2. Seeking Wenchuan Historical Text (wèn) Sichuan County is located in the northwest edge of Sichuan Basin, southeast of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, with Pengzhou and Dujiangyan in the east, chongzhou city and Dayi counties in the south, Baoxing and Xiaojin counties in the west, Lixian and Maoxian counties in the northwest and northeast respectively. The county is 84 kilometers wide from east to west and 105 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of 8820 square kilometers.
Weizhou Town, the county seat, is located at the intersection of Minjiang River and Zagunao River in the north of the county seat, with an altitude of 1.325m, surrounded by many mountains such as Chaping Mountain and Qionglai Mountain, 46km away from Chengdu, the provincial capital, and 246km away from Marcand, the state capital. National highways 265, 438+03, 365 and 438+07 pass through the city. 1963 Since the restoration of the county, the county has governed 6 towns and 8 townships, with a total population of11788, including 40057 non-agricultural people. The population of the Qiang nationality is 29,839, accounting for 26.69% of the total population, and it is one of the four counties where the Qiang nationality lives in concentrated communities in China.
The Minjiang River runs through the west of the county seat, with a total length of 88 kilometers, mainly including Zagunao, Yuzixi, Caopo and other rivers, with a drainage area of 1.429 square kilometers. The county is rich in hydropower resources, with theoretical reserves of 3.48 million kilowatts and exploitable capacity of 1.7 million kilowatts. Now it has been developed 1 10,000 kilowatts, with great development potential.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), he moved to Wenchuan County to rule Weizhou in 1952. 1958, Wenchuan County was revoked and merged with Maoxian County and Lixian County to form Mao Wen Qiang Autonomous County.
1963 reset. At the end of 1990, the administrative system of the county was 3 towns 14 townships.
On May, 2008 12 14: 28: 04.0, an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in Wenchuan County. Local customs: Qiang culture here has not been impacted by foreign culture before, so it has basically maintained its original customs and habits at present. It also follows the custom of Qiang boys and girls falling in love and singing folk songs for thousands of years. During the Qiang Festival every year, in the stockade, boys and girls not only sing affectionately, but also dance around the fireplace with the villagers, eating large pieces of meat, drinking homemade rice wine, licking wine, playing Qiang flute, suona, kouxianqin and playing sheepskin drums all night, which is full of lively scenes.
Here, women are called buns, and women generally weave, cook and raise livestock at home. Calling a man a handkerchief means a big deal.
In Qiangzhai during the slack season, men go out to work, women move out of sewing baskets, and embroidered mothers are on the terrace and threshold. Qiang people live in the mountains, near the clouds, and Yun Qi after the rain. Clouds inspired them. They embroider clouds on shoes (including cuffs, skirts, trouser legs and headscarves), step on them, and live by them every step of the way.
Even the men who wear traditional clothes in the stockade wear Yun Yun shoes without exception. Gorgeous and exquisite Yun Yun shoes are very eye-catching against the background of men's blue and black Hanfu, adding tenderness to Wu Ying Qiang men. Qiang people's clothes are mostly made of self-produced linen, commonly known as "linen shirts", or made of cow wool, commonly known as "bamboo shirts", and there are also cloth shirts, mostly blue.
A man wears a belt around his waist, and a woman wears flowers around her waist. She is wearing a sleeveless sheepskin jacket and sandals or "Yun Yun shoes" (Qiang embroidered cloth shoes). Due to external influences, some young Qiang people in Radish Village usually wear Hanfu.
The exquisite embroidery and embroidery skills of the Qiang nationality were popular as early as the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Qiang women in Radish Village have been trained in flower picking and embroidery techniques since childhood, and often engage in activities such as spinning, hemp weaving, flower picking and embroidery after farm work.
They choose flowers and embroidery, one is not proofing and the other is not marking. According to their own ideas, they freely use five-color silk thread and cotton thread to pick and embroider patterns with Qiang characteristics by hand, such as colorful geometric patterns, lifelike flowers and animals.
