exist
1705
In, newcomen invented practical steam for the first time. It does not rely on people and animals to do work, but on machinery.
Machine.
This kind of steam engine is used to drive machines.
It produced the epoch-making first industrial revolution.
Machines driven by steam, i.e.
With the birth of the automobile, human society has started the endless development of automobiles.
1769
1989, French.
New Jersey
Guniu
(Kunot)
Made the world's first steam-driven tricycle. reach
1804
This year,
Tovidik
(Trouithick)
Another steam car was designed and manufactured.
This car is still pulling ten tons of goods.
Drive on the railway
15.7
Kilometers.
enter
20
After the 20th century, cars were no longer the patent of Europeans, especially Henry.
.
Ford
(Henry Ford)
exist
1908
year
10
When the famous Model T went on sale in 10,
The output of this kind of car has increased sharply.
short
19
Year,
get angry
1500
Cars. here
19 13
In 2006, Ford Motor Company also introduced a large number of assembly lines for the first time, which made the automobile cost high.
Fall,
Cars are cheap,
It is no longer just a luxury for the nobility and the rich.
It began to gradually become a popular business.
Products. It was also at this time that American cars became the darling of the world, and Ford became a veritable automobile kingdom.
In the more than 100 years since the automobile appeared,
Has become the largest manufacturing industry in the world,
Create a huge society
Wealth,
Profoundly affecting the development of human society,
It has developed into a unique culture.
Dig deep into its influence on human society.
The impact of the meeting,
Is so profound and persistent.
Cars first appeared as a means of transportation, and this attribute has not changed.
Dangshe
Will continue to improve,
People are eager to close the distance between people,
A series of driving forces, such as the need of production, have made the car look like this.
The product of the times.
Through constant invention and improvement,
The car finally came out.
This huge robot monster,
Accompanied by a rumbling roar
Sound,
It started the industrial revolution,
Give wings to this society,
With its spinning wheels,
Drive straight ahead.
Let's go
Cars have replaced transportation,
Carriage and other traditional means of transportation,
The biggest feature is its high speed.
It makes the distance between the two places in time and space.
Shortened in history,
Promoted more exchanges.
More and more information is transmitted,
Promote social production,
Higher pulling force
The rise of the whole society. This new mode of transportation promotes the arrival and stay of business and produces a series of related services.
The appearance of cars,
Not only represents the emergence of a new thing,
It leads a brand-new economic model,
rising
The birth of.
Cars initially opened up the demand for steel and coal.
It takes a lot of steel to make cars.
metallurgical industry
Unprecedented development,
And directly affected the collection of coal.
The mining industry is facing a huge market.
This powerful driving force makes human beings not
Break the development of minerals,
From coal to oil,
Then to natural gas and so on.
Light up the dawn of the whole human civilization.
Around the car
A series of new industries such as rubber, glass and plastics. , has been produced, which is of great significance to chemical industry, energy and manufacturing industry.
The structure has been deepened in a series.
The automobile industry is a very related industry.
With the development of automobile industry itself,
You can also bring a branch.
150
The development of multiple upstream and downstream industries. Involved in finance, tourism, service, transportation and other industries, providing no
Statistical work. This group covers manufacturing, sales, operation and other industries. In Japan, the proportion of this population is about
1/9
, and
And European and American countries,
This ratio is even higher.
Cars have formed a huge industrial circle.
At all levels of society,
this
This industrial chain has created more wealth in one hundred years than it has accumulated in the past thousand years.
It makes the pace of human progress faster and faster.
Big, and the pace is getting faster and faster.
Cars first appeared,
The speed is not fast,
But it replaced manpower with external forces.
How to improve speed and energy efficiency
Utilization ratio has become the number one problem in improving automobile technology.
Scientists are devoted to the study of this problem,
Cars are getting faster and faster,
The speed can reach more than 400 kilometers per hour.
The acceleration from zero to 100 kilometers has also been shortened to more than three seconds.
Thereby generating electricity.
Research and other disciplines.
Automobile energy has always been a concern of people.
Especially in today's energy shortage and serious pollution,
vitality
It has played a key role in determining the rise and fall of cars.
From traditional oil to new natural gas,
To biofuels,
Humans have never been
Stop trying.
The proposal of new energy vehicles,
It also caused a frenzy in the automobile industry.
New energy vehicles refer to unconventional vehicles.
Use fuel as energy source
(
Or using traditional vehicle fuel,
However, a new on-board power unit was adopted.
