Most of them are caused by indirect violence. When you fall, you should put your palm or hand on your back. Buckling violence, torsion violence and direct violence can also be seen, but they are rare. It is almost completely similar to collis fracture at the distal radius, and a few cases are similar to Smith fracture, mostly from the upward conduction of violence in the palm or back of the hand.

2. Fracture of radial neck

Mainly due to violence, when carrying angle and elbow joint are naturally everted, the violence spreads to elbow joint from far and near when the hand falls to the ground, and when it reaches the upper end of radius, the radial head collides with the capitulum humeri, resulting in fracture of radial head, radial neck or both. If the violence is more serious, fracture and dislocation of olecranon or lateral condyle of humerus may occur.

3. Fracture of distal radius

(1) Straight fracture (Colles fracture) is the most common, mostly caused by indirect violence. When falling, the wrist joint is in the position of extending back and forearm pronation, and the palm touches the ground. Violence is concentrated in cancellous bone at the distal radius, leading to fracture. The distal end of the fracture shifted to the posterior and radial sides. Children can get rid of epiphysis; Due to osteoporosis in the elderly, a slight external force can cause fractures, often comminuted fractures, and the fracture ends are shortened due to impaction. Comminuted fracture may involve articular surface or be combined with avulsion fracture of styloid process of ulna and dislocation of lower radioulnar joint.

(2) Bending fracture (Smith fracture) is rare, and the cause of fracture is opposite to that of straight fracture, so it is also called anti-Colles fracture. When falling, the hand is on the back, and the distal end of the fracture shifts to the palm and ulnar side.

(3) Barton fracture refers to the longitudinal oblique fracture of the articular surface of the distal radius with wrist dislocation. When falling, the palm or hand is on the back, and the violence is transmitted upwards. The impact of the proximal carpal bones caused the fracture of the articular surface of the radius, and a fracture block with articular cartilage was formed on the palm or dorsal side of the lower end of the radius. Bone fragments often move proximally, and the wrist joint is dislocated or subluxated.

4. Fracture of radial shaft

Both direct violence and indirect violence can lead to radial shaft fracture.

5. Others

Different violence can lead to fractures for different reasons.