3. How long has Wenchuan had since the Han Dynasty? Wenjiang, Mianchi, Wenshan and Wenchuan are all named after Minjiang River in China. According to "Yuanhe County Records", Wenchuan County was named after the western water in the county. The ancient "Wen" and "Min" were universal, so Minjiang River was also pronounced as Wenjiang.
In the year of sān (BC 1 1 1), Wenshan County was established in the land of Rangui, which governed five counties, such as Mianchi, and Mianchi was the county. The former site of the county was now Jiangjun City, Weizhou Town. Mianchi County in the Eastern Han Dynasty was changed to Mianchi Road, and Mianchi County in the Western Jin Dynasty was changed to Wenchuan County. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, overseas Chinese in Wenchuan moved their capital to An (now Dujiangyan City) and abandoned Mianchi County. Xiao Liang, located in Mianchi County and Wenchuan County, was a province in the Western Wei Dynasty. In the third year of North China (568), Wenchuan County was restored, and it was still governed by Jiang Weicheng. Until the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, Hanshuiyi (now the seat of Mianchi Township in Wenchuan County) was ruled.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), 1952, he moved to Fenchuan County to administer Weizhou. 1958, Wenchuan County was revoked and merged with Maoxian County and Lixian County to form Mao Wen Qiang Autonomous County. 1963 reset. At the end of 1990, the administrative system of the county was 3 towns 14 townships.
4. Who has the history of the Qiang people in Wenchuan? Two stories about the origin of the crowd, "Mujiezhu and Rebiwa" and "Qiangge War", were originally the collective memory of a group of people: in this way, this group was condensed.
It is unknown how many people shared this social memory in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. However, now these stories are obviously used by Qiang intellectuals and Han scholars in Wenchuan, Maoxian and Lixian to explain the origin of Qiang or Ma.
The resulting Qiang identity is the identity of A Qiang, with the intellectuals in Wenchuan, Maoxian and Lixian as the main body. "Mujiezhu and Rebiwa" and "Qiang War", two stories about the origin of Qiang people, have not yet become the collective memory of all Qiang people including Songpan and Beichuan.
However, through the publication and circulation of various Qiang folk stories and Qiang historical and cultural books, and through school education, the Qiang identity in Qiang villages will one day become the collective memory of all Qiang people. There is a saying in Wenchuan that Geji people later fled to the northern Heishui area and became the ancestors of Heishui people.
An intellectual in Wenchuan said: 1 1. Some people there say that the Geji people are heading for Blackwater. We call Blackwater's life a generous and unreasonable person.
Qiang language is called "peeling Luo Zi", which is unreasonable. Whether it is Tibetan or Qiang, it is black water anyway.
They may be related to Tibetans. Peel, Tubo.
Because they blackwater people have been harmful to this area, to Lixian, to Weizhou and to Mianchi. Mao, Wen and Li are integrated; Further expansion is Songpan and Blackwater.
Beichuan has nothing to do with here, because the water system is different. It can be seen that in the identity system of the Qiang people in Wenchuan, the Qiang people in Maoming, Wenxian and Lixian are the core of the Qiang people, and the Heishui people are excluded.
In a broader sense of Qiang identity, Heishui talents and Songpan people are included in the Qiang nationality together. This reporter, if he doesn't exclude Beichuan people from the Qiang people, at least bless them as Mao, Wen and Li have the farthest relationship with the Qiang people.
This Qiang identity system is also reflected in another story told by Longxi people in Wenchuan: 12. How did people come from? It seems to be about two girls or something. They are married and pregnant.
I was pregnant for more than a year and gave birth to a meatball. They were at the top of the mountain, and the pimple was very fine, so they cut it into several balls and scattered it everywhere.
The next day, there was smoke everywhere, one here and one there. People have just arrived.
Later, the flood flooded people and made Jiugou Jiuzhai salty. Shibuya village has fallen from place to place, and the whole Wenchuan, Lixian and Maoxian counties have become nine ditches and nine villages.
