process, the rational guarantee of social stability, or the ever-changing goals and expected new system.
To create a degree, we need to recognize our own national conditions.
Everyone's experience in life is often one-sided, and so is the state of life. We need to be in a variety of rational, emotional.
On the basis of cultural cognition, this paper deeply analyzes the national conditions of China.
Hugo, a great French writer, once lamented: "China is really an alcohol bottle for preserving the fetus." He thinks that China is a country lacking in change. Germany Daming
The famous Hegel also commented on China: "The history of China itself has not developed, so we don't have to talk about all the details of history."
noodle "
But today, no one thinks that China is static, and change has become a feature of China.
More than 20 years ago, a book by American alvin toffler, The Third Wave, described the great changes in the future society for us, which gave us
China, which has just opened its doors, has brought great spiritual shock. But today, Alvin toffler is facing the great changes in China and laments all the changes.
This is beyond his prediction. He said: No one can imagine the rise of China. This is a magical moment, and changes come so quickly.
No one can accurately predict the future. The mainstream forecast is constantly changing.
196 1 year, China's GDP growth rate is as low as -27.3%. In 2008, even though the world was hit by the financial storm of the century, China still maintained.
9% high growth rate;
1949 when new China was founded, the population of mainland China was 540 million, and 1969 reached 800 million. Today, China's population exceeds 6,543.8 million.
150 years ago, German Richthofen optimistically predicted that "Shanxi's coal resources can be used by the world in 2000". Today, the most abundant coal,
, only for one hundred years in China;
Since the establishment of 1985 patent system, the number of patent applications in China has increased by 20% every year.
In March, 2000, a township head in Jianli County, Hubei Province wrote to Zhu Rongji, then Premier of the State Council, saying, "Farmers are really miserable, the countryside is really poor, and agriculture is really dangerous.
Risk ",the burden of local farmers such as" Mount Tai ". In 2008, the government of China has subsidized farmers for grain and improved varieties for four years, and completely exempted agricultural taxes.
It has been two years;
From 1996 to 2006, the average annual net decrease of cultivated land in China was12.3 million mu;
There is a ballad in Huaihe River, "Rice washing and vegetables washing in 1950s, laundry irrigation in 1960s, water quality deterioration in 1970s, fish and shrimp quitting their families in 1980s and not washing in 1990s.
Toilet cover. "In 2006, Qinghai Province implemented the policy of" returning lakes to the people ",which greatly improved the environment of Qinghai Lake, and an old man also found that many people were extinct.
Yellow croaker, this kind of fish only grows half a catty in ten years.
Hu Angang, a China scholar who is very concerned about China's national conditions, has piled up many articles and books on China's national conditions for decades, which is better than him.
Even higher. He has such a feeling for his country, "The older he gets, the more he knows, but he expresses the complexity of China's national conditions."
Sincere respect and sincere awe. Studying national conditions is like reading a gobbledygook every day, but in fact we find that we don't understand it very well.
Not really, not really, because China is too big and complicated. Not only does it change every year, but it changes every day. "
No matter which trough history is in, there is always a high slope, and China is a high slope in history. With a leisurely development trend,
Set an example for the world. While other countries are still cleaning up the mess, China is enjoying a feast. The feast at this time is not to show off how prosperous China is.
Showed the world China's outstanding crisis prevention ability and confidence.
From June 5438 to February 2008, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 5.7% year-on-year, which changed the downward trend in previous months. In terms of consumption
In 2008, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in China increased by 265,438 0.6% compared with 2007, and the total retail sales of social consumer goods actually increased.
To 17.4%. In 2008, China contributed a quarter of the world economic growth, while China is expected to contribute about half in 2009.
The growth of.
The global economy has turned sharply, and there has been a collective silence in the world economy, especially for sensitive words such as rapid growth. 2008
In 2008, China achieved a rapid GDP growth of 9%, and then the Central Economic Work Conference held on February 8, 2008 set a target of 65,438, 2009.
