Looking forward to the growth of Dongting Lake, Meng Haoran (here in the eighth month of the lake) is in the city and countryside-just as I sit here and watch a fisherman casting, just like a fish in the pond.
I'm on a retreat in Zhongnanshan, Wang Wei (my middle-aged heart has found the way)-I'll walk until the water blocks my way, and then sit and watch the rising clouds.
Li Qingzhao, the pride of the fisherman (the sky meets clouds and smoke)-Wan is a positive move.
Nalanxingde of Sauvignon Blanc (a trip in the mountains, a trip in the water)-the dream of breaking the heart of the country failed, so there is no such sound in the garden.
Looking at the snow in the lake pavilion, Zhang Dai (December of the fifth year of Chongzhen)-don't say that "xianggong" is crazy, especially so!
Fan Zhongyan in Yueyang Tower —— Worry about the world first, and enjoy it later.
Drunk pavilion Ouyang Xiu-The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, but also between mountains and rivers.
2. Do the main sentence and the central sentence have the same meaning? In Chinese teaching in middle schools, the words "main sentence" and "central sentence" are often mentioned, but teachers and students are indifferent to this and think that "main sentence" is the central sentence. Therefore, many teachers and students are a little dumbfounded when studying the article Ma Shuo, an eighth-grade Chinese published by Jiangsu Education. Are you sure you don't need a horse? I really don't understand horses! "It highlights the central idea of the article, so in the teaching process, most teachers ask questions like this: Which sentence is the central idea or sentence of the article? Now, I want to put forward my own views on "main sentence" and "central sentence". " According to the modern Chinese dictionary, "center" is "the subject of things"; According to Modern Chinese Dictionary, "theme" is "the main meaning, intention or purpose". In this sense, the "center" of the article should be the concentrated expression of the writing content, and the "theme" is the writing purpose of the article or the expression of the author's thoughts and feelings. In ancient Chinese teaching, there has always been a term-central idea, which includes two parts-the main content of the article and the feelings expressed by the author. The theme now is the second half of the central idea, and the sentence that can reveal the author's feelings is the topic sentence of the article. Only in most articles, the author usually expresses his feelings while revealing the center of the article. For example, in Snake Catcher, "Alas! I wonder if there is a snake in the poison! " It not only highlights the central content of the article "Fu Lian's poison", but also "Alas!" "Hu! "The sigh tone expresses the author's deep sympathy for the people's sufferings; In my humble room inscription, "I am a humble room, but I am virtuous" means that the content of the article is related to my humble room and also expresses my virtuous wishes and sentiments. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that there is little difference between the main sentence and the central sentence, and it is not surprising that the main sentence and the central sentence are considered to be unified. This paper illustrates the decisive role of Bole in Maxima from three aspects: the tragic experience of Maxima, the reasons why Maxima was buried and the ignorance of horse eaters. Therefore, the central argument of the article is that "there is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse". In the argumentative essay, the content of the article is centered around the central argument, so the central sentence of this article is "There is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse". However, the author Han Yu wrote this article not only to tell. He wants to tell everyone through this article that he is a swift horse, but unfortunately there is no Bole to understand and control him. Judging from this writing purpose, there is nothing like "alas! Is it really innocent? I really don't know this horse. " This sentence can better express Han Yu's dissatisfaction and disgust at the phenomenon that the rulers don't know and destroy talents. Therefore, it is natural to say, "Alas! Is it really innocent? I really don't know Ma Ye "is the main sentence of the article. About the article "What is the main sentence or the central sentence? "Not only, but even Stephany-the central sentence is' the strange mountains and different waters are unique in the world'; The main sentence is "people who fly kites against the sky look at the peaks and let their hearts rest;" "Zuiweng Pavilion": the central sentence is "Zuiweng's meaning is not in wine, but also between mountains and rivers", which describes the beauty and fun of swimming in Zuiweng Pavilion; The theme sentence is "drunken people can have fun, and those who can tell stories in words after waking up are too defensive", which expresses Ouyang Xiu's idea of having fun with the people. Judging from these articles, "topic sentence" and "central sentence" are different. Therefore, I personally think that the topic sentence I need to add ≈ the central sentence is that all my examples here come from classical Chinese, on the one hand, because of the "topic sentence" in classical Chinese. On the other hand, because in modern Chinese, "subject sentence" and "central sentence" are often not mentioned at the same time, even if they are mentioned, who will study them in detail? .
3. The theme of classical Chinese, in a word: having high moral cultivation is the premise of writing. Answer to Li Yishu is an epistolary essay written by Han Yu to Yi Li in the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (80 1).
