I. Explanation of terms (5 points for each question, 20 points for * *) 1, public order 2, zeitgeist 3, civil affairs

Public order is also called "social order". In order to maintain the order necessary for social life. It is determined by laws, administrative regulations and rules and regulations of state organs, enterprises, institutions and social organizations. It mainly includes social management order, production order, work order, traffic order and public place order.

The spirit of the times is the universal spiritual essence unique to each era, and it is a collective consciousness that transcends individuals.

A civil act is an act in which a natural person, legal person or other organization establishes, changes or terminates civil rights and obligations.

The basic rights of citizens are the rights recognized by a country's constitution in politics, economy, culture, personal and so on. The bourgeois country is called human rights and civil rights. The basic and main part of civil rights. Usually explicitly stipulated by the constitution. The basic rights of citizens stipulated in our constitution reflect the universality, equality, authenticity and consistency of rights and obligations.

Psychological terms explain the spirit of the times.

Comment on the spirit of the times and the theory of great men in the history of western psychology: Guo Benyu's History of Psychology focuses on the motivation and law of the development of psychological thoughts and theories.

When explaining this problem, western psychohistory scholars often turn to the spirit of the times and great men, and regard them as a basic principle followed by psychohistory. The classic works of psychohistory by western publishing houses are all the same.

Hilgard and others (E.R.Hilgard) once put forward psychohistory's five principles, one of which is the great man theory and the zeitgeist theory. [1] However, the emphasis of each family in dealing with the two is different.

Some people regard the spirit of the times and great men as opposing principles, or value the spirit of the times and despise great men; Or value great men and despise the spirit of the times. Others regard the two as unified principles, which complement each other and complement each other.

What is the spirit of the times? What would a great man say? Accordingly, does the occurrence and development of psychological thoughts and theories conform to the historical view of historical materialism? In order to deepen the study of the history of western psychology and reveal the essence and law of psychological development, it is necessary to analyze the spirit of the times and the theory of great men in the history of western psychology. Hegel and Marx both discussed the spirit of the times.

The spirit of the times in the history of western psychology generally comes from Hegel. Hegel thinks: "The relationship between political history, national legal system, art, religion and philosophy is not that they are philosophical reasons, nor that philosophy is their foundation on the contrary.

Rather, it should be said that they have a common root-the spirit of the times. Hegel regards the spirit of the times as the root of all cultures.

So "no one can surpass his age, just as no one can surpass his skin". [2] Li Hei (T.H.Leahey) clearly agreed with Hegel's spirit of the times.

He said: "Our era is not biased towards the' great man' theory, but towards the' spirit of the times' theory. Hegel first made an influential exposition on the spirit of the times.

Zeitgeist is a German word zeitgeist, which means zeitgeist. People who hold this view believe that history is not determined by the actions of "great men", but by the impersonal power of great superman. Advocates of the zeitgeist say that if Freud is strangled in the cradle, another psychoanalytic theory will emerge, because this concept has already existed in the zeitgeist of19th century. "

[3] Hegel is an idealist, and it is impossible for him to seek the motive force of historical development from history itself. As Engels pointed out: "Historical philosophy, especially the historical philosophy represented by Hegel, believes that the superficial motivation and real motivation of historical figures are by no means the ultimate cause of historical events, and that there are other motives behind these motives that should be explored; But he did not look for this power in history itself, but introduced it into history from the outside and philosophical ideology. "

[4] Hegel is an objective idealist. He looked for historical motives not from subjective motives, but from the so-called "universal spirit" or "world rationality". It can be seen that Li Hei's viewpoint is essentially to explain the development of psychological thought and theory with Hegel's absolute spirit.

This is an objective historical idealism. Psychohistory's understanding of the spirit of the times is not always consistent. For example, Brennan believes that one form of the spirit of the times is Kuhn's paradigm.

[5] Li Hei also said: "Paradigm can be regarded as a small scale of the spirit of the times." [6] Paradigm determines research and theory.

Scientific theory is the result created by scientists under the guidance of scientific paradigm. In Kuhn's view, paradigm is "a collection of beliefs, value standards and problem-solving skills of scientists and members".

[7] Paradigm is not the result of cognition, but the belief buried in people's hearts. Therefore, taking the spirit of the times as a paradigm and explaining the emergence of psychological theory with a paradigm is actually a subjective idealistic view of history.

Schultz and Pauline have the same view on the spirit of the times. Schultz said: "Even the greatest ideas (especially great ideas) are often bound by the so-called spirit of the times-the spirit of the times or the cultural atmosphere.