At that time, a village was very big, including Blackwater, and this river may also include it. It can also be seen from here that the distribution of the so-called "Jiugou Jiuzhai" is still centered on Wenchuan, Maoxian and Lixian, followed by Heishui and finally the uncertain Beichuan.
Beichuan Qiang nationality is one of the oldest ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic family of the motherland. The ancient Qiang nationality had a wide and far-reaching influence on the historical development and national development of China.
From the historical legend period, * * * workers ousted hundreds of workers, and only respected Shennong to teach people to cultivate and weave. From Yanhuang to Yu Xia, and then to the formation of the Chinese nation, it is inseparable from the ancient Qiang people. Jia Kui's "Zhou Yu" Note: "* * * Gong surnamed Jiang."
"Taiping Magnolia" said: "Shennong is surnamed Jiang." Jiang is strong.
Historical Records Chronology of Six Kingdoms: Yu, a native of Xiqiang. Taiping Yu Lan quotes Huangfu Mi's Century of the Emperor: "Yi surname, people ... and grew up in Xiqiang, Xiqiang Yi (people) is also".
Qiaozhou's "Shu Ben Ji" said: "People in Guangrou County of this mountain were also born in Shi Niu." Guangrou is in today's Qiang area.
Guangrao County's "Water Classic Note: Foaming Water" wrote: "There is a township in the county, and Yu was born." Today, there are Yu relics and records in Maoxian, Lixian, Wenchuan and Beichuan counties where Qiang people live in compact communities, especially in Yuli Township, Beichuan County.
Most academic circles believe that according to legends and historical records, Yu Cave in Beichuan should be the birthplace of Yu. The famous historian Xu Zhongshu said: "The main tribe in Xia Dynasty was Qiang. According to the legend of Qiang people that has been circulating for 500 years from the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, we have no reason to say that Xia is not a Qiang person. "
(Xu Zhongshu: The patriarchal clan system and its relatives in ancient China. See Journal of Sichuan University,No. 1980,No. 1. Therefore, the contribution of the ancient Qiang people to the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China, is well documented.
The ancient Qiang people mainly lived in the vast area of northwest China, and most of the Qiang people who migrated to the Central Plains were from China. Today, the Yellow River, Huangshui River, Taohe River, Datong River and the upper reaches of Minjiang River in Gansu and Qinghai are the activity centers of the ancient Qiang people.
During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the ancient Qiang people had many tribes, such as "Northern Qiang" and "Ma Qiang", and lived a nomadic life with no fixed place. Some Qiang people were engaged in agricultural production. (Xu Zhongshu: Essays on Slavery and Feudalism in China by Stages, p. 27. )
Qiang nationality was a "square country" in Yin and Shang Dynasties. In Shang Dynasty, Qiang leaders also held official positions. In Wuding period, Qiang Ke and Qiang Li were sacrificial officials in Shang Dynasty.
(History of Qiang Nationality, Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House, 1985), p. 27. The Book of Songs: "Once upon a time, there was a soup. I was A Qiang, so I didn't dare to enjoy it or come to the king ...", which praised the prosperity of the Yin Dynasty and reflected the close relationship between the Qiang people and the Yin Dynasty.
The relationship between Zhou people and Qiang people is closer. Zhang's On Caste says: "Qiang people are".
Fu Sinian's Jiangyuan said: "It should be a branch of Jiang's surname, or two branches of a larger family." The legendary ancestor Jiang Yuan was the daughter of the Jiang tribe, and it should be two intermarried tribes.
Zhou's alliance with Jiang and Qiang was an important condition for the king of Wu to destroy the business. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, some Qiang people named Jiang were enfeoffed to the Central Plains, such as Qi State in Shandong Province today. )
Shen, Lu and Xu were divided into Xuchang and Nanyang, Henan, all of which were countries with Jiang surname. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, this part of the Qiang people who entered the Central Plains last week was called Jiang, and they have basically merged with the Huaxia people and become an important part of the Huaxia people.
After Zhou Pingwang moved eastward, some of them were Qiang people.
