Abbreviation is a kind of writing training that compresses and refines long articles into shorter articles according to certain requirements under the condition that the central idea and main content remain unchanged. Abbreviation is not only a training form to cultivate writing ability, but also a good way to cultivate reading ability, analytical ability and generalization ability. Let's explain several specific problems of abbreviations: (1) Basic requirements for abbreviations ① Abbreviations should be in the original order. (2) Abbreviations should be detailed, key parts should be detailed, and minor parts should be abbreviated. ③ Abbreviations should keep the integrity of the article. Abbreviations are different from modifying articles and removing redundant parts, and they are also different from excerpts. Instead, it should be condensed into the required articles according to different purposes and requirements. Specifically, we should be faithful to the central meaning of the original text and not deviate from the theme; Be faithful to the genre and structure of the original text and maintain its basic style; We should grasp the key points and extract the essence from the rough; Language should be concise and fluent. (2) General Steps of Abbreviation ① Abbreviation should strive to make the central idea and main content of the abbreviated article consistent with the original text. To do this, we should read the original text carefully before abbreviation, clarify the structure of the article, grasp the main points of the content and grasp the central idea of the article. Specifically, I know the origin, development and ending of the events recorded in the original text like the back of my hand; Understand the character, words and deeds, status and role in the event; The detailed arrangement of the original text and the hierarchical order of paragraphs should be very clear. (2) According to the central idea of the article, determine what to keep, and what to merge and delete. Because some places cannot be directly connected after deletion, it is necessary to reconsider the connection between the preceding and following sentences. Abbreviation is more important than narration and generalization. We should summarize the specific content, such as the dialogue and psychological activities of the characters, into several narratives, keep the main plot and keywords of the original text, or delete the secondary content, or make a general narrative. For example, modified, restrictive statements and transitional statements can be compressed or deleted; The description of non-key parts and the dialogue of non-main characters can be deleted, or only briefly described; You can merge or delete sketched parts without affecting the development of the story and explaining the plot. ③ When abbreviating, try to quote the original sentences, especially the key words and accurate and vivid words in the original; After deletion, some sentences are rewritten according to whether the tones are connected and whether the logical relationship between sentences is close. (4) Compare the abbreviation with the original to see whether the main content is retained, whether the meaning is accurate and complete, whether the sentence is fluent, and whether the tone and semantics are connected. (3) Abbreviation methods and skills Abbreviation should do two things: First, shorten the length; The second is to make appropriate rewriting. Some key contents can be properly retained, some can be rewritten, some can be summarized, some can be deleted, and some can be ignored. The specific methods are as follows: ① Extraction method. Grasp the center and main points of the original text, mainly extract the important sentences of the original text, appropriately increase the cohesive language and link them into words. Abbreviated narrative can extract important sentences about time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things. Concise argumentation can extract the central argument and sub-argument of the original text and retain the main argument. Secondary examples, quotations, etc. , some can be omitted, and some can be extracted from it. Abbreviation can extract more parts that can best explain the main characteristics of things, and minor problems and parts that have little to do with the essential characteristics of things can be extracted or not recorded. ② deletion method. The basic principle of deletion is to delete the secondary part and keep the main part. Read through the original text before abbreviation, grasp the center, prioritize and grasp the key points, and consider what to delete and what to leave as a benchmark. Sentence abbreviation, single sentence deletion to retain the main components; Delete clauses that are still emphasized in complex sentences. Paragraph abbreviations keep central sentences and key sentences. Narrative, you can delete minor characters, minor plots, non-key details, as well as some descriptive and rendering languages. Explanatory text can delete some repetitive examples, descriptions and argumentative words, delete those decorative languages, narratives and minor details that do not directly affect the explanatory object, and retain the characteristics and essence of things; Repeated analysis, minor cases and critical papers can be deleted from argumentative papers. ③ Generalization method. Through induction and summary, the relevant paragraphs about explanation and narration in the