Karsts listed on the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee include South Chinnacast (China), Fonnachal National Park (Vietnam), Halong Bay (Vietnam), Puerto Princesa Underground River National Park (Philippines), Gunung Muru National Park (Malaysia), Cochiyan Carvis (Slovenia), Aggatlek Karst Cave and Slovak Karst Cave (Slovakia and Hungary). Lake Pristina National Park (Croatian), Pirin National Park (Bulgarian), Dolomiti (Italian), Mammoth Cave National Park (American), Carlsbad Cave National Park (American), Balko National Park.
I. Karst in South China
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
"South China Karst" is the first inter-provincial joint declaration of world natural heritage in China, mainly distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi, with geographical coordinates of 2513'15 "north latitude and 0107 58' 30" east longitude, with a core area of 47,588 hectares and a buffer area of 98,428. It is one of the most spectacular examples of subtropical karst landscape in the humid and hot zone of the world.
Karst is a karst landform, which is developed on carbonate rocks dominated by limestone and dolomite. China karst is characterized by large area, complex geological evolution, diverse landforms and rich biodiversity. Karst in southern China can be divided into three areas: Shilin Karst in Yunnan, Libo Karst in Guizhou and Wulong Karst in Chongqing, with a total area of 1460 16 hectares. This area concentrates the most representative karst landforms in China. The karst area in southern China accounts for 55% of the national karst area.
Yunnan Shilin is the only area in the world that preserves and displays the stone forest karst formed in Early Permian, Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene-now (Liang Yongning, 2007); The CAMBRIAN-Triassic carbonate deposits in the karst area of Libo, Guizhou Province reached more than 8,000 meters. Since the Late Paleozoic, complex geological evolution has formed the most typical and representative cone karst landform (Liang Yongning, 2007). The Wulong karst in Chongqing completely shows the development and evolution system of the whole canyon karst, including underground rivers, sinkholes (tiankeng), natural bridges, caves, canyons and many other elements, which fully reflects the evolution process of the canyon karst and the evolution history of the whole canyon karst system since Paleogene (Xiong Kangning et al., 2008).
There are 889 species of plants, 42 species of mammals, 87 species of birds, 44 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 0/2 species of fish. There are 1532 species of plants, 59 species of mammals, 0/37 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles and amphibians and 43 species of fish in Libo Karst, Guizhou. There are 558 species of plants, 46 species of mammals, 0/74 species of birds, 48 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 64 species of fish in Wulong Karst, Chongqing.
(2) Heritage tourism
The karst in the south of China has experienced a long geological period, which is an important and typical natural geographical feature and karst landform on the earth. It not only retains the ancient karst relics in geological history, but also represents an important and ongoing karst process.
Yi cultural resources represented by "Ashima" and karst natural resources are organically integrated in Yunnan Shilin, forming a unique Shilin landscape. Yunnan Stone Forest is not only a natural landscape, but also a human landscape. Along with the lifestyle of the Sani people of the Yi nationality in Shilin, they not only created rich history and culture, but also created colorful folk culture and art represented by "Ashima" (which means a girl is as beautiful as gold in Yi language). With its unique language, rich poetry and legends, colorful national costumes, fiery national songs and dances, simple and rough wrestling competitions and unique wedding and funeral styles, the long poem Ashima has become a minority in China. The film Ashima is very famous at home and abroad. ...
Libo Karst is located in Libo County, southeast Guizhou Province, which is a typical representative of cone karst in the transitional zone between Guizhou Plateau and Guangxi Basin. The complete ecosystem of Libo, Guizhou Province, including karst virgin forest, aquatic forest and "funnel" forest, is collectively called "Libo Three Wonders". The most striking landscape of Libo karst is cone karst, and the most typical types are peak cluster karst and peak forest karst. Libo is located on the border of Guizhou and Guangxi in the south of Guizhou. It is a gathering place of Buyi, Shui, Miao and Yao, and has a unique and rich ethnic customs.