Therefore, the acceptance and use of a discovery is limited by the main way of thinking in a certain culture, region or period. [8] He defined the spirit of the times as a kind of "cultural atmosphere" or "way of thinking".

Pauline also believes that whether new scientific discoveries are accepted by people is "limited by the ideological habits of the local culture at that time, that is, the spirit of the times." [9] He defined the spirit of the times as "the cultural habit of thought".

It can be seen that although Pauline and Schultz are not consistent in specific expressions, their basic ideas are the same. They all define the spirit of the times as a certain social and cultural situation, which determines the development of psychological thoughts and theories and promotes or inhibits the development of science.

Schultz said: "A discovery must wait for the right time." [10] Pauline also thinks:'' It seems that an important insight will not come until the zeitgeist is ready to accept it, otherwise it will be forgotten and abandoned by people too early before the zeitgeist, and will not reappear in the world until the culture turns around and is ready to meet it. "

Many historical predictions and independent discoveries at the same time "all show that it is the times, not magic, that produce great men." [1 1] So Schultz and Pauline attach great importance to the role of social and cultural conditions in the development of psychology, while ignoring the significance of social, economic and political factors in the development of psychology.

At the same time, they regard the spirit of the times as naturalism. Pauline believes that history is determined by nature rather than individuals, which is not novel.

Ignoring the great man's progress constitutes the theory of personality (the theory of great men), but once asked what makes great men great, they return to naturalism. [12] Schultz also pointed out: "great determinism is good, but can it fully explain the development of society or science?" Can't. "

"Maybe the second attitude, that is, the natural determinism of history may be correct." [13] This is a naturalistic view of history, which emphasizes that the development of psychological thoughts and theories is a natural process and its philosophical basis is mechanical materialism.

What does the great man mean by saying this? Great men say it's a common sense theory, unlike the spirit of the times.

Excuse me, what is the spirit of the times? Thank you.

The spirit of the times is the universal spiritual essence unique to each era, and it is a collective consciousness that transcends individuals. Heroes who embody the spirit of the times dominate the vision of people living in that era. When they have completed their mission, the new heroes will occupy their throne with new weapons that are more in line with the spirit of the times.

The spirit of the times is the mental outlook and fine character of people in an era in the activities of civilization creation. It is a powerful spiritual motive force to inspire a nation to struggle hard and revitalize the motherland, and constitutes an important content of contemporary spiritual civilization construction. According to the connotation of the spirit of the times of a country and a nation and its role in economic, political and cultural construction activities, it is an important standard to measure its civilization and progress to see through the rationality and maturity of its citizens.

Explanation of Nouns in Ideological Examination

1 ideal: ideal is people's yearning and pursuit for the future society and their own development, which is formed in practice and the concentrated expression of people's world outlook, outlook on life and values in their struggle goals.

2 Faith: Faith is the organic unity of cognition, emotion and will, and it is the psychological attitude and mental state that people firmly believe in a certain thought or thing and put it into practice on the basis of certain understanding.

Patriotism: Patriotism is the unity of people's sense of belonging, identity, dignity and honor to the motherland, nationality and culture, the moral requirement, political principle and legal norm for regulating the relationship between individuals and the motherland, and the core of the national spirit.

National spirit: refers to the sum total of value orientation, mode of thinking, moral norms and spiritual temperament formed by a nation in its long-term life and social practice and recognized by most members of the nation.

The spirit of the times: it is formed and developed under the new historical conditions, reflecting the people's characteristics, the sum of ideas, behaviors, values, mental outlook and social customs that conform to the trend of the times.

World outlook: it is people's overall and fundamental view of the world they live in and the relationship between people and the world.

Outlook on life: it is the fundamental view of the purpose and significance of life formed by people in practice, which determines the goal of people's practical activities, the direction of life path and their attitude towards life.

Attitude towards life: refers to a stable psychological tendency and basic will to life problems formed by people through life practice. Life value: it is a special value, and it is the function and significance of people's life practice to society and individuals.

10 values: the fundamental view of the dead about what is dead value, how to judge value and how to create value.

Morality: Morality is a special social ideology. It is maintained by public opinion, traditional customs and people's inner beliefs, and it is the sum total of psychological consciousness, principles and norms and behavior activities to evaluate people's behavior.

12 personal morality: it is a stable psychological state and behavior habit formed through personal conscious moral cultivation and social moral education.

13 moral cultivation: an individual's self-evaluation, self-education, self-exercise, self-transformation and self-improvement in terms of moral consciousness and moral behavior according to the moral requirements of a certain society or class. 13 public order: it is an orderly state of people's public life maintained by certain rules, mainly including work order, teaching order, business order, traffic order, entertainment order and network order.