5. Wenchuan is one of the most serious earthquakes in history and the earthquake with the largest number of casualties in the world: 1556, a major earthquake occurred in Guanzhong area of China, killing more than 850,000 people and affecting 7 provinces, 21/county.
◆ The worst earthquake in the world: On February 26th, 65438, the biggest earthquake occurred in the waters near Sumatra Island in Indonesia in 40 years, which triggered a tsunami, killing nearly 250,000 people and causing tens of billions of dollars in economic losses.
◆ The earliest recorded earthquake in China: China Yaoshun era (23rd century BC), Zhou Pu (now Zhou Pu) earthquake.
◆ The earthquake that caused the biggest fire in the world: 1, the Kanto earthquake of magnitude 8.3 in September, 0923, in which 366,000 houses in Tokyo were burned, and there were many wooden houses there.140,000 people died and their whereabouts were unknown, most of them died in the fire caused by the earthquake; In Yokosuka, 35,000 houses were burned down; In Yokohama, 58,000 houses were burned down.
◆ Earthquake that caused the biggest flood in China: 1, an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 occurred in the south of Kangding, China in June, 65438. The Dadu River was cut off due to landslide, and it burst after 10, causing a catastrophic flood, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths.
◆ The biggest earthquake in the history of the world: an earthquake with magnitude of 8.9 occurred in Chile 1960 in South America at 09: 00 on May 22nd. Since May of February1year, there have been 225 earthquakes in succession, three of which exceeded magnitude 8, and 10 exceeded magnitude 7. Its scale and energy release are rare. 654.38+0.4 million people died.
◆ The first earthquake successfully predicted in the world and achieved obvious disaster reduction effect: On February 4th, Chinese seismologists successfully predicted the Haicheng earthquake with the magnitude of 1975.
◆ Which earthquake in the world is not only the first in magnitude and rupture length, but also the most harmful earthquake and tsunami? 1960 May 22nd 19: 00, occurred in Chile, South America 1 1, with a magnitude of 8.9. The scale is about 9.5(MW), which is the largest earthquake in this century. The tsunami triggered by this earthquake once hit the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan, with a height of 6 meters, causing more than 1000 casualties or missing. The fault rupture length of this earthquake is about 1000 m, which is still the highest in the world since the instrument record.
Inventor of the world's first seismograph: The world's first seismograph (Hou Feng seismograph) was invented by Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and recorded the Longxi earthquake in 138.
◆ The earliest self-built seismic network and seismic telemetry network in China: 1930 The first seismic station in China, Jiu Feng Seismic Station in Xishan, Beijing, was built under the auspices of Mr. Li Shanbang and Mr. Qin Xinling. 1937 The observation stopped after the Japanese invaders launched the war of aggression against China. 1966 Beijing Telemetry Network has built 8 substations.
◆ What was the most widespread earthquake in China history? The most extensive earthquake in China's history was1920+8.5 earthquake that occurred in Haiyuan, Ningxia in February 2006, with a focal depth of 17 km. The earthquake affected Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian 18 provinces, cities and autonomous regions. The sensing area exceeds 2.5 million square kilometers, accounting for about a quarter of the total land area of China.
◆ What is the worst earthquake landslide in the history of China? It is a landslide caused by 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake in Ningxia. In the extreme earthquake zone, the amount of landslides caused by earthquakes is too large to be counted! Only within 65km of the periphery, the landslide area reaches 3 1 km2. There are 503 landslides in Huining, Jingning, Longde and Jingyuan counties. A landslide as long as 5500 meters has been formed in Shibeiyuan, Guyuan. In the upper reaches of Huining Xiangyi River, landslides blocked the 2500-meter-long reach of Xianghe River, forming an earthquake-stricken lake in the upper reaches.
◆ Which earthquake caused the greatest damage to the lake noise? Just like the mechanism of earthquakes and tsunamis, if an earthquake occurs at the bottom or shore of a lake, it will cause a lake roar. According to modern data, the biggest earthquake in China was the Jianchuan earthquake+19565438 with a magnitude of 6.3 on February 23rd, 2000. During the earthquake, the waves in Jianhu Lake were as high as 4-5 feet, and the maximum was 1 km.