Focusing on "there is no hope of quick success and instant benefit, and there is no temptation to make use of the situation", this paper describes his own experience in academic research for writing, and puts forward the literary ideas of "speaking in moderation" (content determines the form) and "speaking out when doing things" (commitment to innovation), which shows the secular courage and tenacious enterprising spirit of the author's verbal attack. On June 26th, Han Yu told Li Sheng that his first step was: Your letter was written with high intention, and the attitude of asking questions was so humble and respectful.
Who doesn't want to tell you how to make a presentation? Confucian benevolence and morality belong to you just around the corner, let alone words that express morality. However, I am just a person who saw the wall of Confucius and didn't enter the house. How can I tell right from wrong? Even so, I can't help but talk to you about my own views on this issue: your view of writing a book is correct, and what you have done is very similar and close to what you expected. I just don't know whether your ambition of "keeping your word" is to be used by others or to reach the realm of people who keep their word in ancient times. Hope to be better than others and be taken away by others, then you are already better than others and can be taken away by others.
If you expect the ancients to make statements, don't expect them to come true soon, and don't be tempted by snobbery. (Like) to cultivate roots and wait for their fruits, (Like) to refuel the lamps and wait for them to shine. Roots grow vigorously, fruits are ripe, oil is enough to light up, and benevolent people are amiable.
However, there are still difficulties. I don't know if it has reached (the realm of the ancient speaker). Nevertheless, I have studied ancient Chinese for more than twenty years. At the beginning, I didn't dare to read Xia, Shang and Zhou's books, and I didn't dare to take it to heart if it didn't conform to the will of sages. When I am quiet, I seem to have forgotten something. When I walk, I seem to have lost something. I look reserved and thinking, as if fascinated.
It's hard to get rid of those old words by writing what you think! When you show the article to others, don't take the criticism and ridicule of others to heart. It has been like this for many years, and I still don't change (my opinion).
Only in this way can we distinguish the authenticity of ancient books (truth) from the correct but imperfect content, and make it clear that black and white are distinct. We must get rid of those that are incorrect and imperfect, and then we will gradually gain experience. When you write down what you think by hand, there is a flood of ideas.
When I show these articles to others again, I will be very happy when I laugh, and I will be very worried when I praise them, because there are still people's meanings and opinions in the articles. After a few years, it really looked like a mighty flood.
I'm worried that there are still miscellaneous and impure places in the article, so I cross-examine and criticize the article from the opposite direction, calmly examine it until the meaning of the word is pure, and then put down my pen. Even so, I still want to deepen my self-cultivation.
March on the road of benevolence and righteousness, swim at the source of poetry books, never get lost, never cut off the source, and do it for a lifetime. The article is as imposing as water; Language is like something floating on the water; Water is strong, so everything that can float can float.
The same is true of the relationship between the momentum of the article and language. If the momentum is sufficient, the length of the language and the rise and fall of the voice will be appropriate. Even so, you dare to say that your article is close to success! Even if it is close to success, what can others get if they are used? However, are ideas just like tools waiting to be adopted? Whether to use it or not depends on others.
A gentleman is not like this. He thinks according to the principle of benevolence and righteousness and acts according to certain norms. When he is appointed, he will promote Tao among people. When not in use, he will pass it on to his disciples and pass on the articles borrowed from Tao for future generations to follow suit. Like this, is it worth happiness? Few people are interested in learning from ancient speakers.
Those who are interested in learning from the ancients will be abandoned by the present. I am really happy for those who are interested in the ancients, and I feel sorry for them. I have repeatedly praised people who are interested in learning from the ancients just to encourage them, rather than dare to praise those who can praise and criticize those who can criticize. Many people have asked me. I think your intention is not utilitarian, so I will tell you these words for the time being.
This paper appreciates Han Yu's view that noble moral cultivation is the premise of writing.
"Answer to Li Yishu" begins by saying: "The book of life is highly worded, but only respectful! If so, who doesn't want to tell the truth? One day, when morality returns, what about its foreign language? " It can be seen that he believes that virtue is the core of the article, and the article is the carrier of virtue, or an external form of expression. This is consistent with the theory of "literature carries Tao" that he has always advocated.
