Wang Mingjun

(Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen)

abstract

This paper discusses in detail the interaction and influence between marine life and marine pollution, including

Including the marine biological process of pollutants, the role of marine organisms in the distribution and destination of pollutants, and the impact of pollutants on the ocean.

The influence of exotic creatures and so on. In addition, the author also expounds his own views on how to protect the marine environment.

The ocean plays an increasingly important role in the development of modern human economy and meeting people's welfare needs. In recent years,

In recent years, the upsurge of ocean development in the world is also increasing. At the same time, it also brings the pollution problem of the marine environment.

Therefore, in order to develop the ocean, it is necessary to protect the ocean and study the interaction and influence between marine organisms and marine pollutants.

Research has become an important basic work, and its achievements can not only provide scientific basis for marine development and marine environmental protection, but also provide scientific basis for marine environmental protection.

And can provide effective forecasting service for its future. This paper summarizes the interaction and influence between marine organisms and pollutants.

It provides reference for marine environmental quality evaluation.

I. Marine biological processes of pollutants

The main function of marine organisms is to absorb pollutants, including adsorption and absorption. Adsorption is the combination of matter and body.

The process of cell wall surface includes both reversible physical adsorption and irreversible chemical adsorption. Absorption is the infiltration of pollutants.

The body surface enters the body (through gills and digestive tract walls) and is actively or passively transferred to the body (through the circulation of blood and hemolymph).

The function of its tissues and organs.

The amount of metal bound to the cell surface absorbed by organisms through passive mechanism is more than that absorbed through metabolism or relying on energy.

The metal content is much less. The adsorption capacity of pollutants is related to the ratio of biological volume to surface area. Small creature

For example, phytoplankton has large specific surface area, high metabolic rate and large adsorption capacity, and in a short time (from a few minutes to several hours)

Balance can be achieved, and the balance time of zooplankton is also short (from a few minutes to several hours). Generally speaking, pollution per unit time

The permeation of substances is a function of surface adsorption. Biological physiological state, life cycle, feeding habits and population density attract each other.

Side effects can have a major impact. For example, living Cladosporium can adsorb methylmercury more effectively than dead Cladosporium, and the biological population density is high.

The amount is relatively small. PH value, hardness, temperature, salinity, ventilation in water, growth regulator, organic matter,

This article was received on1October 30th 1987, and the revised draft was received on February 30th 1988, 1 1. The third issue of Wang Mingjun: Marine Life and Marine Environmental Quality I

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Environmental factors such as suspended particulate matter and humus also have great influence on intake. For example, the pH of the estuary rose from 7.3 to 8.6.

At the same time, the absorption rate of zinc by several large algae increased. Because under acidic conditions, metals exist in the form of free ions.

Algae are poisonous; At alkaline pH, some metals tend to form insoluble salts or oxides and hydroxides.

After precipitation, the toxicity to algae is reduced. In addition, under normal conditions, the ionic activity of heavy metals is chelating and complexing.

Reduction, so it is much less toxic than its free ions. In a certain range, the uptake of metals and radionuclides by marine organisms.

It is positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with salinity. Such as the absorption of manganese by Nostoc baumannii at 25℃ and 36℃.

When the temperature rises again, the absorption rate decreases. This may be because the enhancement of respiration is relatively weakened when the temperature rises.

Causes of heavy metal poisoning. The increase of salinity will lead to the competition between the adsorption of heavy metals and the dissolution of cations, which can partially

Partial substitution of heavy metals has a negative correlation. In addition, the concentration, chemical forms and valence of various pollutants in water,

The synergistic or antagonistic effects between pollutants and the time that pollutants stay in the environment will also affect the biological response to pollutants.

Intake. For example, scenedesmus can increase the absorption of nickel when there is high concentration of copper in the environment, and it is a hard stone medicine when there is DDT.

The absorption of zinc is reduced. Generally, this absorption rate is a function of the contact rate. When the concentration of pollutants is constant, it must be

During this period, the amount of pollutants absorbed by organisms increases with time, generally following the freundlich isothermal adsorption line.

Department.

The second important biological process of pollutants in the ocean is accumulation, which depends on the assimilation of pollutants by organisms.

Speed, concentration, acute or chronic pollution and other factors. For example, when the pollution is serious in the short term, the concentration of pollutants is large.

Enrichment from water is the main accumulation mode, which is especially obvious in low trophic organisms, such as the accumulation of metals by Synechococcus.