)
Vehicle comprehensive power
Advanced control and drive technology,
The formation of advanced technical principles,
Cars with new technologies and new structures.
New energy steam
The car includes:
Hybrid electric vehicle
(Hybrid car)
、
pure electric vehicle
(Bev)
、
Fuel cell vehicle
(FCEV)
、
Hydrogen engine car
There are also gas cars, alcohol ether cars and so on. The traditional automobile industry is
2 1
The biggest choice facing the century is the choice of energy. can
There are few sources,
Environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious,
A series of severe problems have forced mankind to constantly seek new ways out.
The car is here.
The future of robot monsters,
I decided to focus on energy.
High-profile China.
Development planning of automobile and new energy automobile industry
(
20 1 1
year
~2020
The draft has been released. Judging from the details of the "Planning" disclosed so far,
,
The central government will invest hundreds of billions.
Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)
,
Support the research and development and promotion of core technologies of energy-saving and new energy vehicles.
,
From the perspective of development planning,
Consumer subsidies,
Tax policy,
Scientific research investment
Procurement, government procurement, standard setting, etc.
,
China has established a set of policies to support the accelerated development of new energy vehicles.
exist
2 1
2 1 century, mankind is looking for a way out for cars. I believe that in the near future, new energy car washing will become the mainstream.
Cars guide a culture,
This culture is the automobile culture.
The automobile has changed from a single vehicle to a multi-body vehicle.
A symbol of shares,
Although transportation is its ever-changing attribute.
Various automobile manufacturers have created unique trees in their development process.
Unique automobile culture,
Familiar with general motors,
Toyota,
Mercedes and so on,
They not only represent
Trademark,
It also represents their unique cultural brand.
Such as Shanghai General Motors Co., Ltd.,
Its purpose is:
Rely on training
A well-trained, sense of mission and team spirit, implementing the principle of lean management, focusing on continuous learning and active innovation,
Safely provide customers with world-class high-quality products and services, making Shanghai GM customer-oriented.
2 1
Century, domestic collar
First, internationally competitive automobile enterprises. Super sports car, station wagon, luxury car, off-road vehicle, etc. , into a different order.
A symbol of class.
Every class, different cultures,
Made different choices,
Each category is integrated into these cars.
Their unique culture,
In the integration of people and cars,
Formed a car culture.
In America,
Driving a Land Rover Hummer could be
Petite woman,
They don't fit in with solid and rough cars,
But it is this sharp contrast,
Show that they
Hungry for strength,
Your desire to protect yourself.
As the most passionate automobile user group,
Young people prefer super-running.
Car,
Single-channel controller
Super Run Club is such a cultural gathering place.
"Driving a sports car is not to show off wealth, but a way of life."
This is their idea.
This group promotes a unique automobile culture.
They,
It is also the super sports car culture in China.
The highest representative.
Cars have stepped onto the sports stage from daily life.
The proportion from the first car production to the first car.
The tournament is only held for ten years.
At first,
The purpose of automobile competition is only to let automobile manufacturers test the performance of vehicles.
Improve the safety and reliability of automobile use,
Therefore, automobile manufacturers actively support,
Promote its products.
The earliest group in the world
Weaving car races are in fashion.
1887
year
four
moon
20
It is sponsored by the French magazine Automobile. But only the contestants
1
Individuals,
His name is George.
-
Bouton, he drove a four-seater steam car from Paris to Noui along the Seine.
Nowadays, automobile racing has completely become a professional activity, which has seen unprecedented prosperity. At the racetrack, those five people
Colorful racing cars,
With a command,
Actually set out,
Full speed ahead
Driver's door, you chase me and perform first,
The colorful scenes of the Ma Benteng race are spectacular, yes.
20
~
30
Thousands of live audiences and hundreds of millions of people
This is very exciting for TV viewers.
The charm of automobile sports can be shown in the following aspects: it helps to improve the performance of automobiles.
;
This is the road to power.
Testing; Best advertisement for dynamic auto show; Promote the popularization of automobiles.
Automobile race is a comprehensive contest between people and cars. Compared with ordinary sports, automobile sports are not just drivers.
Personal skills,
The competition between will and courage,
And car design,
Competition of product quality.
This unique duality
Sports can better reflect the perfect combination of human elite and high technology, and reflect human ability to conquer nature.
With the rapid development of China's automobile industry, people's understanding of automobiles is gradually deepening.
