(Combined with the writing process)

The basic process of writing: collection-conception-expression-evaluation.

The particularity of practical writing process: defining writing tasks-obtaining writing materials-choosing writing methods-drafting-revising.

Basic writing studies summarize the writing process into four links: collection, conception, expression and evaluation, which are called "four links of writing". Applied writing belongs to a branch of writing. On the one hand, it should follow the "four-ring" operation order, on the other hand, it has its own particularity different from the basic writing process.

The essence of applied style is a tool to deal with specific affairs, which determines the particularity of the process of applied writing, which is first manifested in the special motivation of applied writing. Writing motivation is the driving force to promote the beginning and maintenance of writing activities. The motivation of literary creation is the author's desire to express after in-depth observation and thinking about life, and it is a strong psychological impulse not to express his unhappiness. The writing motivation of applied style comes from the actual need to solve specific affairs in work and life.

The particularity of the application writing process is also manifested in the selection of materials, structural layout, drafting, expression and modification. The materials of practical writing must be completely true, and they cannot be made up and imagined out of thin air like literary creation. Practical style is a formatted and patterned style, so when designing its structure, we should not pursue innovation like literary works, but choose a suitable writing mode from the existing ones according to the writing requirements. The drafting and revision of literary works are mostly done by the author himself, while the drafting and revision of applied styles often rely on the collective strength and go through complicated procedures, which is particularly prominent in administrative documents.

According to the above analysis, the process of practical writing is described as follows: the actual needs of uploading, exchanging information, coordinating work and communicating feelings in work or life form a writing task in the author's mind, and the writing task is transformed into the theme of the article. According to the needs of the theme, collect writing materials, choose the appropriate writing mode according to the needs of the theme and the purpose of writing, and then draw up the appropriate mode and modify it. This process can be simplified to the following flowchart:

First, refine the main idea

(A summary of the theme of the applied style

1, meaning and characteristics of applied stylistic theme

The main purpose of applied style is the author's point of view, attitude or measures or schemes to solve the problems involved in the text. Due to the different writing needs and literary characteristics, the theme of applied style has many forms of expression, which may be an indication, such as reply, instruction, decision and so on. May be a wish and request, such as instructions, reports and other documents and litigation documents; It may be something that needs to be known, such as informative notices and announcements. ; It may be a summary of experience, such as summary, typical materials, etc. It may be an agreement to be observed, such as an agreement, contract, etc.

Compared with literary works, the formation of the theme of applied style pays attention to "intention before writing", which has been produced before writing and cannot be changed in the process of writing, with certainty and stability; The theme extraction of applied style is mainly based on the objective needs of work affairs, rather than the author's personal emotional expression and opinion expression, which is objective and directional; The refinement of the theme of applied style is often the result of the wisdom of leaders and authors, not necessarily the author's personal thinking, but a group and limited.

2. Orientation of applied stylistic theme.

The theme is the center of an article and the main embodiment of the author's intention, so the correctness of the theme directly determines the success or failure of the article. As far as applied style is concerned, because the theme must be the first, the refinement of the theme is more important in the writing process than in literary creation. The theme is the "soul" and "commander in chief" of practical writing.

The so-called "soul" means that the theme clearly expresses the author's writing intention, explains the reason and purpose of the formation of a practical article, and is the main way to convey the intention of the issuing authority or the author; The theme runs through the whole paper, and everything must be carried out around the theme; The theme determines the value of the whole article, and the value of applied style depends on whether it helps to solve problems. Correct and distinctive themes can easily solve problems, and wrong themes can lead people astray and lead to work mistakes.