original text are connected into several concise sentences or even one sentence. For example, the specific description in the narrative is changed into a general description, and the detailed description is compressed into a general description; Specific quotations in argumentative essays are reduced to general quotations, and factual arguments are changed from specific narratives to summaries. You can also shrink paragraphs into sentences, long sentences into short sentences, and lyric sentences into general declarative sentences. The above methods can be used in combination. It is necessary to keep the wonderful sentences, sentences reflecting opinions or central sentences in the original text as much as possible in the abbreviated article, so as to achieve complete structure, clear center and fluent language, especially to make the reserved parts and the changed parts naturally match. You can't change the genre of the original text, disrupt the order of the original text, reorganize the material, and you can't play it at will. Please abbreviate it into a short essay with a self-made title. The number of words is around 500. During the summer vacation, the newspaper delivery to my family was replaced by a boy of seventeen or eighteen. My family lives on the sixth floor. Every morning after 8 o'clock, there are soft footsteps coming from upstairs. Rain or shine, he will come on time. When the door was not open, he gently stuffed the newspaper into the newspaper tube. With the door left unlocked, he would politely shout, "Teacher Wan, here comes the newspaper!" " "I once chatted with him and learned that he got up at 5 o'clock every morning and delivered newspapers to more than 200 families every day, all of whom were building residents. He climbs 18000 steps every day. The sun is like fire, and the newspaper delivery boy rides his bike across the street sweating every day. Early in the morning, his short-sleeved shirt was soaked to a great extent, but his bell was playing happily. Xiao Yuan's face shone with big clear eyes, and he smiled shyly at everyone. His life seems carefree. One day in late July, when the teenager delivered the newspaper, he said to me, "Today's newspaper published the college entrance examination scores! "I said thank you. The boy went downstairs. At this time, my son jumped out of bed, took the newspaper and flipped through it. He said happily, "Mom, I can go to the University of Posts and Telecommunications!" " "I am not only happy, but also very dissatisfied with my son's attitude. It's past 8: 00. I'm still wearing pajamas, and the air conditioner in my bedroom is still buzzing. Almost every day, I wake up and wash my face after a long time. Then, I turned on the TV, sat on the sofa and drank milk, constantly changing TV channels ... I said, "You can have a rest after the college entrance examination, but you can't sleep late like this every day." Whether a young man is promising depends on whether he can get up early! " The son said disdainfully, "Your idea is out of date!" I said, "Look at the newspaper delivery boy who gets up at 5 o'clock every day!" " The son laughed even more arrogantly: "What does he do?" What should I do? I am the darling of the first generation in the new century. I entered the university, I still have to study for a master's degree and a doctor's degree, and I have to study abroad! "On a rainy day, the newspaper boy was late for the first time. At 9: 30 in the morning, he appeared at my door. His clothes are soaked like a drowned rat. There is a piece of blood on his elbow, and the corner of the newspaper is wet. He muttered like a child who had done something wrong: "I'm sorry, I fell down, my bike couldn't turn, and even the newspaper was wet ..." I just said "Never mind", and my son grabbed the newspaper and slammed it: "I can't stand this one! "While escorting, I pushed my son into the room. In a blink of an eye, at the end of August, my son received the admission notice from the University of Posts and Telecommunications, happily checked his schoolbag and prepared for school. Just after 8 o'clock this day, the boy who delivered the newspaper appeared at the door on time. After he handed me the newspaper, he smiled and said, "Mr. Wan, from tomorrow on, this newspaper will be given by my father." I asked casually, "What about you? "The boy said," I have been admitted to Peking University and will go to school tomorrow. "I'm so surprised that I don't know what to say," the boy added. My father is a laid-off worker and his health is not very good. Please forgive me for being late in the future! " The boy bowed deeply to me and went downstairs. During the summer vacation, the newspaper delivery to my family was replaced by a boy of seventeen or eighteen. My family lives on the sixth floor. Every morning after 8 o'clock, there are soft footsteps coming from upstairs. Rain or shine, he will come on time. When the door was not open, he gently stuffed the newspaper into the newspaper tube. With the door left unlocked, he would politely shout, "Teacher Wan, the newspaper is here!" " "I once chatted with him and learned that he got up at 5 o'clock every morning and delivered newspapers to more than 200 families every day, all of whom were building residents. He climbs 18000 steps every day. The sun is like fire, and the newspaper delivery boy rides his bike across the street sweating every day. Early in the morning, his short-sleeved shirt was soaked to a