The GDP growth rate is maintained at the target of 8%.
This surprised the whole world. The global economy is going from bad to worse, but China has bucked the trend and proposed to achieve 8% high-speed growth, while China proposed 8%.
Where is the confidence? Is this a true proposition or a false proposition?
On the morning of July 16, 2009, the National Bureau of Statistics released the macroeconomic data for the first half of the year. The GDP in the first half of the year increased by 7. 1% year-on-year, which was also the "guarantee" for the whole year.
8 inches will increase the chance a little.
Therefore, China has no reason not to worry.
It is true that China's national conditions are "weak", but a large number of statistical data clearly show China's progress, reform and opening to the world.
In the past 30 years, China has risen at an alarming rate.
China's GDP is growing at an unstoppable rate, and the staggering figure of "10%" has surprised economists in many countries-China.
Created an economic miracle.
At present, China is the world's largest producer of coal, steel and cement, gold and raw materials, and the second largest energy consumer. China's foreign exchange
The reserves rank first in the world. By the end of June 2009, the balance of China's foreign exchange reserves was US$ 265,438+US$ 0,3/kloc-US$ 0.60 billion. China ranks third in the total foreign trade. 2008
In, China achieved a total foreign trade import and export volume of US$ 25.61600 million, up by 7.8% year-on-year, and achieved a trade surplus of about US$ 295.5 billion. Morgan Stanley USA
Stephen roach, chief economist, once said with emotion, "No country in Asia can even approach China within 25 years.
The total trade volume has increased eightfold, not to mention that it is impossible to get close to breaking off diplomatic relations. After World War II, it is also difficult to find an economy that can be broken.
The economic situation of the country. "
Historically, Britain after the industrial revolution was once called "the factory of the world". Now, this title belongs to China. China
It produces two-thirds of the world's copiers, microwave ovens, DVD players and shoes, as well as almost all toys. Wall, the largest American retail chain in the world.
For example, 5,000 of Wal-Mart's 6,000 suppliers are from China.
Shanghai Port, Tianjin Port, Yingkou Port, Qingdao Port, etc. The throughput of goods is also breaking records every year, and it is getting bigger and bigger in international trade.
Now China's figure, from shoes and socks to lighters and purses. In 2008, China spent1133.08 billion dollars on foreign goods, but spent 14285.5 dollars.
Billions of dollars of China goods have been sold all over the world.
Undoubtedly, in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, especially in the last five years, China has made remarkable achievements. When the hammer of listed companies in China opened in new york
When the American Stock Exchange, Nasdaq and London Stock Exchange sounded, the China concept has become the object of international investment bankers' pursuit in international capital.
. Baidu, Jinjiang Inn and Home Inn, the online search platforms and budget hotels that China people have the most daily contact with, have become international buyers.
The most promising growth enterprise.
The rise of China's economy is an important part of the fourth great change of international economic strength since the industrial revolution: the first time was at the beginning of19th century.
During the rise of Britain, the second time was the rise of the United States and Germany at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, and the third time was Japan after World War II.
The fourth economic miracle is the rise of other parts of Asia, including China and India.
Economist ronald coase is full of confidence in the future of China. "I have no doubt that China will surpass the United States and the European Union in 75 years."
According to the index of SCI and SSCI in 2006, 28.9% of the papers are related to China.
The argument about China's economic take-off first came from the west and was first put forward by The New York Times. 1992 September
The front page of the newspaper reported China's economic take-off, based on the World Bank report, with a big photo.
When it comes to China's economy, some words with exclamation marks and strong feelings are often used in global media reports on China.
For example, behemoths, China tigers, new superpowers, China's flagship, global empires and so on:
Among many new words describing China, the most striking one is "the beginning of a new dynasty" in Time magazine.
US Newsweek called China "the behemoth of Asia";
The Associated Press used "Chinese tiger" to represent China's economy in its news commentary;
Time online gave China a scary title, called "New Superpower".