◆ What is the biggest earthquake fire in the history of our country? Earthquake fire is one of the most important secondary disasters. According to the records, the longest extension of earthquake fire occurred in Batang 1870, 1 1 in Sichuan, with a magnitude of 7.25. During the morning 10 earthquake, residents were cooking with a fire. The earthquake caused the house to collapse, and the fire lasted for a week, which was the longest earthquake fire.
6. Historical earthquake data of Wenchuan, Sichuan1Qionglai earthquake in August, 900 (July, 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), Yingjing and Qianwei had some thoughts.
On August 30, 2008 (July 24, 30th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), an earthquake of magnitude 7 or above occurred in Daofu, and most houses collapsed within 200 miles along the way. On July 30th, the second day of August, the earthquake struck again.
1905165438+10.8 (October 12th, 31st year of Guangxu reign of Qing dynasty) Zigong earthquake, Yibin earthquake, ten-day aftershock/kloc-0.9 times.
Since 1949, there have been three earthquakes of magnitude above 7 in Sichuan: on April 1955, an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred in Kangding. 1February 6, 973, the magnitude 7.9 Luhuo earthquake affected an area of about 6,000 square kilometers, of which the disaster was serious within 2,000 square kilometers. 1976 August 16, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred in Songpan.
7. The origin of Wenchuan earthquake. The concrete mechanism of this earthquake is mainly compression at first, and strike-slip energy may be released at the end of the earthquake.
There has been no strong earthquake in Sichuan for a long time. In the words of the industry, it is called lack of earthquake, which means lack of strong earthquake. According to historical experience, the longer the lack of time, the greater the possibility of future (strong earthquake). Although it seems that the tectonic activity in Longmenshan area is not strong, it may be in the process of stress accumulation. To a certain extent, the earth's crust will break and earthquakes will occur.
In earthquake prediction, developed countries such as the United States and Japan are not more advanced than us. Their advancement lies in the safety of building fortification, and the location and magnitude can be determined quite quickly after the earthquake.
The earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale that shocked the whole country started on May 20th, Beijing time 12, and its focal point was Wenchuan County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with the same magnitude as the Tangshan earthquake 32 years ago. The earthquake was felt all over the country except Jilin, Heilongjiang and Xinjiang.
According to experts' estimation, the epicenter intensity is about 10 degree, which is in shallow earthquakes and the depth is about 10 km. Some experts have said that the energy released by this earthquake is comparable to 400 Hiroshima atomic bombs. As of press time, there have been more than 2,000 aftershocks, with aftershocks of magnitude 5 or above 14. The largest aftershock was magnitude 6.5, which occurred in Gansu, and magnitude 6. 1 aftershock occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan.
Why did such a big earthquake happen? The public is generally concerned about why such a big earthquake happened in Wenchuan. Generally speaking, Wenchuan is located in the North-South seismic belt, a major seismic belt in China. Experts from the Seismological Bureau of China believe that due to the great differences in geological distribution, crustal thickness and crustal movement speed between the east and the west of China, the earthquake occurred in the zone with the greatest difference between the east and the west, that is, the North-South seismic zone, which includes from Ningxia to Yunnan via eastern Gansu and western Sichuan, which is an earthquake-intensive zone.
The macro explanation is that "the Indian Ocean plate collided with the Eurasian plate from south to north, and the collision zone arched the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Professor Ni Sidao from the School of Earth and Space Sciences of China University of Science and Technology told Southern Weekend reporter, "The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rising, but it is also moving to the northeast, squeezing the Sichuan Basin to slide to the northeast. The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau."
Ni Sidao said that the specific mechanism of the earthquake is squeezing. "At the beginning, it was mainly squeezing, and there may be a slip of energy release at the end of the earthquake." Ni Sidao said that the Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in the center of Longmen Mountain in western Sichuan, and was located on the Wenchuan-Mao Wen fault zone.