Equilibrium can be reached after 24 hours, and its accumulation degree is proportional to the concentration of dissolved metal. If it is a long-term mild pollution,

Then ingestion is the basic way for pollutants to enter organisms, especially marine organisms at the top of trophic level, and pollutants follow food.

The transfer of material chain is absolutely dominant, such as the accumulation of DDT by seabirds.

Different organisms have different concentrations of pollutants, such as mussels and polychaetes with PCB coefficients of 390 and 390, respectively.

3830。 The concentration coefficient is affected by the fat content, and the concentration coefficient varies greatly in different periods of the year. Yousheng

The concentration coefficient of pollutants is very high. For example, the enrichment coefficients of phosphorus in copepods, fishes and mollusks in nudibranchia are 2.4lX, respectively.

106, 2.66xlo6 and 6x 10. As mollusks, the coefficients of concentrated pickaxe of scallop, aphid and mussel are 2.26 fire 10 respectively. 、

3. 18xl. and 1.0x 106. Therefore, the determination of biological pollutants can be used as an evaluation of marine environmental quality and seafood hygiene.

An important foundation of quality. The balance of pollutants in the body varies from organism to organism and is affected by many factors, which is a constantly changing dynamic.

Process. As for biomagnification (such as methylmercury), it generally exists in organisms with food chain relations, but there are also pollutants in food.

For example, the arsenic contents in algae, snails and painted fish are 1 19. 1, 39. 1 and 1. 13, respectively.

The third important biological process of pollutants in the ocean is the transfer and distribution to various organs in the body. Subbiological environment

Characteristics and metabolic changes, the distribution of various pollutants in the body is different. For example, those with strong affinity for lipids are

Organochlorine is mainly stored in adipose tissue, copper and mercury are mainly combined with protein's Ryukyu group, and zinc and tin are mainly combined with imine.

The combination of binding and drilling is related to amino acids, which are more common in soft tissues, and calcium and minerals are mainly accumulated in the bones of marine animals.

A skeleton or shell. The distribution of pollutants in the body reflects the metabolism and transfer of pollutants by organisms, which can be used as an evaluation.

The basis of environmental pollution change. For example, when mercury is mainly distributed in the liver and kidney of fish, it means that the water body is being polluted by mercury.

Dyeing, if it is found that the content of mercury in muscle is high, it means that the pollution of mercury in water has been reduced and the fish are constantly discharging mercury.

Outside. The distribution of pollutants in various organs in the body also varies with different biological species. For example, California sea lions, purple mussels,

Macrobrachium macrobrachium and Nereis are distributed in bone, kidney, gill and epidermis respectively, which has reference value for the processing and utilization of aquatic products.

Value. Chazhu111Zhu Yisheng Zhu Duominglan1111).

The fourth important biological process of pollutants in the ocean is elimination.

Marine life is dissolved in granular or soluble form.

The role of pollutants is influenced by the nature of pollutants, the combination form in the body, solution, life cycle and biological species and rings.

Environmental factors and other influences. For example, metals adsorbed outside the cell wall of phytoplankton are almost instantaneously desorbed.

Metal removal is very slow.

The mercury emission rate of rainbow fish is affected by temperature. At 65438 05℃, the mercury emission rate is twice as high as that at 4℃.

Intracellular binding

The main party of the solution

、

Milk secretion of marine mammals, mucus secretion of fish, etc.

Detoxification of pollutants by various enzymes in crustaceans and organisms and degradation of pollutants by microorganisms. Like crabs.

The original total zinc content of 6 1 solution can be taken away every shell. In addition, when organisms grow and reproduce, their bodies increase due to cell division.

Second, the role of marine life in the distribution and fate of pollutants.

The feedback effect of marine organisms on the distribution and fate of pollutants, including the feedback effect (including solubility) between organisms, between organisms and water and waste.

Organic matter) and the bearing belt keep a certain horizontal or vertical distance. Biological transfer and detoxification mechanism of pollutants

Essentially depends on energy, but sometimes this process can be promoted or strengthened by purely physical or chemical processes, such as stock expansion.

Dispersion, tidal exchange, ocean current movement or dissolution, complexation, sedimentation, etc. So that biological processes can transfer and transport pollutants.

Degree is equal to the speed of physical or chemical action, which constitutes a fast-moving system in the ocean.

(a) Transfer of pollutants through biological movement

Active or passive horizontal movement of organisms can bring pollutants to far places, some of which are thousands of kilometers long, such as fish.

The wandering of species, the migration of seabirds or the fishing of marine life by human beings. This treatment is important for pollutants with long half-lives.

