?
1. Formation of Yixing purple sand pottery-making technology and other pottery-making technologies
? The primitive pottery pottery pocket in Yixing appeared in the Neolithic Age 7500-5000 years ago. According to the excavation data of the Camel Dun cultural site in Yixing, the production tools at that time were mainly ground stone tools, which were not only used for agricultural production, but also for the production of primitive pottery. With the spread of Yangshao painted pottery culture in Neolithic age, the ancestors in Yixing began to make pottery. Early primitive pottery in Yixing was mainly made of red pottery and sand, mostly by hand, and there was a "slow wheel dressing". Blanking method; In the later period, gray pottery, black pottery, white pottery and geometric printed pottery were mainly used, and the "wheel method" was widely used in production techniques.
Yixing Zisha pottery originated in the Song Dynasty, followed the previous generation of altar-making, pot-making and pot-making techniques, and then made Zisha pottery. According to the excavation data and unearthed objects in 1976 "Investigation of Early Purple Sand Kiln Site in Yangjiaoshan, Yixing", the upper limit of early purple sand ware can reach the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty and flourish in the Southern Song Dynasty. The shape of the vessel has the style of Jin and Tang Dynasties, with rough flat cover and exquisite cover. The spout and the handle are connected with the kettle body through a "punch pinch"? "Riveting"? .
Spring suit made in Wang Yinxian.
At that time, tea sets were hung on the fire or cooked on the stove, so they were large and easy to make. In the Ming Dynasty, tea making was changed to tea making, and the tea set changed from big to small. During the Hongzhi period, monks in Jinsha Temple began to practice making round pots for making tea with fine purple clay. Although it has been reduced, it is still a large-capacity pot today, and it can still be made with the tools used by potters to make pots, plates and cans. Create a "tree gall pot" for spring. Because the deformation of the device is very small, the original tool can't be used, so we can only "clean up the soil particles, which are inside and outside the teaspoon hole, which means that the line pressing can be hidden" (? Minghe wrote "The Teapot System in Yangxian County"). Can you see this "tree gall pot"? The production method is to knead the mud into a ball, then hollow it out with a teaspoon and press it inside and outside with your fingers to shape it. So the production technology of early purple sand ware is still quite confusing? At this stage, any tool is suitable. Is it "suitable"? Under the premise of new ideas, tools such as bamboo sticks and wood molds have gradually appeared, and the molding methods are hand-kneading, clay strip rolling or clay chip mosaic, and wood molds, clay molds or printed blanks are mixed.
It was not until the appearance of Shi Dabin in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty that the method of "using bamboo as the blade" was integrated and standardized, and gradually formed the manual production technology of mud-beating pipes and embedded pipes suitable for small-capacity vessels, which was fixed and passed down from generation to generation. So far, younger artists have only made partial improvements or supplements on the basis of Shi Dabin.
?
Second, the characteristics of Yixing purple sand pottery "piece-building method" production process
Throughout the thousand-year history of purple sand, only Yixing potters made some daily-use unglazed utensils with purple sand mud in the first 500 years. In the next 500 years, that is, from the Zheng De period of the Ming Dynasty, purple sand really had the dual functions of appreciation and use. According to historical legend, Feng Gongchun is the originator of Zisha, who brought Yixing Zisha into the palace of art. What really deserves our admiration is Shi Dabin from Wanli to Chongzhen. Gu Jingzhou, a contemporary master of pot-making art, made a thorough study of the history of purple sand and made an objective and scientific evaluation of him: "The skill of making purple sand pots was perfected in Shi Dabin's hands, and his skill influenced his later purple sand artists. Moreover, it will continue to affect in the future. "
Yixing Zisha pottery is a kind of special craft pottery with both practical function and appreciation function, which has distinct regional cultural characteristics and unique craft characteristics of handmade pottery. Around the world, before the mechanization of pottery-making technology was formed, the original pottery-making methods were kneading and clay lathing, which were widely used in major ceramic producing areas all over the world. Yixing has a history of making pottery for thousands of years, during which it has been making pottery by the above methods.