Erchie Wang, a researcher at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of China Academy of Sciences, said that the Sichuan Basin is a relatively stable block. According to historical records, although there was no major earthquake in the main body of Longmen Mountain, there was a strong earthquake in Songpan in the north of the last century.
Therefore, although the Longmenshan area seems to have weak tectonic activity, it may be in the process of stress accumulation. When the stress accumulates to a certain extent, the crust will break and an earthquake will occur. However, Erchie Wang also said that at present, we don't know the mechanism of this earthquake, and we don't know whether it was caused by the compression, extension or horizontal strike-slip of the earth's crust.
To Xiaoli, Wenchuan is in the Longmenshan earthquake zone in Sichuan. Longmenshan is the intersection of the new uplift plate and the old Yunnan-Sichuan plate. Seen from this angle, this place is an earthquake-prone area.
According to the Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in China compiled by Forecast Management Office of Monitoring and Forecasting Department of Seismological Bureau of China 1999 in September, there were 8 earthquakes with magnitude above 7 1800 in Sichuan, among which 8 earthquakes with magnitude above 7 occurred since1800. An earthquake of magnitude 7.6 occurred in Luhuo, Sichuan in June of 5438+0973, and an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred in Songpan-Pingwu, Sichuan three years later.
In 2002, Chen Xuezhong, a researcher at the Institute of Geophysics, Seismological Bureau of China, analyzed the risk of earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above in Sichuan Province: "There has been no strong earthquake in Sichuan for a long time. In the words of the industry, it is called no earthquake, which means there is no strong earthquake. According to historical experience, the longer the absence, the more likely it will happen in the future. This is a qualitative estimate. "
In this context, Chen Xuezhong studied the earthquake risk in Sichuan, and found that historically, there was a strong earthquake of about 8 years before a strong earthquake of magnitude 7 or above occurred in Sichuan. According to this phenomenon, an earthquake of magnitude 8. 1 occurred in Kunlun Mountain in 200 1 year. If this rule continues, this kind of earthquake will happen in Sichuan in a few years. Surface waves have a great influence on high-rise buildings. Zhang Guomin, a researcher at the Institute of Earthquake Prediction of the Seismological Bureau of China, told this reporter that the Wenchuan earthquake belongs to shallow earthquakes and has great destructive power.
Earthquakes can be divided into shallow earthquakes, moderate earthquakes and deep earthquakes according to focal depth. Shallow earthquakes mostly occurs at a depth of more than 30 kilometers below the surface, accounting for more than 70% of the total number of earthquakes, and the released seismic energy accounts for 85% of the total released energy. It is the main producer of earthquake disasters and has the greatest impact on human beings.
In seismology, the higher the magnitude, the greater the destructive power. The magnitude of Wenchuan earthquake is 7.8, and the destructive power in the epicenter area is about 10 degree, which will cause disasters such as house collapse, geological landslide and ground fissure.
At present, there is no detailed data about the earthquake and the distribution table of earthquake intensity reflecting the destructive power of the earthquake (the US Geological Survey published a rough distribution map of earthquake intensity on its website, which was obtained without field investigation). Chen Changlin from the Seismological Bureau of China told the reporter that after two days, the earthquake intensity distribution table was estimated to be 1.
The relevant expert group has arrived in Wenchuan and the investigation has started. Fortunately, although the earthquake intensity is the same as the Tangshan earthquake 32 years ago, it seems that the loss should be smaller than the Tangshan earthquake now.
1976 Tangshan earthquake is the biggest natural disaster since the founding of the People's Republic of China, causing 240,000 deaths. At that time, the epicenter was below the central area of the city, which was a direct earthquake in the city, so the damage was very serious.
There are no big cities near the epicenter of this Wenchuan earthquake, and the local population is a little more than 65,438+10,000, which is sparsely distributed. Most polar seismic belts, including Wenchuan County, are about 200 kilometers long and 10 kilometers wide.