It is estimated that the biomass transported in this way can reach 6.

.

0xlo7t. Polluted plankton can drift in this sea area to a certain extent.

Distance, Sargassum and jellyfish can also carry pollutants over long distances.

The vertical swimming of marine life can vary from several meters (floating) every day.

Sedimentation speed of swimming plants) to the depth of1000m (swimming of deep-sea fish).

The larvae of benthos can also vertically diffuse pollutants at a height of 4000-5000 meters.

It can even move down through different food chains.

Creatures with strong swimming ability, such as squid, can not only travel long distances.

From swimming, but also vertically downstream to deep water, the potential of this biological transfer of pollutants can not be ignored.

(B) the food chain transfer of pollutants

Food chain transmission is an important way to transfer pollutants. Marine organisms can filter food or prey step by step, and can

Pollutants are highly concentrated in organisms with the highest feeding level. As a well-known example, the water in the mouth of Long Island in the United States

The concentration of DDT is. .oo005 mg/L, and the plankton content is 0.04mg/kg, which has passed five trophic levels in the food chain.

When the seagull reached the highest feeding level, its content reached 75.5mg/kg, which was equivalent to 15 10000 times of the concentration in water. Some scavengers

Larvae of benthic fishes and benthic animals can carry pollutants to the upper waters.

Transfer to a higher food chain, so it plays an important role in the redistribution of pollutants.

(3) transfer pollutants through biological deposition

Biological deposition also has a great influence on the migration of pollutants. Benthic animals that eat fecal particles and deposit debris can

Concentrated pollutants are excreted through defecation, molting, oviposition, mucus secretion and foot silk secretion. In addition, biogenesis

Dissolution and exudation of particles, cells or debris and autolysis of corpses can also be transferred to.

Deep water, thus promoting the biogeochemical cycle of pollutants in the submarine boundary layer. Biological particles in sediments and

Debris can also release a variety of pollutants into various water layers, further expanding the scope of pollution. The weight of the above factors.

The importance depends on the production rate, sedimentation rate and pollutant concentration of biological particles and debris. The third issue of Wang Mingjun: Marine Life and Marine Environmental Quality I

(d) Transfer pollutants through microbial degradation.

Another important way for marine organisms to transfer pollutants is to degrade microorganisms in water, especially in sediments.

The toxicity of pollutants is reduced, and the degree of pollution is weakened to non-toxic or self-purification, which accelerates the re-emergence of these substances in the environment.

Recovery and remineralization, because microorganisms have an efficient enzyme system to decompose organic matter or transform heavy metal compounds. For example,

Microorganisms in sediments are the main reason for mercury methylation; Oxidizing bacteria will cause the reducing environment of hydrogen sulfide, thus affecting

The migration and distribution of associated elements in sediments are discussed. Microorganisms can degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as aldrin, dieldrin and

Isodieldrin. Many bacteria, yeasts and molds can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. In addition, microbial populations on sedimentary particles may

It is composed of organisms (filter-feeding animals) and can be used as a carrier of pollutants to enter particulate food and animals that eat particulate matter.

In the food chain, it plays the role of transferring pollutants in the food chain. The feces of these animals also contain

A large number of microorganisms carrying pollutants can further dilute and transfer pollutants through animal feces.

Third, the impact of pollutants on marine life.

、

The pollutants in the ocean are mainly divided into suspended solid nutrients and natural organic matter, including natural aerobic substances such as ammonia.

Substances and heat emissions that are easily degraded by natural circulation of ecosystem; Followed by biological pollutants (including

Bacteria and viruses) are moderately stable in the environment, and the third category is heavy metals, which are higher than natural systems.

More concentration appears, which is very stable for degradation; The fourth category is toxic chemicals, including many synthetic organic substances and radioactive substances.

Quality, they will destroy genetic function, make organisms pathogenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and potentially dangerous. Pollution of marine life

The influencing factors are various and the toxicity mechanism is complex. Here is only a brief introduction from several main aspects.

(a) Effects of pollution on biochemical metabolism of marine organisms

Heavy metals can hinder the oxidation process in biosynthetic pathway, interfere with or change the structure and function of enzymes and DNA, or be related to.

The combination of Ryukyu and biofilm on the protein hinders or destroys the process of material exchange, which not only affects the absorption of nutrients and

Utilization will also affect the decomposition, transformation and discharge of toxic substances. For example, 20mg/L tin can completely inhibit the uneven fishy smell.