The so-called "commander in chief" is mainly manifested in the restriction and influence of the theme on other elements of the article. The theme of a practical article plays a guiding role in the selection of materials, the arrangement of structure and the modification of language. Specifically, the theme of applied style is the basic basis for the author to collect and sort out materials, the important support for arranging the structure of the article and determining the writing style, and the fundamental starting point for choosing the expression mode. For example, if an organ wants to praise good people and deeds, if its main purpose is to present the facts of good people and deeds without any qualitative analysis, it will often choose the language of "notice"; If its main purpose is to introduce facts and call on people to learn from the praised, then choose the "notice" language; If its main purpose is to give certain honors and certain material rewards to the commended, most of them use the language of "decision". The above only points out the "leading" role of theme in literary genre selection, as do other elements.

3. The theme requirements of the applied style

First of all, based on the practicality of practical writing and the particularity of its clients, the main purpose of practical writing requires legality, agreement and feasibility. Before writing, the author should fully understand the relevant laws and policies to ensure that the main idea of the article conforms to laws and norms and is consistent with the policies of the party and government organs of the state; It is necessary to understand the intention of leaders and ensure that the theme of the article accurately reflects the intention of the issuing organ and the author; It is necessary to understand the actual situation, existing problems and difficulties in handling outstanding matters, and ensure that the main idea of the article conforms to objective reality and objective laws; It is necessary to consult the opinions and suggestions of the masses, refer to precedents and long-term accumulated experience, and ensure that the main idea of the article and the relevant measures determined according to the main idea are feasible.

Secondly, from the general requirements of writing on the theme, the theme of practical writing should be accurate, profound, distinctive, direct and single-centered. Of course, to apply these general requirements to practical writing, we must also consider the particularity of practical writing.

First, it is accurate and profound. The so-called accuracy means that the main idea of a practical article must properly express the intention of the issuing authority or the author. The author should first clearly grasp the intention of the leader, understand the nature of the affairs to be handled, understand the scope and object of the article, and clarify the main theme of the article, and then extract the correct theme to prevent the situation of "lack of meaning" and avoid the disconnection between the main theme and the main content of the article. The so-called profound, is to look at the problem with depth and height. The author of practical articles should learn to deepen the main idea of the article and improve it appropriately on the basis of correctly refining the main idea. The author should pay attention to reality, be good at thinking, and establish the main idea from the height of situation, reform and development in order to improve the theoretical height of the article. Of course, to deepen the theme, we should also pay attention to reality, not go to extremes, deliberately seek novelty and novelty, and avoid "false", "big" and "empty" phenomena.

Second, clear and direct. The charm of literary works lies in that it can guide readers to understand the meaning and connotation of the works in reading, so as to obtain a kind of temperament cultivation and aesthetic enjoyment. Therefore, the authors of literary works often indicate the theme by hinting or simply not revealing the theme, which is why there is a literary phenomenon of "a thousand readers, a thousand Hamlets". But in practical writing, this is a big taboo. The direct application of practical writing value puts forward corresponding requirements for the theme, structure, language and timeliness of practical writing. To get rid of ambiguity and obscurity, the main idea of practical writing must be clear and direct, which requires the author to come straight to the point, directly point out the main idea and eliminate the readers' understanding obstacles; The author is also required to explain the problem clearly, avoid beating around the bush and procrastinating in writing, so that readers can quickly grasp the key points, correctly implement government decrees, successfully complete tasks and improve the actual work.

Third, single concentration. The Measures for Handling Official Documents of State Administrative Organs clearly stipulates that all official documents must follow the principle of "one article and one thing", which is not only applicable to administrative official documents, but also to other types of applied styles. The purpose of practical articles is to achieve "one article and one purpose", which requires the author to establish a single purpose, to make the meaning clear around the main idea of the article, to distinguish between primary and secondary, to avoid covering all aspects, and to make uniform efforts so that readers can respond to key points or deal with to-do items.

(B) the process of refining the theme of applied style

How to refine the gist of practical writing? Before figuring out this problem, we must first figure out the source of the theme, so as to trace back to the source and grasp the essence of refining the theme in essence. Generally speaking, the motivation of applied writing activities is the need of life and work, which needs to be transformed into a writing task, and the author will refine the theme according to the task. Next, the process of topic extraction will be described from three aspects: writing motivation, writing demand and writing task.