Downstream links of the industrial chain,
Automobile sports industry began to take root in China in recent years.
"There are more and more people who are keen on motor racing.
A lot,
Besides watching car races,
The number of professional drivers in China is also growing rapidly.
They have begun to appear in China.
In the international top car race. along with
F 1
、
High performance sports car
Such world-class automobile races have successively settled in China and China.
In recent years, car races have also proliferated.
For example, the national rally championship,
National cross-country championship,
National card
A series of motor sports, such as the Ding Car Championship, have been packed in the annual schedule of the China Automobile Sports Federation.
Although the automobile movement in China is in full swing, we should be soberly aware of the automobile movement in China at present.
It is still in its infancy. As soon as New China was founded, it decided to develop its own automobile industry.
1953
The first automobile factory was established.
This is the first time that China has built its own car factory. President Mao Zedong personally wrote an inscription for the groundbreaking ceremony.
"First Automobile Factory laid the foundation stone to commemorate".
1956
In, the first car produced in China rolled off the assembly line, and Chairman Mao personally worked for it.
Name-Liberation.
1956
2008 is an unforgettable year in the automobile history of China.
five
In June, the first automobile factory was successfully trial-produced.
Dongfeng brand car,
He was sent to Beijing to present a gift to the Eighth National Congress of communist party, China.
This is the first car made in China.
And racing production in China.
In the world, it still lags far behind European and American countries. Has it formed a strong competitiveness? The production technology of the enterprise is backward and the brand is not good.
Furthermore, China is still a developing country,
There is no doubt that racing is a sport that burns money.
Capital becomes the development of automobile sports.
The biggest bottleneck of the exhibition.
Anyway; anyway/no matter what/ in any case
F 1
Such an international competition,
still
AGF
、
Console Control Circuits (console control circuits)
Waiting for events in Asia,
Is there enough sponsorship?
The amount of business and sponsorship is the key to the survival and growth of a team, and it is also the key to the smooth progress of the event and the expected results of promotion.
Technology is to ensure that a team or manufacturer does not have its own core technology, and it is impossible to find a place in the racing industry.
Land;
Similarly,
A country that has no independent research and development capability in the automobile industry,
It is impossible to become a real racing power.
From this perspective,
Compared with developed countries, motor racing in China,
There were some "congenital deficiencies" from the beginning.
ignorant
The dominant core technology has become the biggest obstacle to the development of motor racing in China.
And this weakness cannot be simply relied on.
Marketing and business operations to make up for it.
Racing is an exciting sport as well as a team sport. A good team needs a good driver's station.
Hit the front line,
It needs the cooperation of excellent maintenance team.
There must be good designers and so on.
Standing at the back of the line is even more
Powerful companies and enterprises,
With the support of the state.
From the development of a racing sport, we can even see the experience of a country.
Economic, scientific and technological development, etc. This is the charm and connotation of racing.
The speed of cars is getting faster and faster, which makes people walk faster and faster. However, while cars bring convenience to human beings,
It also brings hidden dangers.
There are more and more casualties caused by traffic accidents every year.
Automobile safety has become a crucial issue.
Title.
In fact, from the moment the car was born,
Automobile safety technology develops with the development of automobile technology,
Today's car
Safety technology has long been more than a simple application of airbag safety belts.
The involvement of all kinds of electronic equipment makes the car safely installed.
Home is more intelligent and humanized.
In fact, for cars,
Every component is related to its safety,
It's not just that
Those familiar electronic devices,
It also includes every steel plate used in cars.
Every solder joint or even every solder joint.
Location affects the safety of the car. In addition, drivers' driving habits and road facilities are also closely related to safety.
These automobile safety configurations can be basically divided into active safety and passive safety according to the situation before and after the accident.
The active safety of automobile refers to the ability of automobile to prevent accidents when they are about to happen.
Passive safety means the occurrence of accidents.
The ability of live vehicles to protect members and pedestrians and minimize losses.
The company is committed to improving the safety of products.
Judging from the safety belt,
Airbags,
Child safety seat to wheel protection
Locking brake system
(ABS)
、
Traction control system
(ASR)
Various intelligent systems,
Cars are becoming more and more intelligent in structure.
set up
The degree of automation equipment is getting higher and higher.
In addition to product safety,
Automobile safety extends to the cultural level,
Obey the traffic rules,
Good driving habits,
Traffic ethics and so on all affect all aspects of automobile safety.