Izraelewicz, deputy editor of the French newspaper Echo, published a book called When China Changed the World. Publish in a book
The introduction on the back cover says, "China has awakened and the world is shaking ...1/The world changed China in the 4th century, and now China is changing.
In the world, China will surpass the United States to become the world's largest economy in the future ";
Deutsche Welle used "flagship" to describe China when predicting the world economic situation in 2050. In 2008, the German Financial Times wrote an article.
German is the biggest beneficiary of China's rapid economic development. Germany must attach great importance to this rising country.
No matter which title it is, it is a vivid description of the rise of China, but it is sour and even wrapped in "China"
The gunpowder smell of "national threat theory" In their view, the rise of great powers is achieved through expansion. China does not have the objective conditions for expansion, but China is.
Plunder the resources of the world.
In developing countries, people have strong expectations for China's economy:
Mumbai authorities in Maharashtra want to learn from China's "urban management" and put forward "15 to catch up with Shanghai"; In an article introducing China on page 14, Brazil's Economic Value newspaper called China a "global empire".
In a 78-page article, See, Brazil's largest weekly magazine, called China "the rising empire".
The picture on the cover of the magazine is a red dragon on the blue earth, eyeing the whole earth.
The financial crisis in 2008 broke the orderly pace of the world. The economic structure is chaotic, who will dominate the world economic structure? The world disagrees.
With the turn to China. "China is not Kung Fu Panda, nor is it an economic savior." Minister of Commerce Chen Deming does not want the world to "redeem" Chinese painting.
The main halo. But more and more people still regard China as "Kung Fu Panda".
In the eyes of many people, the world pattern centered on Europe and America is about to be broken, and emerging markets represented by China will become new economic growth points.
. Nowadays, "G2" has become a fashionable word. People keep mentioning the United States and China, and G2 has become synonymous with the new world order. It is.
Although China is a new country, it is advancing at a speed beyond people's imagination.
Peter Sands, CEO of Standard Chartered Group, said: "I think [the 2008 economic data released by the China government] is very exciting because of these figures.
It shows that China's domestic demand is very strong, and China's economy does not need to rely on exports and investment as some people worry, because it is obviously increasing at present.
The small contribution to the long-term growth rate is exports and investment. I think the challenge that China is facing now is to maintain the sustained growth of domestic demand, because this is exactly what China is striding over.
China's actions are very important to all countries in the world. "
In the global economic chain, China is no longer dispensable. It is clearly recognized that the steady growth of China's economy will benefit from it.
The world, whether malicious or well-intentioned, conveys the theme that China is getting stronger and stronger.
"China is the only country in the world with a history of 5,000 years of uninterrupted civilization. China's civilization is in the same strain. China is unique and rich in content.
There are many civilizations with a long history, which no other nation can compare with. "Ancient China is mysterious and magnificent, which makes Alan, a French expert on China.
Peyrefitte was deeply moved. The rising China has put on a new veil. The strong economic growth in the past 30 years has profoundly changed China's national conditions.
It has also changed the values and lifestyle of China people.
There are no immutable laws in economics. When the real economy changes, the theory of economics will also change. In the west, it is vast.
Among the economic theories of Hai, there is no theory suitable for China's economy. So in recent years, a new word has appeared: the mystery of China.
Ronald Mckinnon, an American economist, first put forward the Chinese mystery theory in 1993. Then, Harvard University.
Professor Weizmann. "China's mystery" has gradually become a theoretical proposition of transitional economics, and in the 1990s it has become the focus of international mainstream economists.
Point the question.
In 2002, Peter Nolan, an economist at Cambridge University, explained the economic growth of China since the reform and opening up with the theory of mainstream economics.
Dragon, also put forward the mystery of China. Buchanan, the Nobel laureate in economics, interprets the "mystery of China" in his mind like this: "It seems that,
It's unreasonable, but it works. "
Some people say that whoever can solve this mystery will win the Nobel Prize in Economics. China has brought a nerve-racking economy to economists all over the world.