Full-manual racket barrel forming method
However, from Shi Dabin, the method of beating clay board, enclosing cylinder and embedding cylinder is unique in Yixing and the only one in the world. The technical term for this hand-made pottery method is called "sheet building method".
According to the special molecular structure of purple sand mud and the modeling requirements of various products, the method of punching mud pieces around the blank or inlaying the blank makes the modeling rich and vivid, and it also provides conditions for plane change, forming technological characteristics such as tight structure, tight cover and clear lines.
The sheet-making method is basically manual operation, the circular device is mainly formed by punching circumferential tubes, and the square device is mainly formed by punching inlaid tubes. The operation method is to put the cooked mud on the wooden bench, cut it into strips, then break the strips into pieces with wooden tongs, then cut it according to the required size of the made pottery, then make it into a circle or cube, and then pat it to shape. It is made by sheet building technology, which is characterized in that the blank formed by beating is "mud door tight" It is not easy to deform when fired, and the finished product forms patina after long-term use. The texture is as warm as jade, comparable to Zijin.
?
Third, various production techniques of Yixing purple sand pottery.
A variety of production techniques of Yixing purple sand pottery, some originated from the traditional production techniques of Yixing pottery in history, and some continued to innovate and develop with the evolution of the times. Yixing purple sand pottery production techniques in addition to the piece building method, there are the following main types:
1, manual mode. In ancient China, the molding method of pottery was mostly hand-made. At the beginning of the establishment of purple sand pottery in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, it mainly absorbed the local coarse pottery manufacturing technology in Yixing and adopted the method of manual molding. In ancient Yixing, a large number of geometrically printed pottery were produced. This hand-made method of pottery has been preserved and developed, and was cited by early purple sand pottery.
Full-manual mosaic barrel forming method
2. Kneading method. One of the traditional manual molding processes began at the end of primitive society. Generally used to make small pottery. As an excellent traditional craft, the early purple sand has been passed down and widely used today. As the saying goes in the Ming Dynasty, "Made for the fetus, but round and regular, hollow, followed by mouth, handle, cover and beauty". The "tree gall pot" in spring? When "scouring fine soil particles", the kneading method is adopted.
3. Construction method of mud belt tray. A traditional hand molding technique prevailed in the late Neolithic period. The method is to screw the mud bar into a container shape from bottom to top, and then flatten the internal and external joints; Or circle the mud strips and pile them up layer by layer. Usually used to make large pottery, there will be architectural traces on the inner wall.
4. Forming method. One of the traditional hand molding techniques is a primitive pottery making method. The practice is to fill the mold with mud and take it out when it is half dry. Early purple sand began to be cited. There are two modeling methods of purple sand, one is "external mold blocking blank"? The other is "internal model Kratos". ? The blank plugging of the external mold is to put the completed blank prototype into Zhou Zheng's gypsum mold or ceramic mold for standard plugging; The internal mold Kratos system is made by patting clay strips and Kratos fragments on a stone mold or a wood mold. The method of forming a barrel is to divide the container into upper and lower parts. Firstly, mud strips and pieces are wrapped around wooden, stone or ceramic molds, and the joints are leveled with a beat. Then, the negative film on the mold is fully bonded and wet, and then the mold body is taken out. Then, the upper and lower parts are spliced with grease to form a gun barrel.
Gypsum mould forming method
Pei Shimin made clay pots.
Fourth, summary.
Teapots are used to make tea. With the requirements of the times, Yixing Zisha pottery has many production technologies to meet the needs of production. Therefore, many production techniques of Yixing purple sand pottery should be allowed to coexist. The few works created by those famous artists by using traditional handicrafts in a narrow sense can be used as art collections and have great natural value; As a common commodity, purple sand utensils produced by generalized production technology are mostly cheap and good quality, and are still the best in daily life.