Man is a subjective body,
In a safe car
On the premise of fully protecting the equipment,
The meaning of people,
Quality has become a key factor in automobile safety.
Popularize automobile safety knowledge,
carry
High civilized traffic awareness has become an urgent task in the automobile age society.
The safety of cars,
But also involves the safety of nature.
More and more cars,
Although it meets the growing needs of mankind.
However, the number of cars is increasing rapidly, and the land problem is becoming more and more serious. Environmental pollution caused by automobiles.
Pollution also seriously affects human safety. The impact of cars on the environment
：
(
1
) pollution in the process of automobile manufacturing. Freon is used as foaming and defoaming agent in automobile plastic castings. Dichlorodifluoromethane
Have a destructive effect on the ozone layer. In addition, lead-containing paint will cause lead pollution; Leakage of paint solvent can also cause pollution.
(
2
) car noise. According to statistics, traffic noise accounts for most of the urban noise.
75%
Cars are the source of traffic noise.
View from a height or a distance
85%
According to the survey,
Entire country
80%
The noise on both sides of the above-mentioned urban traffic trunk roads exceeds
Seventy two
Decibel;
Shanghai Xizang Lu Zhong Bai No.1 branch
The noise nearby is as high as
9 1.2
Decibel, some people think it is the noisiest street in the world.
(
three
) the car is congested. Due to the sharp increase in car ownership, traffic congestion has become a chronic disease in big cities all over the world. steam
Traffic congestion reduces the efficiency of the whole society,
But also aggravated air pollution.
Cars start frequently,
Braking and low-speed driving will produce exhaust gas.
Medium nitrogen oxides,
Carbon monoxide,
Hydrocarbons and other pollutants are much more than when driving normally.
A large number of congested automobile exhaust collection
Discharge, starting from the ground.
1.5
Pollution layer is formed in rice fields, which is close to people's breathing zone and harmful to human health.
(
four
) the influence of roads, parking lots and gas stations. Highway construction causes vegetation destruction, soil erosion and occupation of agriculture along the line.
Farmland etc.
1998
In, the total length of highways in China reached.
128
10 thousand kilometers, these road networks make
four
Ten thousand square kilometers of land lost agriculture.
Function. Existing cultivated land in China
132
10,000 square kilometers, accounting for only the land area.
13.5%
. In addition to occupying land, the open-air parking lot also
It will change the direction and speed of air flow in the city and aggravate the urban heat island effect.
(
five
) The exhaust from cars pollutes the air. Take Beijing as an example, among the air pollutants,
39%
Carbon monoxide,
74.8%
Hydrocarbons,
46.2%
Nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust. In addition, cars need to consume a lot of oil, and our country.
It is a country lacking in oil resources per capita, and the rapid increase of car ownership has caused great energy pressure.
2002
Yes, I am
China imported crude oil in 2000.
6500
More than ten thousand tons, accounting for the annual consumption.
Thirty percent
. Because some cars use liquefied gas as fuel,
So the consumption of liquefied gas in the past
five
Mid-year average annual growth rate
25%
(
six
)
Impact of scrapped cars on the environment.
In vehicle disassembly,
A large amount of solid waste will be generated in the treatment process,
Waste water,
Waste oil, etc. On the one hand, it occupies a lot of land, on the other hand, waste engine oil will overflow with rainwater and pollute the surrounding environment.
How to solve these problems is also the key to determine the fate of the automobile industry.
Throughout history, automobiles have promoted the great progress of human society and guided the progress of human civilization. However, in
2 1
2 1 century, the living environment of human beings was seriously damaged and the living resources were sharply reduced. The fate of cars is prosperity or decline, but that's the truth.
Limited. On the one hand, cars must exist in human society, on the other hand, cars must bid farewell to traditional models and be new.
The appearance of automobile is the need of social development. The relationship between cars and human beings will continue and influence each other.
refer to
Wang's Introduction to Automobile Culture
Editor-in-Chief of People's Communications Publishing House,
20 10-8- 1
Automobile Environmental Protection Zhu Chongji, Zhou Youping, He Wenhua
Editor of Zhejiang University Press,
20 1 1- 1- 1
Automobile engineering manual
2
Environment and Safety "Japan Automatic Vehicle Technology Association"
Research group of China Automotive Engineering Society.
Translation, North
Beijing institute of technology press,
20 10- 12- 1
References (Baidu Library)