Nitrogenase activity of algae. 1 mol drill can inhibit the synthesis of Chlorella protein and RNA. The oil film not only hinders the ocean

The gas exchange on the water surface and the weakening of sunlight affect the oxygen required by marine life and the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, and

Aromatic hydrocarbons can also destroy the chlorophyll of algae. Seawater contains 0.1"g/l of organic mercury, as low as. . . Wang Pin g/L dieldrin

Scientists can inhibit the photosynthesis of phytoplankton. It is worth pointing out that the liver microsomal oxidase system of some marine organisms is harmful to pollution.

Double reaction: on the one hand, the aromatase of this enzyme system is induced by petroleum hydrocarbons, and the enzyme activity is significantly improved, which makes the fish generation

Xie benzo (. ) the reaction speed of aromatic compounds such as dragon is accelerated, the ability to eliminate pollutants is enhanced, and the toxicity to organisms is reduced.

Harm; On the other hand, it can activate some compounds to become highly toxic carcinogens or mutagens, such as the mixture of liver and pancreas in mussels.

Functional oxidase converts cyclophosphamide anticancer substances into marine carcinogens.

(b) Effects of pollution on physiological behaviors of marine organisms

The oil attached to the gill mucosa will make the fish difficult to breathe, lose physiological balance and even suffocate. Marine life is accessible.

Excessive tumbling of water (such as fish) or eating bait leave oil in the intestine, thus anesthetizing animals or causing their cells to die. low-boiling

Petroleum saturated hydrocarbon can interfere, paralyze and damage the motor and positioning nerves of animals, damage the axis and chemoreceptors, and thus destroy the biological tendency.

The function of chemistry and chemical communication changes the swimming route of aquatic organisms, which seriously affects their feeding, gathering, courtship, spawning and avoidance.

Chou He's other behavior. For example, when the concentration of crude oil in seawater is 0.2 mg/L, it can poison the chemical sensation of crab tentacles in the ecliptic for 24 hours.

Make the sound of bait. Pollution can increase the energy consumption of animals and make the oxygen consumption, bait intake and excretion normal, for example, 52 Marine Environmental Science, Volume 7.

For example, 0. 1-50mg/L dieldrin makes it difficult for fiddler crabs to adapt to the environment.

(c) Effects of pollution on the growth and reproduction of marine life

Heavy metals exceeding the closed value reduce the cell division rate or expansion and rupture of phytoplankton, and change the color of pigment body. According to the transfer

It is found that the concentration of heavy metals in the surface layer of the ocean is 1D- 100 times higher than that in the lower water, because it inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and phytoplankton.

Photosynthesis of things reduces the basic productivity of the ocean, which in turn reduces the food source of animals. 0.06 female/liter methylmercury

It can inhibit the growth of Chlorella, and 60mg/L inorganic aluminum can cause the death of Platymonas subcordiformis. Pollution makes the diversity of algae species great.

In order to reduce, the formation of dominant species was prevented. When the oil concentration is 10mg/L, the blood circulation will be blocked and the hair will be damaged.

Abnormal fertility. In addition, due to improper resource development and marine engineering construction, currents, salinity, sediments and bait plankton are caused.

The changes have destroyed the farms and spawning grounds of marine life, which has a great impact on marine aquaculture. For example, the Gulf of Mexico in the United States is due to

This led to the invasion of high salinity seawater into Muli farm and destroyed the spawning ground of brackish water. Because of the predation and occurrence of oyster larvae.

Disease, the yield decreased year by year, and the average yield per mu in 1972 was only 10/945. Therefore, marine pollution contributes to marine life.

The source has brought immeasurable potential harm.

(d) the influence of pollution on the edible value of seafood

When the concentration of oil in water is 0.0 1mg/L, marine organisms can get oily smell within 24 hours and invade the body through gill mucosa.

Then it spreads rapidly through blood circulation. The concentration of oil in seawater is. . Lmg/L, fish and shellfish will be released within 2-3 hours.

Smelly, thus reducing the edible value and reducing the sales of seafood. 1983, after the establishment of Xizhouwan Shipyard in Fujian Province, the ship was unloaded.

A lot of oil pollution makes the oil content of the surrounding seawater far exceed the national standard, even more than 100 times. Cultured kelp and laver

Because of the strong smell, it is difficult to sell, which makes the aquaculture industry in Hui 'an County suffer great economic losses. At present, the coastal areas of China have been built.

Nearly 300 shipbreaking yards (yards) will make coastal aquaculture more serious if they do not pay attention to protecting the marine environment and biological resources.