14 social morality: refers to the code of conduct that people should abide by in social communication and public life, and is the minimum moral requirement for maintaining the most basic social relationship order among social members and ensuring social harmony and stability. 15 professional ethics: refers to the ethical requirements and codes of conduct with professional characteristics that people engaged in certain occupations should follow in their professional life.

16 love: it refers to the strong, pure and single-minded feelings that men and women admire each other in their own hearts based on a certain social foundation and the same ideal of life, and are eager for each other to become their lifelong partners.

17 marriage: refers to the legally recognized union between a man and a woman and the resulting relationship between husband and wife.

18 family: refers to the social life unit composed of relatives based on marriage, consanguinity or adoption.

19 compliance with laws: refers to the activities of state organs, social organizations and individual citizens to exercise their rights and perform their duties and obligations according to law.

Legal thinking mode: refers to the habit and orientation of thinking, analyzing and solving legal problems according to the provisions, principles and spirit of the law.

2 1 natural person: refers to a person born according to the laws of nature and qualified as a civil subject.

Constitution of a crime: refers to the sum of all subjective elements and objective conditions necessary for a specific act to constitute a crime according to the provisions of the Criminal Law.

Crime: refers to an act that seriously endangers society, violates the criminal law and should be punished by the criminal law.

Legal person: refers to an organization that has the capacity for civil rights and civil conduct, enjoys civil rights and undertakes civil obligations independently according to law.

Property right: refers to the direct control and exclusive right of the obligee to the fixed object according to law.

Is this it? Please ask questions

Noun explanation: era style, background music, constructivism theory, multicultural view.

1: The spiritual and social characteristics of a certain era are reflected in the creative content and form of a certain era, forming a certain style characteristic, which is called the style of the times.

2. In movies, TV plays and other film and television works, the music as background is usually called background music.

3. Constructivism theory is rich in content, but its core can only be summarized in one sentence: student-centered, emphasizing the significance of students' active exploration, active discovery and active construction of what they have learned.

4. Multicultural view means that the cultures of different nationalities, countries and regions should be respected, understood and developed. As far as music is concerned, it is to fully respect the music of all nationalities and regions in the world.

For reference only `

Noun explanation:

Songs of elegance and vulgarity can be divided into three categories according to different musical tones: style, elegance and vulgarity, and ode.

The wind. It is local music from different regions.

The poem "Feng" is a folk ballad collected from 15 regions, including China, Yi, Yan, Wei, Wang, Zheng, Qi, Wei, Tang, Qin, Chen, Qi, Cao and Yi. *** 160 articles.

Mostly folk songs. Yes

It is the music of the area directly under the jurisdiction of the Zhou Dynasty, that is, the so-called Zheng Sheng Ya Yue. The poem "Ya" is a musical song at a court banquet or meeting. According to different music, it can be divided into "Elegance" 3 1 song, "Xiaoya" 74, * * * 105.

Except for a few Xiaoya folk songs, most of them are works of noble literati. Ode.

It is a dance music for ancestral temple sacrifice, and the content is mostly to praise the achievements of ancestors. The ode is divided into 3/kloc-0 poems by Zhou Song, 4 poems by truffles, 5 poems by Shang Dynasty and 40 poems by * *.

They are all works of noble literati. In terms of time, Song of Zhou and Ya were mostly produced in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. A small part of "Elegance" and most of "Xiaoya" were produced from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the eastward movement. Most of Guofeng, Truffle and Shangsong were produced in the Spring and Autumn Period.

In terms of ideological and artistic value, three praises are not as good as two elegance, and two elegance is not as good as fifteen national styles. Li Sao Chu Ci is the work of Qu Yuan, a Chu people in the Warring States Period.

Regarding the title of the article, Sima Qian interpreted it as "leaving worries" in Historical Records and Biographies of Qu Yuan; Wang Yi interprets it as "Don't worry" in the Songs of the South; Approaching people is either interpreted as "complaining" or "another way to write the name" Lao Shang "in Chu State". About the writing age, some people think that it was written in the Chu Huaiwang dynasty, after the poet was alienated; Some people think that when the poet was released to Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty.

So far, there is no conclusion. Li Sao is the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of China's ancient poetry.

The poet described his life experience, moral character and ideal, expressed the anguish and contradiction that he was slandered to death, rebuked the fatuity of the king of Chu, the madness of the villain group and the ineffective governance of Japan, and showed the poet's fighting spirit of adhering to the ideal of "beautiful politics", attacking the dark reality, not colluding with evil forces and his patriotic enthusiasm to death. Ancient myths and legends are widely used in the poem, and through imagination and association, a magnificent and peculiar fantasy world is formed, which also shows the poet's roaming in the fantasy world and his enthusiastic pursuit of ideals.