The main scenic spots in Wulong Karst in Chongqing are Furong Cave, the largest natural bridge group in Asia, and Houping Tiankeng, which is rare in the world. With the resource advantages of karst landforms, Wulong area has vigorously developed six major tourism industries, including eco-tourism, heritage tourism, cultural tourism, leisure and holiday, exhibition festivals and scientific research and exploration. Wulong has become the largest outdoor sports base in the west: cross-country, rock climbing, canyon crossing, cave exploration, rafting and so on. The annual Wulong International Outdoor Mountain Sports Open has become a happy base camp for outdoor enthusiasts.
In 2007, South China karst, as a natural heritage, was listed in the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
Second, Fengya Kebang National Park.
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Feng Ya-Gebang National Park is located in Quang Binh province, Vietnam, with geographical coordinates of17 32 ′14 ″ north latitude and106 09 ′ 05 ″ east longitude, covering an area of 85,754 hectares. The formation history of karst landforms in Feng Ya-Gebang National Park originated in Paleozoic (about 400 million years ago), and it is the oldest karst area in Asia. Due to the great structural changes, the karst landscape of the park is extremely complex and has many typical geomorphological features. This vast area extends all the way to the border of Laos, and there are countless caves and underground rivers in the spectacular rock formations of 65 kilometers.
(2) Heritage tourism
Feng Ya-Gebang National Park is the oldest karst landform in Asia. The cave is deep and wide, and the stream in the cave is clear. The scenery in the cave is wonderful, the stone walls are colorful and the stalactites are grotesque. Feng Ya-Gebang National Park is the product of geological process, which provides a lot of evidence for the evolution history of the earth in this area and is of great significance for people to understand the topography and geographical development history of this area. Feng Ya-Gobang National Park has become a famous tourist attraction in Vietnam.
In 2003, Fengya Kebang National Park was listed as a natural heritage by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.
3. Halong Bay
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Halong Bay is located in Quang Ninh province in northern Vietnam, with geographical coordinates of 20 53 ′ 60 ″ north latitude and 65 438+007 05 ′ 60 ″ east longitude, covering an area of150,000 hectares, including about 1600 islands and islets, forming a spectacular seascape of limestone dissolution rock columns. Due to the steep terrain, most of the islands are uninhabited and unaffected by human beings. The extraordinary biological influence adds some color to the outstanding natural beauty of this area.
Halong Bay Scenic Area is divided into three bays. On the blue sea, limestone islands are dotted with towering peaks, peculiar stalactites and stalagmites. There are thousands of kinds of fish in Halong Bay, and mammals, reptiles and various birds also inhabit the island.
(2) Heritage tourism
Halong Bay is famous for its magnificent and beautiful scenery, and large and small islands are scattered in Halong Bay, which is a spectacle. Halong Bay is rich in geological tourism resources and is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Vietnam (Phuc, 2008). Halong Bay attracts millions of tourists every year.
65438-0994 Halong Bay, as a natural heritage, was listed on the World Heritage List by the United Nations World Heritage Committee, and was expanded in 2000.
4. Puerto Rico-Princesa Underground River National Park.
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Puerto Princesa Underground River National Park is located in Palawan Province, Philippines, with geographical coordinates of10/kloc-0' 00 "north latitude and 1 18 55' 00" east longitude, covering an area of 5,753 hectares. This national park is famous for its limestone karst landforms and underground rivers. One of the characteristics of rivers is that they flow directly into the sea, and the lower reaches of rivers are affected by tides. This area is also an important biodiversity conservation area. The park includes a complete "mountain and ocean" ecosystem and some very important forests in Asia.
(2) Heritage tourism
Puerto Princesa is the capital of Palawan. Puerto Princesa Underground River National Park is located about 8 1 km northwest of Puerto Princesa (Maac-Aguilar, 2008). The highest point of the park, Mount Sao Paulo, is 1028 meters above sea level. More than 90% of the park terrain consists of sharp limestone ridges around Mount Sao Paulo. The main landscape of the park is an underground river with a length of 8.2 kilometers and some caves, where there are spectacular stalactites, stone pillars and stalagmites (Maac-Aguilar, 2008). The underground river of Puerto Princesa was built as a national park in 197 1. As a long and narrow island in the southwest of the Philippines, palawan island attracts more and more tourists with its karst landforms and peculiar features of underground rivers. Its underground river park is world-famous.