The destruction of. The accumulation of phenols in marine organisms can also produce unpleasant smells. In addition, the wood is green with copper because of the pollution of copper and zinc.

Green flavor leads to diarrhea after eating, thus reducing the value of goods. The concentrations of copper and zinc in seawater are 0.D2-D.lmg/L and 0 respectively.

0. 1-0.4mg/L is enough to make oysters green. The content of copper and zinc in this kind of oyster meat is 20 times higher than that of normal bats 10.

Moreover, when copper and zinc * * * work together, the toxicity is enhanced.

Industrial sewage will rot kelp and corrode the taste buds of animals. The synergistic effect of high temperature and copper and zinc pollution will cause frogs to cause.

A deadly ulcer epidemic. Because pollution provides rich nutrients for bacteria or bacteria enhance their adaptability to the marine environment, so

Pathogenic microorganisms multiply in large numbers; At the same time, due to the pressure of environmental pollution, the resistance of marine organisms to germs decreases.

Force, leading to marine organisms infected with bacteria or viruses and get sick. For example, 1984 was caught in the south of Beihai and 1985 was caught off the coast of the Netherlands.

Half of the flounder caught is sick, or 40 factories have liver cancer. Recently, nearly 300 kinds of fish with cancer were found in the Hudson River in the United States.

Almost 100 middle-aged and two-year-old fish suffered from liver cancer, and 80 cases of liver cancer also appeared in the clam fish in Heishui River, forcing the authorities to order them not to hang in the river.

Fishing or swimming, it is forbidden to sell fish produced in these rivers, and it is forbidden to drink river water.

(5) Pollution causes a large number of marine life to escape or die.

Marine pollution not only makes marine living resources suffer various hazards or potential impacts, but also brings disasters to marine aquaculture.

The difficulty is greatly reduced. 1962 In the summer, pentachlorophenol applied to farmland was washed into the sea due to heavy rain in Japan, which poisoned shellfish.

Tens of thousands of tons, resulting in a loss of 2.6 billion yen. 1967 "Torre cannon" incident, let the west coast of the English channel 4 1.

65438+ ten thousand seabirds died; At the same time, 500,000 to 900,000 fresh fish eggs were killed, and young fish were almost extinct. 1972 days

A large-scale red tide formed in Hanell: sSp was in this laundry room, 140 fish died. Ten thousand tails, loss of 7 1 100 million.

Japanese yen. /kloc-in August, 2009, a red tide broke out along the coast of New England in the United States, and shellfish alone lost $34 million a week.

On April 5, 1987, a cyanide leakage accident occurred in Maoming City, Guangdong Province, which led to the cyanide compound in the middle and lower reaches of Meijiang River in the third phase. Wang Mingjun: quality of marine life and marine environment I.

It reached 0. 13-0.45mg/L, which was 6-22 times higher than the standard of fishery water use, and 26 species of freshwater fish died, more than 50 tons, causing Meijiang River and its

The sea near the estuary is seriously polluted, and a large number of marine fish, shrimp, shellfish and crabs have also died, and the losses are difficult to estimate.

It should be pointed out that organisms are very sensitive to pollution because of the different toxicity of pollutants and the different sensitivities of various organisms to poisons.

Patience and suffering are also different. For example, the pot has strong resistance to low pH sewage and poor oil resistance.

The tolerance of algae to heavy metals is highly species-specific, and the tolerance to a metal is not automatic.

Resistant to another metal. Of course, there are also examples of multiple tolerance and multiple tolerance. In addition, the affected creatures

It will also gradually enhance its anti-pollution ability due to adaptation. For example, in estuaries with high copper concentration, fucoidan is worse than that in rivers with low copper concentration.

The fucoidan in the mouth area is more tolerant to copper toxicity. Generally speaking, creatures with strong swimming ability and older age are not very fragile, such as benthic animals such as shellfish.

Species, crabs and biological larvae are seriously affected.

To sum up, there is a complex relationship between marine life and marine pollutants, and the deepening of human understanding of it and

Mastering the law of their interaction and influence is a continuous exploration process from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom. protect the ocean

The core issue is to maintain the balance of marine ecosystem, with the aim of protecting marine productivity and ensuring the permanence of marine living resources.

Continue to use and protect human health and welfare. The theory of marine pollution biology and the biggest pollution example have been fully explained.

The scientificity, necessity and inevitability of taking environmental protection as a basic national policy in China and its far-reaching strategic significance.