For example, he said in the article "Debate on Officials": "A gentleman in his position must think about his official death; If you don't get a position, you should think it over. I will use Ming Dow, and I won't think about it and add people. "
In the book Answer to Li Xiucai, he said: "The more you yearn for the past, the better the word, the better the word." Then, how can "Tao" and "Wen" promote each other and reach a higher level? In response to the second paragraph of Yi Lee's book, he vividly discussed this problem. He said: "If you make a statement about ancient times, there is no hope that it will be quick and there is no temptation of snobbery. On the contrary, you will feed on its roots and hope to gain its glory by adding its cream.
Those who are rich actually succeed, those who are full of cream are brilliant, and those who are kind are kind. "To write a good article, don't just want to find a box of beauty cream that can make the East change the West, and don't be driven by narrow utilitarianism. But to strengthen moral cultivation as well as raising roots for trees and cheering for lamps. With noble moral standards, the tree of poetry and the lamp of literature will take root and flourish! Founder personality with high moral cultivation, a sense of mission to economic people, sympathy for the weak and outspoken about the right path. Speak out when you have grievances, write books when you have anger, dare to plead for the people, and dare to shout for all justice and truth.
Gold and silver can't move their hearts, and torture can't hold their mouths. Yes
4. The theme of junior middle school classical Chinese "childlike interest" is an interesting essay recalling childhood life. Focusing on "reminiscence", this paper selects and describes several interesting things such as watching mosquitoes like cranes, swimming in the mountains and flogging toads in childhood, which shows the fun of childhood life.
The main sentence of Childish Fun is: When I was a child, I could look at the sun with clear eyes and observe the details of autumn. When I see something small, I find pleasure outside things. Ten Articles of the Analects of Confucius advocates learning, including reading, learning, being a man, increasing knowledge and cultivating self-cultivation.
The author of "Mountain City" depicts the unpredictable mirage in mountain city with changeable pens, and vividly depicts the rare mirage in mountain city with vivid language. The metaphors of the brother and son Hull in Yong Xue are more similar in form, while the metaphors of his brother and daughter are similar in spirit, and their metaphors are different.
This paper shows Xie Daowen's wisdom and talent by writing snow poems. Finally, I laughed and thanked the teacher for appreciating Xie Daowen's talent. Finally, I specially introduced Xie Daowen to prove that he appreciated Xie Daowen's talent. This shows that a genius should also have a good growth environment.
The article "Chen Taiqiu and Friends" describes the dialogue between Chen Yuanfang and the visitors. It shows Chen Yuanfang's intelligence, knowing how to be a man, being reasonable and natural and graceful.
This paper expounds the importance of "courtesy" and "faith" and warns people to be honest and upright, or they will lose friends. Let's not be rude to adults.
Naoko Suspicious Neighbors tells us that if you are selfish, you won't listen to other people's useful advice. On the contrary, people who give advice will be considered as people who harm themselves; A blessing in disguise warns us that under certain conditions, misfortune can become a blessing, while in other cases, happiness becomes a curse, indicating that things are interdependent and mutually transformed.
Shang pointed out that the reason for Fang Zhongyong's decline in talent was "not learning" and "not being influenced by others" through the changing process from a gifted child to being left out in the cold when he grew up. It shows that people's knowledge must not simply lead their talents, but must pay attention to the education and learning after tomorrow, and emphasize the importance of education and training after tomorrow to the development of talents. In Mulan's poems, the male rabbit's feet are complicated and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred.
When two rabbits walk side by side, can I tell if I am a male or a female? Through the story of Mulan disguised as a man instead of her father to join the army, this poem shows the noble qualities of Mulan, such as diligence, wisdom, courage, firmness, no desire, and her lofty spirit of patriotism and love for her family. Through the story of Sun Quan's persuasion, Sun Quan emphasizes the important role of reading and learning in increasing one's talent and knowledge.
The main sentence of "ventriloquism": Beijingers have good ventriloquism. Central idea: Feel the charm of this folk art and the superb skills of ventriloquists.
Kuafu Daily wrote about people's courage to fight against natural things and Kuafu's unparalleled heroism, which reflected the strong desire and tenacious will of ancient people to explore and conquer nature. "The anger of workers can't touch the hills" is a fairy tale.
It reflects the struggle between ancient tribes and involves the theory of covering the sky in ancient astronomy. Obviously, ancient humans could not explain why the sun, moon and stars moved and changed. The best explanation for this phenomenon is to explain the phenomena of "the sky is northwest" and "the land is dissatisfied with the southeast" with the help of myths and bold imagination and exaggeration.
The magical legend is full of realism. What is the changing geometry of the beast in Wolf Nature? Just to increase laughter.
It shows that wolves are no match for human beings no matter how cunning they are, and will eventually be defeated by human courage and wisdom. The main idea of this article is clear, which is the last paragraph of the author's discussion.