Counterexample.
These world-class scholars and experts are full of confusion and incomprehension when facing China. They call it the rapid development of China ".
China's Mystery is actually a question about China's development from the perspective of western economic theory.
When Ronald McKinnon put forward the "China Mystery" in 1993, he thought that the rapid growth of money supply did not occur while China's finance was declining.
He is puzzled that this has brought about serious inflation. So he put China's "high fiscal deficit and high money supply at the same time.
The phenomenon of maintaining price stability is called "China's mystery".
Weizmann, a professor at Harvard University in the United States, proposed that the reforms in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union designed by mainstream western economists were accompanied by
It was during the Great Depression, but he thought that the unrealistic reforms in China went hand in hand with the rapid economic growth. He called this phenomenon "the mystery of China"
In 2002, Peter Nolan, an economist at Cambridge University in England, thought that according to the theoretical logic of mainstream economics, China could not achieve his goal.
What you've achieved. However, China has achieved sustained economic growth under various conditions. Nolan called this inconsistency "China's"
Mystery "
In the eyes of the whole world, China is a foggy country, which is difficult to see clearly and becomes a paradox in economic proposition. There are no foreign economists.
In any case, I don't understand why in a country where per capita resources are poor, technological innovation is almost blank, property rights are not completely clear, and the market is not fully open.
Under the institutional conditions of incomplete social equality and opening to the outside world, China has unexpectedly created an economic miracle.
Worldwide, no country can maintain an annual growth rate of nearly 30 years 10%, and this growth rate is still
Go on. According to western economic theory, China does not have the economic and political conditions for rapid economic development, nor does it follow the "Washington * * *".
Knowledge "depicts the blueprint, but heading for the fast lane of economic development.
Behind the "China Mystery" is the talent of China people to create wealth. There is an ancient country, how to break through the cocoon on the ancient land?
Butterfly, on a par with western developed countries; The road to happiness for one fifth of the world's population.
Many researchers of western economic theory want to transplant the western market economic system into China's practice, which is greatly restricted.
It has opened the horizons and theoretical horizons of western scholars. In their theoretical framework, it is difficult to give a relatively convincing answer to the "mystery of China".
Jeffrey Sachs, a well-known expert on global development, believes that the reason why China's economic achievements surpass those of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe lies in the uniqueness of China.
Economic structure. In China, there is a huge economy-the countryside, which has become the source of China's labor force, resulting from the inefficient state-owned sector.
Before the negative effects of health have reached the bottom line of the overall economic affordability, a large number of labor forces have gradually shifted their energy to industry.
Enough to promote economic growth;
Economists represented by Evelyn Rawski don't think that labor transfer can explain the overall economic growth in China. In fact, it includes
The remarkable improvement of industrial economic productivity in China, including state-owned enterprises, is the lever to promote the rapid economic growth in China.
Some economists even think that China is not a mystery at all and can be explained by neoclassical theory. Prize in Economic Sciences
Krugman believes that China's high economic growth stems from China's high savings and high investment.
However, many people do not think that these economists have solved the mystery of China.
Friedman, an economist who is most concerned about China's economy, once had such a humorous remark to China, "As long as he can give.
China's economic reform has provided a feasible plan, so he has the ability to win this plan, or he should win the Nobel Prize in Economics. "
Kissinger, an international politician who is most concerned about China's national conditions. The old man who first opened the door to China on behalf of the West has been in this country for decades.
Pay close attention to every subtle change in China. He used the mantra of western politicians to judge the changes taking place in China.
"It is still too early to draw conclusions."
Just as economists all over the world are trying to solve the mystery of China, China's economic aggregate has gradually surpassed that of Italian and French.
. February 15, 2006 According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the GDP growth rate of China in 2005 was 9.9%, reaching a total of $2,225.7 billion.
Yuan. At the same time, British statistics show that the GDP growth rate of Britain in 2005 was 1.8%, totaling 2.03 trillion US dollars. China Jing
The economic scale has surpassed that of Britain, ranking fourth in the world after the United States, Japan and Germany.