great extent, but his bell was playing happily. Xiao Yuan's face shone with big clear eyes, and he smiled shyly at everyone. His life seems carefree. One day in late July, when the teenager delivered the newspaper, he said to me, "Today's newspaper published the college entrance examination scores!" " I said thank you. The boy went downstairs. At this time, my son jumped out of bed, took the newspaper and flipped through it. He said happily, "Mom, I can go to the University of Posts and Telecommunications!" " "I am not only happy, but also very dissatisfied with my son's manner. It's past 8: 00. I'm still wearing pajamas, and the air conditioner in my bedroom is still buzzing. Almost every day, I wake up and wash my face after a long time. Then, I turned on the TV, sat on the sofa and drank milk, constantly changing TV channels ... I said, "You can have a rest after the college entrance examination, but you can't sleep late like this every day." Whether a young man is promising depends on whether he can get up early! " The son said disdainfully, "Your idea is out of date!" I said, "Look at the newspaper delivery boy who gets up at 5 o'clock every day! ""The son laughed even more arrogantly: "What does he do? What should I do? I am the darling of the first generation in the new century. I have been admitted to the university, and I have to study for a master's degree and a doctor's degree, and I have to study abroad! On a rainy day, the newspaper delivery boy was late for the first time. At 9: 30 in the morning, he appeared at my door. His clothes are soaked like a drowned rat. There is a piece of blood on his elbow, and the corner of the newspaper is wet. He muttered like a child who had done something wrong: "I'm sorry, I fell down, my bike couldn't turn, and even the newspaper was wet ..." I just said "Never mind", and my son grabbed the newspaper and slammed it: "I can't stand this one!" While escorting, I pushed my son into the room. In a blink of an eye, at the end of August, my son received the admission notice from the University of Posts and Telecommunications, happily checked his schoolbag and prepared for school. Just after 8 o'clock this day, the boy who delivered the newspaper appeared at the door on time. After he handed me the newspaper, he smiled and said, "Mr. Wan, from tomorrow on, this newspaper will be given by my father." I asked casually, "What about you?" The boy said, "I have been admitted to Peking University and will go to school tomorrow." I was too surprised to know what to say, the boy added; "My dad is a laid-off worker, the body is not very good. Please forgive me for being late in the future! " The boy bowed deeply to me and then went downstairs. Note: The underlined part of the text should be rewritten; Shaded parts should be deleted; Unmarked parts are retained. During the summer vacation, the newspaper delivery to my family was replaced by a boy of seventeen or eighteen. Rain or shine, he will come on time. I once chatted with him and learned that he got up at 5 o'clock every morning and delivered newspapers to more than 200 families every day, all of whom were residents of the building. He climbs 18000 steps every day. Sweat on sunny days and sweat on rainy days, but he smiles every day and seems to live a carefree life. One day in late July, when the teenager delivered the newspaper, he said to me, "Today's newspaper published the college entrance examination scores!" " When the son heard the sound, he jumped out of bed, took the newspaper and flipped through it. He said happily, "Mom, I can go to the University of Posts and Telecommunications!" " "I am not only happy, but also very dissatisfied with my son's manner. I said, "Look at the newspaper delivery boy who gets up at 5 o'clock every day! ""The son laughed even more arrogantly: "What does he do? What should I do? On a rainy day, the newspaper delivery boy was late for the first time. He came to my door and said apologetically, "I fell down and came late." Seeing that a corner of the newspaper he handed me was wet, my son said unhappily, "What's wrong with you!" " "In a blink of an eye, at the end of August, my son received an admission notice from the University of Posts and Telecommunications, and happily checked his schoolbag and prepared for school. Just after 8 o'clock this day, the boy who delivered the newspaper appeared at the door on time. After he handed me the newspaper, he smiled and said, "Mr. Wan, from tomorrow on, this newspaper will be given by my father." I asked casually, "What about you? "The boy said," I have been admitted to Peking University and will go to school tomorrow. "I'm so surprised that I don't know what to say," the boy added. My father is a laid-off worker and his health is not very good. Please forgive me for being late in the future! " The boy bowed deeply to me and went downstairs. Writing instructions: the specific operation method of abbreviation is five words: delete, leave, shrink, merge and change. "Delete": delete some content that has nothing to do with the center or has little to do with it. "Leave": that is, leave the main contents, important plots or keywords of the original text. "Abbreviation" refers to unnecessary modifiers, the deletion of restrictive words and the shortening of sentences in the original text. Combination ":that is, combining relevant paragraphs in the original text." "Change": Write out unimportant things in the original text in popular language.