From 65438 to 0999, Puerto Rico-Principessa Underground River National Park was listed as a natural heritage by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.
5. Gunung Muru National Park.
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Located on Borneo Island in Sarawak, Malaysia's Mulushan National Park is the most studied national park in the world, with geographical coordinates of 4 07 ′ 59 ″ north latitude and 65 438+065 438+04 55 ′ 00 ″ east longitude, covering an area of 52,864 hectares, and is famous for its biodiversity and karst landforms. The park contains 17 vegetation areas, with more than 3,500 species of vascular plants. There are many kinds of palm trees in the park, including 20 genera 109 species. The park is located on the 2377-meter-high Murushan sandstone peak. The developed caves are at least 295 kilometers long and have magnificent scenery, in which millions of bats live. Sarawak Cave is 600 meters long, 465,438+05 meters wide and 80 meters high. It is the largest known cave in the world.
(2) Heritage tourism
Mount Muru is 2377 meters above sea level. The park is characterized by grotesque peaks and peaks, and unparalleled cliffs and canyons. There is also the largest underground cave in the world, and dozens of caves are interconnected, which is called "underground maze" by geologists. Mulushan National Park was established on 1974 and officially opened to the public on 1985. With the world's largest cave, green jungle, unique animals and plants, and inaccessible mysterious islands, Murushan National Park has become a paradise to attract explorers and nature lovers. Murushan National Park attracts thousands of domestic and foreign tourists every year (Hussain et al., 2008).
In 2000, as a natural heritage, Gunung Muru National Park was listed on the World Heritage List by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.
The intransitive verb Kochiyan Cave
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Shkotzyan Cave is located at the lowest point of Bivka Valley in Slovenian karst plateau, about 52km southwest of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. Its geographical coordinates are 45 40' 00 "north latitude and 65 438+04' 00" east longitude, with an area of 4 13 hectares. Slovenia, a special limestone cave system, includes collapsed sinkholes, underground tunnels with a depth of more than 200 meters and a length of about 6 kilometers, and many waterfalls. It is a miracle on the karst plateau and one of the largest and longest caves in the world. This site is located in the crash area (originally translated as karst, from which the word "karst" in geology originated) and is one of the famous places to study karst phenomena in the world.
(2) Heritage tourism
Segu Temple Cave is one of the largest and longest caves in the world. 18 18 was discovered, and 1926 was opened to the public. The temperature in the cave remains constant all the year round, at around 8 degrees Celsius all the year round. It is formed by the long-term dissolution of limestone strata by the undercurrent of Bifuka River. Stalactites and stalagmites hanging high in the cave are tall and straight, and some are like huge gem flowers with clean ice crystals; Some are like Santa Claus, smiling; Or like a lion going down the mountain, or like a bird spreading its wings, it is colorful, changeable and spectacular. Some caves in Shikotsyan cave series are as deep as 230 meters, and there are stalactites, stalagmites and underground rivers in the caves, which shows the evolution process of karst terrain. Siguoyan Geopark was established with Siguoyan Cave as the center, and cartoon-like educational manuals and tourist guides were also compiled.
The four main caves in Segu Temple are Brilliant Hall, Curtain Hall, Crystal Hall and Concert Hall, among which the Concert Hall is the most spectacular. This is a big cave, with a height of 40 meters and an area of about 3000 square meters. It looks like a magnificent palace. The sound effect in the cave is excellent, which can accommodate nearly ten thousand people. At least one cave concert is held here every year.
From 65438 to 0986, as a natural heritage, kocjanCaves was listed on the World Heritage List by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.
Seven, Agger telek cave and Slovak karst (Agtelek karst and Slovak karst caves).
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Agatellek Cave and Slovak Karst are located at the junction of southern Slovakia and northern Hungary, across the southern foothills of Carpathian Mountains, with geographical coordinates of 48 28 ′ 32 ″ north latitude and 20 29 ′12 ″ east longitude, with a core area of 56,650 hectares and a buffer area of 86,797 hectares. This is a world natural heritage jointly owned by Hungary and Slovakia. Complex and changeable rock strata and 7 12 caves distributed in a limited area constitute a typical temperate karst system. As an extremely peculiar combination of tropical and glacial climate, it is possible for people to study the geological history of this area for millions of years.