1, the motivation of applied writing

(1) The difference between applied writing motivation and literary creation motivation

Writing motivation refers to the internal and external motivation that drives the author to write. Without motivation, there is no beginning of writing activities, and there is no achievement in writing. Practical writing, like literary creation, is a writing activity, but the categories are different, so both of them have their origins, but there are great differences.

First of all, they have different needs. From the psychological point of view, all behaviors are driven by certain needs, and literary creation and applied writing are the products of needs. Literary creation comes from the collision between the real world and the author's inner world, and it is the product of the contradiction between real life and the author's inner meaning. The motivation of literary writing is to record experiences, to convey thoughts, express feelings, show the writer's aesthetic world and communicate aesthetic feelings with readers. Intrinsic motivation plays a leading role in literary creation. Only when the emotional tension in the author's heart reaches a certain level can he express his creative desire. Therefore, literary works are the author's artistic processing of real life, which originates from life and is higher than life. In contrast, the motivation of practical writing mainly comes from external motivation, not the author's subjective world. The demand of the real world is the power source of practical writing, and practical writing is a direct reflection of real life. This is easy to understand from the nature and function of practical articles. Practicality is the essential attribute that distinguishes practical style from other styles. The role of practical writing is reflected in the specific affairs that directly affect work and life. The writing process of each practical writing is a process of completing a specific task. If there are no external specific transaction requirements, there will be no practical text. In other words, a practical article with profound thoughts, rich feelings, complete structure and fluent language, if it can't meet the needs of objective reality and play a role in specific affairs, then no matter how well it is written, it is unqualified.

Secondly, the directionality of the two motives is different. The writing orientation here mainly refers to the object, theme and structure of writing. The motivation of writing is generated, and the direction of writing is clear. The objects of literary creation are diverse, which can point to micro objects such as a person, a mood, an encounter, and macro objects such as an era, a society, and a nation. It can point to real objects or fictional objects. Therefore, its subject matter is relatively complex and its structure is changeable, with novelty and uniqueness as the best. The object of practical writing is relatively simple, it must be true and reliable, with clear pertinence and authenticity, and most of them point to specific affairs or problems. Its theme is single and distinct, and its structure presents the characteristics of standardization and model.

Third, the timeliness of the two motives is different. Aesthetics belongs to the category of ideology and can cross the barriers of time and space, so literary creation as an aesthetic activity is not strictly limited by time and space. Modern writers can use history to reflect reality, and they can also use the future to inspire reality. On the other hand, applied writing is different. Due to the emergence of practical writing and its role in specific tasks in specific time and space, the writing of practical writing must abide by strict time and space restrictions. On the one hand, practical writing that cannot be completed within the time limit will affect efficiency and cause losses. On the other hand, expired practical articles lose their practical value, just as expired news doesn't buy it, expired official documents lose their original effectiveness.

(2) The source of applied writing tasks

As mentioned above, the needs of real life are the driving force of practical writing, and tasks need to be generated, and tasks are the basis for forming themes. The task of practical writing comes from the needs of work and life.

First of all, the work needs: the main practical official documents generated by the work needs are official documents, and the performance of the work needs is different according to the different types of transactions and processing objectives. 1. Need for management and command: From the state to the departments, to do a good job in management, to issue and implement government decrees, some form must be adopted, and administrative documents are one of the most effective tools for government organs and units to implement management. Second, the need for propaganda of the rule of law: With the acceleration of the process of governing the country according to law, the improvement of the legal system has become the theme of socialist construction, and the formulation and promulgation of more practical laws and regulations is the premise of governing the country according to law. Practical writing is a fixed form of laws and regulations. In order to make more organizations and individuals understand the law and act according to the law, and to make the law serve the people better, legal documents must play their role. Third, the need for communication and coordination: government agencies and units not only have the relationship between superiors and subordinates, but also the process of carrying out work and handling affairs. Division of labor and cooperation between organizations and departments, communication and coordination between units at the same level or not affiliated with each other, and between units inside and outside are also indispensable and important links. The application of official documents meets the needs of communication and coordination. For example, letters, informative notices, circulars, etc. are all important means for organizing departments to negotiate and cooperate and for institutions to communicate with the masses.