The article is mainly about wolves, and summarizes the main idea of the story from the perspective of self-destruction of wolves. Peach Blossom Spring reflects the people's desire to hate war and pursue a peaceful life, and shows the author's dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for an ideal society. In stark contrast to the dark society. Through the description and praise of humble room, the article "Humble Room Inscription" expresses the author's thoughts and feelings of being willing to humble room, being poor and happy, not greedy for wealth and not following the customs.
Borrow things to express feelings, and support things to express their aspirations. "Ailian Shuo" gave the only Ailian a muddy but not dirty, a clear but not demon ripple.
I want to show that the author shows that he is honest and noble by praising the lotus. From the content, this paper can be clearly divided into two parts: the first part tries to describe the noble image of lotus; The second part reveals the metaphorical meaning of the lotus, comments on three flowers and expresses the author's deep sigh for the lotus itself. The Story of the Nuclear Ship shows that there is a wise man named Wang Shuyuan, who can make palaces, vessels, figures, even birds and animals, wood and stones with different modality regardless of the occasion.
It is an exposition of beautifully written handicrafts, which reproduces the superb skills of sculptors with concise and vivid language, and shows the wisdom of ancient working people in China and the outstanding achievements of ancient arts and crafts in China. The trip to the Avenue also expressed Confucius' longing for peace and prosperity in the war-torn Spring and Autumn Period. He believes that if it is implemented on the avenue, a "great harmony" society will be formed, in which "the world is public, talents and abilities are selected, and trust and harmony are maintained".
People are not only close relatives, but also only children. They are old and strong, useful and young. "Three Gorges" This paper describes the characteristics of continuous mountains, covering the sun, different scenes of water in different seasons, and the magnificent and beautiful scenery of the Three Gorges, expressing the author's infinite love for the mountains and rivers of the motherland.
Since it was re-created, thank you, Chinese books have never been so amazing. Expressing the author's unique feelings about the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, Tao Qingyi appreciated this wonderful landscape and expressed her lifelong interest in retired nymphs.
Night tour of Chengtian Temple: I set off my joy of enjoying the moon, my loneliness of relegation and my optimism of self-liberation with beautiful scenery. There is no moon at night, and there are no bamboos and cypresses. But few idle people are like me.
"Watching the Tide" The tide in Zhejiang is a great sight in the world. This paper describes the tidal scene and tide-watching grand occasion of Qiantang River.
With very refined pen and ink, the author described the spectacular tide, the moving scenes of naval exercises, the athletes who made waves and the grand occasion of watching the tide. Watch the snow in the middle of the lake pavilion.
5. People's Education Edition "The Keynote Sentences of Ancient Poetry and Classical Chinese in Grade Eight: A Summary of Ancient Poetry and its Translation in Grade Eight Chinese Textbooks" (1) 1, and Zhu Zhu's "With Zhu Shu" are famous parallel essays of Wu Yun, a writer in the Southern Dynasties. This article not only reflects the beauty of mountains and rivers with human feelings, but also expresses the pursuit of secular officialdom.
Implicitly reveals the noble interest of loving beautiful nature and retiring from the world. The original text is full of smoke, and Tianshan Mountain is * * * color.
Floating from the stream, anything. From Fuyang to Tonglu, Baili, Strange Mountains and Different Waters, chinese odyssey.
All the water is light green (π mo) and reaches the bottom. You can swim with the fine stones and look directly at them.
If fierce wave is in a hurry, the arrow will fly faster. Cold trees grow on high mountains.
On the negative potential, they compete with each other (mi m: o), racing against time and reaching the peak. Spring rock, ling ling; Good birds sing, they rhyme.
Cicadas are endless, and apes are endless. People flying in the sky (Li) want to rest; He who is in charge of the affairs of the world looks at the valley and forgets to betray.
The horizontal branches are covered, and the day is still faint; The thin strips set each other off, and sometimes the sun shines. In the sky, all the fog on the river has completely dissipated, and the sky and the distant mountains have the same color.
Go with the flow, let the boat drift with the water. From Fuyang to Tonglu, about 100 miles, the strange mountains and strange waters are unique beauty in the world.
The water is turquoise and the deep river is crystal clear. Fish and fine sand gravel swimming at the bottom of the river have been looking down without hindrance.
The rushing water is faster than an arrow, and the rushing waves are like galloping horses. Cold-resistant evergreen trees grow on the mountains on both sides of Jiajiang River. (Mountain) By virtue of the mountain situation, they compete with each other and compete with each other.