The metaphor of "vanilla beauty" is widely used in the poem, and the profound content is expressed with the help of concrete and vivid artistic images, which is of great artistic charm. Li Sao has a profound and realistic positive romantic spirit, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.

Eye-to-eye method "Eye-to-eye method" is an important method to select and sort out materials to express characters' character in Historical Records. Historical Records pays special attention to the unity of characters. In order not to hurt this unity, but also to be loyal to historical facts, it shows the main experience and personality characteristics of this character in one person's biography to highlight its basic characteristics, while in other people's biographies, it is not appropriate to arrange other materials to describe it.

This is Su Xun's method of "passing this way and passing it at the same time". Jian' an style in Jian' an period at the end of Han Dynasty? Three Cao Cao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and Seven Zi (Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Chen Lin, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Serina Liu) inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, and generally adopted the five-character style, which was famous for its vigorous style and generous and sad masculinity, forming a "Jian 'an style" in the history of literature.

No matter "Cao Shi and his son" or "Jian 'an seven sons", they all lived in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture. The word "character" was first widely used in the character comments of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and was later quoted in the theory of calligraphy and painting and literary criticism.

Regarding literary criticism, Feng Gu, written by Liu Xie in the Southern Tang Dynasty, is the most accurate: "When you express your ambition, you must start from the wind; Thoughtful words, not before bones. So think of words as bones, such as the skeleton of the body; Love contains wind, and it is still shaped by gas.

When the words are straight, the bones become awkward; When the spirit is cool, the style of writing is born. It means that straightforward words and handsome spirit are combined to form a "character" with strong style and strong artistic appeal.

Wind is the vitality and internal appeal of an article, while bone refers to the expressive force of an article. The last title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was "Jian 'an" (A.D. 196 ~220), and the Jian 'an period in literary history refers to the period from Jian 'an to Wei Chu.

The writers of this era gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. In addition, at that time, in the turbulent era of war, their thoughts and feelings were often more passionate. They created a large number of excellent literary works, which formed the characteristics of rich content and rich feelings in literary works, that is, people often say "Jian 'an style". Literary works in Jian 'an period, especially poems, are the most prominent. Jian 'an Poetry is developed on the basis of the Han Yuefu and Ancient Poems, and these works show the spirit of the times.

"Cao Shi and his son" are the leading figures in Jian 'an literary world, and Cao Cao's poems are deep, generous and vigorous. Cao Pi gets along well with the scribes. When Wang Shen died, he led all the scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Shen liked to listen to donkeys before his death, so we all asked him to see him off."

So a donkey barked at the grave. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest. He is brilliant in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extremely high personality and adopting Chinese words".

His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is a masterpiece through the ages, which depicts the peerless beauty and innocent image in the Ode to the Goddess of Luo with refined language and sincere feelings. Among the "Seven Scholars", Wang Shen has the highest achievement, and his masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.

The brilliant achievements of Jian 'an literature had a far-reaching impact on the later development of literature and art. Liu Xie and Zhong Rong of Southern Tang Dynasty praised the writing style of Jian 'an period many times. Tang Chenziang praised the "Han and Wei style", and Li Baiyou's poem "The bone of a great writer is your brush, in the school of heaven"; Contemporary Mr. Lu Xun praised: Jian 'an is an era of literary consciousness. From this time on, people began to realize that literature has its own value and independent status.

Cao Pi's Canon is the earliest extant literary criticism paper and a symbol of literary consciousness in Jian 'an era. Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi is the earliest existing pure seven-character poem.

"Style" is an important concept in the history of China's literary criticism. From the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, it has been the main standard of literary criticism. In the Jian 'an era, the literature dominated by five-character poems was the character of the wind.

What are the general definitions of nouns in Introduction to Freshman Literature?

1. A discipline that studies literature and its laws.

2. Literary activity: Literature is understood as an activity, which is composed of works, writers, the world, readers and other elements, and it is an advanced and special spiritual activity of human beings. 3. Literary theory: the study of the principles, categories and standards of literature.

4. Literary criticism: under the guidance of the basic principles, concepts, categories and methods expounded in literary theory, specifically analyze and comment on individual writers and works. 5. Literary history: it is a subject that studies mainstream literature, cleans up and describes the evolution of literature, and discusses its development law.

6. Marxist literary theory: it is an integral part of Marxism as a whole. It was founded by Marx and Engels on the basis of critically inheriting German classical philosophy, aesthetics and literature and art.