Secondly, the needs of life. Due to the needs of life, there are all kinds of practical items used to deal with private affairs in people's daily life. Including letters used for interpersonal communication and emotional transmission, IOUs as vouchers, approval items, etc. Practical writing permeates all aspects of people's lives and plays an important role in people's daily life.

2. Change from writing task to theme

In fact, the process of refining the theme of practical writing is the process of transforming the writing task into the author's subjective concept. In short, the author analyzes the writing task, determines the writing purpose through the understanding and processing of subjective thinking, and then extracts the main idea of the article according to the writing purpose.

In the process of refining the theme of practical articles, the author should carry forward the spirit of in-depth investigation and thorough understanding, fully grasp the accurate objective elements, and then comprehensively use various ways of thinking for processing. First, the author should be good at using the thinking method of vertical excavation to deepen his feelings about the routine writing task, so as to discover the deep connotation of objective things and extract a profound and highly oriented theme. Facing the same problem, we should not only see its surface layer, but also see its second and third layers. Second, the author should be good at studying the relationship between objective tasks by using the horizontal expansion thinking method, think from different angles, and extract the theme that is most conducive to solving problems. Thirdly, the author should be good at using the method of reverse thinking, learn to think from the opposite side of the problem while thinking actively, so as to make new discoveries and improve the practical value of practical articles.

For example, a municipal government department located in the eastern coastal area received a petition letter from the masses one day, which reflected such a problem: the people who wrote the letter lived in a residential area located in the west of the city, and were originally satisfied with the living environment of their residence, but since the municipal government approved the construction of a paper mill within 5 kilometers west of the residential area five years ago, residents increasingly felt that their living environment was greatly affected, not only by noise, but also by "industrial three wastes" every day. Faced with such a letter, as a clerical worker in a government department, how to determine the main purpose of reporting to the superior and how to explain to the sender?

In order to refine the theme of this issue, the author must first distinguish different publishing objects, which requires the use of lateral thinking to distinguish the different needs of superior leaders and grassroots people. The needs of the masses are mainly to solve their own living environment problems, while the needs of superiors are considered from the perspective of long-term urban development. Secondly, in view of the problem itself, if we want to solve the problem properly, we must prescribe the right medicine. Where is the "crux" of this matter, the author needs to explore the essence of the problem with the method of longitudinal thinking. On the surface, the materials show us the contradiction between residential areas and paper mills. Further, we can see environmental problems, but these are not the ultimate crux. Its real essence should be the urban planning of the city. For a city located in the coastal area, the terrain gradually decreases from west to east. It is obviously a planning mistake to build a highly polluting paper mill near the residential area in the west of the city. Third, when problems are found, how to put forward solutions according to the problems must be considered from both positive and negative aspects. In the concrete implementation, whether to choose residential demolition, factory relocation and where to move needs to be comprehensively considered from two aspects: the long-term development of the city and the gains and losses of interests, and this consideration is the embodiment of reverse thinking.

Although the writing of practical writing requires the author to be more objective and respect the reality than literary creation, especially in official document writing, the author should follow the group will and cannot write from the perspective of personal intention, but this does not mean that the author can only passively accept the objective requirements and group will. In fact, the process of refining the theme requires the author to give full play to the subjective initiative, ponder the objective requirements with a comprehensive way of thinking, analyze multiple factors, and actively investigate and study various materials related to the writing purpose on the basis of respecting the objective reality and requirements. Only by constantly improving the author's comprehensive thinking ability, investigation and research ability and writing and expression ability can we make it sound and well-founded, and give full play to the practicality of practical writing.