(2) Heritage tourism
Agatellek Cave was first listed as a scenic spot by the Hungarian Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection in 1978, and was re-established as a national park by legislation in 1985. Slovak karst was listed as a scenic spot by Slovak Ministry of Culture in 1973. It was listed in "Man and Biosphere Plan" by UNESCO in 1977 and 1979 respectively.
The study of Agtelek Cave and Slovak Karst started very early. 1794, the first cave map in the world was drawn on the basis of surveying this area. Now many research and education institutions, including some universities, will come here to do research in related fields.
Agatellek Cave and Slovak Karst are famous for their unique karst topography and natural biological formation, and their value is immeasurable from the perspective of scientific research and artistic appreciation. There are countless tourists coming here every year.
1995, Agtailek Cave, Ag'' Gtelek Karst Cave and Slovak Karst Cave were listed on the World Heritage List by the United Nations World Heritage Committee, and were expanded in 2000.
8. Carlsbad Caves National Park.
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Carlsbad Cave National Park is located at the foot of Guadalupe Mountain in Aidi County, New Mexico, USA. Its geographical coordinates are 3210' 00 "north latitude and104 22' 60" west longitude, with an area of 18926 hectares. The park consists of more than 80 caves, among which the agave cave is 477 meters deep and 133 kilometers long. About 800 species of drought-tolerant shrubs grow in this area. More than 30 genera and 94 species of fungi were recorded in agave caves. There are 64 species of mammals, 33/kloc-0 species of birds and many reptile species.
Carlsbad Cave is a karst terrain network composed of more than 80 caves discovered so far. It is huge, diverse and contains many exquisite minerals, which shows an "underground laboratory" for geological and biological processes and provides complete information for geologists to study geological tectonic processes.
(2) Heritage tourism
Carlsbad Cave was formed in the Permian between 280 million and 225 million years ago. Rain seeps into the cracks in the limestone mountain of Guadalupe Mountain, dissolving soft rocks, carving tunnels and caves, leaving minerals to form various shapes. Especially the agave cave, where you can study the process of geological changes.
65438-0995, Carlsbad Cave National Park, as a natural heritage, was listed on the World Heritage List by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.
Nine, mammoth cave National Park.
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Ma Meng Cave National Park is located in Kentucky, with geographical coordinates of 371'14 "north latitude and 86 06'11"west longitude, covering an area of 2119/. This national park and its corridors more than 560 kilometers underground provide habitats for many kinds of plants and animals, including some endangered species.
(2) Heritage tourism
Ma Meng Cave National Park was built in 194 1. Cave tourism is open all year round (except Christmas), and its activities include hiking, adventure, fishing, horseback riding and boating. Mammoth cave, an incredible natural miracle, challenged the traditional understanding of nature. Towering stone pillars, narrow passages and open caves make people lament the wonders of nature. In the scenic spot, hikers will find themselves wandering in a vast space, surrounded by underground lakes and canyons, waterfalls and streams, long and narrow corridors and arched domes. "Travertine Tour" and "Cave Tour" in the scenic spot allow visitors to truly appreciate the mysteries of earth science.
198 1 year, Mammoth Cave National Park was listed as a natural heritage by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.
Granma National Park in Granma.
(A) the characteristics of the heritage
Desan Balko National Park in Granma is located near Cruz in the southeast of Cuba, with geographical coordinates of19 53' 00 "north latitude and 77 38' 00" west longitude, covering an area of 32,576 hectares. The park has a rising submarine platform and karst landforms that are still developing, including spectacular platforms and cliffs, as well as some of the most primitive and impressive cliffs on the west Atlantic coast, showing examples of landforms, natural geographical features and geological evolution with global significance.
(2) Heritage tourism
Desan Balko National Park in Granma is not only rich in natural resources, but also has many cultural sites. Desan Balko National Park in Granma rarely receives tourists. It is estimated that no more than 65,438+0,000 tourists (both at home and abroad) visit this park every year. All the staff in the park are well trained to serve the tourists better.
From 65438 to 0999, Desambarco del Granma National Park in Granma was listed as a natural heritage by the United Nations World Heritage Committee.