(Mountains) compete with each other, towering straight up, forming hundreds of peaks. The spring water hit the rock and made a clear spring sound.
Beautiful birds sing in harmony with each other and sing harmonious and beautiful melodies. Cicadas keep barking, apes keep barking.
Those who fly to the sky like eagles (those who strive for high positions for fame and fortune) will calm down when they see the peaks here; Those who are busy with government affairs will linger when they see these beautiful valleys. Oblique branches cover it, and it is as dark as dusk even during the day; Sparse branches cover each other, and sometimes the sun can be seen (through the cracks in the branches and leaves).
2. Mr. Wu Liu's Biography of Tao Yuanming is famous, with distinctive characters and the name of Mr. Wu Liu. This article is actually his autobiography. The word "no" in the Biography of Mr. Wuliu actually highlights the author's inadaptability to the secular world and his insistence on noble taste and personality, which makes the article look different and lively, and well expresses Tao Yuanming's plain and natural realm.
I don't know who Mr. Yuan is or what his last name is. There are five willows beside the house, because I think this number is too quiet to talk, and I don't appreciate Li Rong. Good (Hao) reading, not asking for a solution; Whenever I know something, I will happily forget to eat.
Alcoholic, poor family is often not available. I know when I am old, but I still buy wine. Make a drink (zhé) and get drunk later.
When I retired drunk, I didn't hesitate to stay or stay. The ring is bare and can't cover the windy days; Short brown (hè) knotted, short brown (dān) and short brown (piáo) repeatedly empty, and so did Yan.
I often amuse myself by writing articles, which quite (p not) shows my ambition. Regardless of gains and losses, die because of it.
Zan: The wives of Qian (qián) and Lou (lóu) said, "Don't care about poverty (qρ), don't care about wealth (jí)." Is his words really like others'? Take pleasure in poetry.
People who are not pregnant (yú)? Ge ren (yú)? Mr. Wang doesn't know where he comes from, nor does he know his surname and word. There are five willows beside the house, so this is the number.
Mr. Wang is quiet, seldom speaks and does not envy wealth. I like reading, but I just want to know the general idea; Everyone who understands the contents of the book will be so happy that they forget to eat.
I like drinking, but my family is poor and I can't drink often. Relatives and friends all know that he has this hobby, and sometimes he will hold a banquet to entertain him; Go for a drink, have fun, and hope to get drunk.
Go home when you're drunk. Stop pretending and leave. The humble room is empty and can't cover the wind, rain and scorching sun; The coarse jacket was patched, the basket for rice and the spoon for drinking water were often empty, but he remained calm.
I often write articles to entertain myself and show my ambition a little. Don't take gains and losses to heart, and live your own life.
Someone praised: Qian Lou's wife once said: "I am not worried about poverty, and I am not keen on getting rich and being an official." This is probably Mr. Wu Liu, right? Writing poems while drinking, I am happy for my interest.
He may be an ordinary person without Wyeth, or an ordinary person in GM Shi Tian, right? 3. Ma Shuo Ma Shuo is an article by Han Yu, a famous writer in Tang Dynasty. Originally Han Yu's fourth essay, it was written in the 11th to 16th year of Zhenyuan (795-800). The article expresses the author's strong indignation that the rulers can't identify, destroy and bury talents.
"Shuo" is an ancient argumentative style, which is used to state the author's views on some social issues. It turns out that there is Bole in the world, and then there is Maxima.
A thousand miles away, there are not many boles. Therefore, although there is a famous horse, it is only humiliated by a slave, and pián died between Cao and Li, which is not called a thousand miles.
A Ma Qianli, must eat (shí) or eat (Si) stone (Dan, ancient sound shí). Horse eaters don't know that they can eat thousands of miles.
This is a horse. Although it has the ability to travel thousands of miles, it is beautiful only because it has little food and is weak, and it can't compete with a regular horse at all. Why not ask it to travel thousands of miles? If you don't follow its path, you can't make full use of your food, but you can't understand its meaning. If you stick to your strategy, you will face it and say, "There are no horses!" " Oh! Is there really no horse evil? I really don't know anything about horses. There is bole first, then swift horse.
There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. So even if there is a good horse, it can only be humiliated in the hands of low * * * and die in the stable with ordinary horses, but it can't be called a swift horse.
A horse that travels thousands of miles a day sometimes eats a stone of grain. The person who feeds the horse is not feeding it according to its ability to travel thousands of miles a day. However, such a horse.