7. China characteristics: We must take China's unique historical culture and practical experience as the soil to cultivate Marxist literary theory. We must absorb the heritage of China's traditional literary theory and seek the combination of Marxist literary theory and China's traditional literary theory.

8. Contemporariness: On the basis of studying the development of contemporary literature in China, we should sum up the new experience of contemporary socialist literature practice and answer the new questions raised by the contemporary socialist literature movement. We must face the challenge of western literary theory in the 20th century.

With the development of science, many new disciplines appeared in the 20th century, such as semiotics, hermeneutics, phenomenology, value science, information theory and so on. 9. Life activities: the general term for the activity system of human survival, reproduction and development based on production activities.

10. objectification of essential power: in productive labor, people transform nature and turn it into humanized nature; At the same time, people also transform themselves in the process of transforming nature, so that they are transformed by the richness of nature. 1 1. Four elements of literary activities: author, world, works and readers 12. The dialogue structure of literary activities refers to the interactive relationship between different elements of literary activities.

Around the center of the work, a discourse partnership has been established between the author, the world and the reader. Among them, there are several pairs of sexual relations between subjects, including self and self, self and other in reality, self and transcendental other, self and potential other.

In literary activities, the relationship between subject and object is always in development and change. On the one hand, it is the objectification of the subject, on the other hand, it is the subjectivization of the object. It is in the interactive process of objectification of subject and subjectivization of object that the unique social and aesthetic essential attributes of literature are vividly displayed.

13. Literary ontology: The British and American New Criticism emphasizes the ontological position of literary works and puts forward this view. The representative figure is Lanson, who believes that the noumenon of literary activities lies in literary works rather than the outside world and authors. 14. labor theory: one of the main theories of the origin of literature, with labor as the starting point of literature.

Labor provides the premise for literary activities, and it creates the needs of literary activities. Labor constitutes the main content of literary description, which restricts the form of early literature. 15. The "unbalanced relationship" between material production and spiritual production means that the process, development and economic development of literature are not always synchronized.

Sometimes even in the opposite direction. There are two typical manifestations of this imbalance: first, some literary and artistic types can only prosper at a relatively low stage of production development, and with the development of productive forces, their prosperity stage has passed.

Another situation is that the development level of artistic production and material production is not proportional, and economically backward countries or regions may be ahead in literature and art 16. Significance of literature: In short, literature is a language art and an aesthetic ideology in discourse.

Of course, the meaning of literature is changing and developing. 17. Discourse: Discourse is a concrete form of social existence and refers to a specific way of speech intertwined with social rights.

It is a specific speech act of communication between people in a specific social context, that is, a certain communication activity between the speaker and the receiver through the text in a specific social context. 18. Discourse accumulation: refers to the profound language and meaning of literary activities, which shows that literature, as a social discourse practice, contains rich possibilities of meaning generation. 19. Aesthetic ideology refers to aesthetic expression closely intertwined with real social life. Its concentrated forms are literature, music, drama, painting, sculpture and other artistic activities. It is not a simple addition of aesthetics and ideology, but refers to the mutual infiltration and infection of aesthetics and social life in the process of aesthetic expression.

20. Literature: Literature is a language art and an aesthetic ideology of discourse. 2 1. Dominance and diversity: Socialist literary activities occupy a dominant position in all levels of literary activities in the socialist period. The dominant position of socialist literary activities does not exclude other beneficial and harmless literary activities, and should not be monotonous, conceptual and formulaic, but dominant and diverse.

22. The image of new socialist people: it is the image of socialist revolutionaries, entrepreneurs and builders with novel and vivid personality and rich and diverse personality connotations, which embodies the spirit of the times and people's aesthetic ideals. He is a new scholar with flesh and blood and rich inner world.

23. Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend: the famous policy of letting a hundred flowers blossom. Developing and prospering scientific culture, literature and art is a basic policy in the socialist period.

Different artistic forms and styles can develop freely, and different scientific schools can argue freely. Bring forth the old and bring forth the new: on the basis of inheriting the excellent literary tradition, according to the aesthetic needs of the new era, we should sort out, discriminate, think, analyze, eliminate its dross, absorb its essence and carry out artistic innovation and transformation.

People's nature: writers keep flesh-and-blood ties with the people, are rooted in people's lives, and consciously draw themes, themes and plots from people's lives. Enrich yourself and serve the people with the spirit of the people creating history.

26. Spiritual production: refers to the conceptual activities of human beings to nature and society in order to obtain spiritual materials needed for spiritual life. 27. Artistic production: Marx called artistic activities "artistic production" from the perspective of social production activities, and included them in the category of "spiritual production" together with scientific, philosophical, political, legal, moral and religious activities.

28. The object of literary creation: created by literature.