Even in 2008, when the financial crisis raged, China achieved a rapid GDP growth of 9%. In the eyes of westerners, China has more and more mystery.
The more difficult it is. They racked their brains, hoping to put China, a giant who is no longer sleeping, into some economic theoretical framework in the West. However, in any case,
Whether it is neo-liberalism or Keynesianism, these theories are often at a loss because China's national conditions are too mysterious and complicated.
China's national conditions determine that China must go its own way. Because the environment we are facing is the same as when the western economy started.
Have a great influence.
Open A Tale of Two Cities by British writer Dickens, The Old Man Gao by French writer Balzac, Les Miserables by Hugo and Zola.
American writer Dreiser's "Germination" and "Sister Carrie" show that during the Western industrial revolution, Britain, France and the United States were in the midst of the industrial revolution.
The picture of the period.
The scale of industrialized population is different. /kloc-during the British industrial revolution in the 0/8th century, the local population was only 10 million, which was less than that of Beijing and Shanghai today.
In the practice of more than 200 years, only the western developed countries, which account for 1 1.2% of the world, rank among the industrialized countries. Moreover, their industrialization process is also
Just a few examples. China is a big country with a population of 654.38+0.3 billion, and it needs to be industrialized within 50 years.
The resources and environment are different. Western countries take the road of "development first, then governance", and their industrialization has promoted the situation of the earth's resources and environment.
Go to the cordon. Therefore, western countries only encounter the bottleneck of resources and environment after industrialization. At the same time, the west does not have to use energy for industrialization.
And the cost is externalized. China has lost the opportunity of cost outsourcing. China met it at the beginning of industrialization.
The curse of resources and environment has been broken. Due to the extensive use of resources, the price of resources was as cold as fire when the western countries just started industrialization.
God, this means that China will pay more industrialization costs; On environmental issues, China cannot take the road of "pollution first, then treatment". environmental pollution
The pollution and waste of resources will not only threaten China's own living environment, but also threaten the global resources and environment.
Social environment is different. At that time, western countries relied on expansion to "solve" various social contradictions. Britain can "export" criminals to Australia, but
Export the unemployed to Africa. At that time, the gap between the rich and the poor in the United States was dozens of times larger than that in China today, because it was tens of millions.
Slaves and countless China laborers were legal at that time. The industrialization of the west has killed the diversity of human culture and civilization to a great extent, and has also broken
It destroyed the ecology of human civilization and culture.
China can't and can't solve all kinds of social contradictions by expansion, and can only expand its economy and trade legally. On the other hand, China today.
The international competition conditions are extremely harsh: exporting an apple to Europe must pass dozens of technical indicators set by others, among which
Many indicators are purely protectionism.
At that time, the industrialization environment in China was completely different from that in the west, which decided that copying western economic theories would plummet.
Fall down. We need to stand on the shoulders of giants, but we can't forget the particularity of this hot land of China. Many western countries follow their example.
Theoretical logic, planning the road to national prosperity. But practice has proved that the trend depicted along that logical line is not a country.
The golden rule of a strong family. In recent years, the economic policies formulated by Latin American countries under the guidance of western economic theories have gradually made the economy Latin.
It has gradually become synonymous with the failure of formulating development policies.
In 200 1 year, the wave of robbery in Argentina and the social unrest caused by it eventually forced the Argentine cabinet.
The collective always resigns. Argentine President De La Rua submitted his resignation to Congress under strong social pressure. After the president left, he left a mess.
Sub:13.2 billion dollars of debt, as high as 18.3% of the unemployment rate.
In the face of Argentina's persistently depressed and heavily indebted economy, it may be hard to believe that this small Latin American country was the seventh largest in the world before World War II.
One of the industrial countries is now equivalent to Japan. What led to the failure of Latin America was a kind of knowledge under the guidance of western economic theory.
-"Knowledge of Washington".