At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo went to Beijing, depriving He Taihou of his position as the highest decision-maker of the empire, and completely controlling the young emperor Xian Di who succeeded to the throne in his own hands, thus beginning the process of imperial power change in the Han and Wei Dynasties. After comparing the similarities and differences between the prime minister systems of Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao, The Notes to the Later Han Dynasty in Huangshan pointed out: "(Cao Cao) takes power for himself and thinks he is superior, but he is actually willing to do what Zhuo did." Huangshan adheres to the famous religion and denies all actions that shake the inheritance of the Han family. His position is not enough, but he reveals the political inheritance relationship between Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao, and he has extraordinary knowledge.
Dong Zhuo's evil way;
First, waste less and force He Taihou to return to politics.
(1) Two doubts about waste and contribution.
In the sixth year of Zhong Ping (A.D. 189), Dong Zhuo neglected his achievements, which shocked the ruling and opposition parties for a while. What is Dong Zhuo's intention? Because there are many doubts and confusions in the old history.
"The Biography of Dong Zhuozhuan in the Later Han Dynasty": "Zhong Chang served Duan Gui and others to rob the young emperor, and Chen Liuwang went to Xiaopingjin at night. Zhuo ... I heard that Shaodi was in Beimang, so I went to see him. When the emperor saw Zhuo's army coming, he sobbed in horror. Zhuo and Yan can't be right; Talking to Chen Liuwang caused trouble. Zhuo regarded the king as a saint and cared for him. Zhuo Zi and the Empress Dowager are family members and have abandoned their intention. " The origin of Dong Zhuo's abandonment of his son described by Ye Fan is very suspicious and needs further analysis.
First, the premise of Dong Zhuo's abandonment is to choose talents according to the legend of the model book. At that time, Shaodi was seventeen years old and Chen Liuwang was only nine years old. In contrast, the latter lacks the ability and experience to govern. What is important is that, in the eyes of his ministers, the young emperor is "rich in spring and autumn, acting without virtue." [1] There is nothing wrong with promoting the world. [2] Dong Zhuochuan's "Biography of the Three Kingdoms" quoted Xian Di's "Ju Zhu" as saying that "the emperor is frivolous, his dignity is unsatisfactory, he is slow and lazy, and his decline is as usual; Contrary to what the scholar-officials said, the credibility is all untrue words imposed by Dong Zhuo.
Moreover, Shaodi and his party fled overnight and suddenly met Liangzhou soldiers. This is a normal reaction. Even if Chen Liuwang can deal with it calmly as described in Historical Records, it is because he is young and ignorant and in danger. It is puzzling that Dong Zhuo judged the virtue and stupidity of Shaodi and Chen Liuwang only by a conversation with them. According to the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Dong Zhuo leads the hero: Dong Zhuo will ride at the foot of Beimangban to meet the young emperor. "[Zhuo] saw the emperor and said,' Is it not a small evil for your majesty to order a constant servant and Xiaohuangmen to rebel in order to get disaster and defeat?' "I think this record may be closer to the truth.
Little emperor (exactly, facing He Taihou) took credit for eunuch, corrupt ChaoGang, has been * * * see hands. It can be inferred from a few words quoted by Dong Zhuo when he first met Shaodi in Beimang that he entered Beijing with a critical attitude towards Shaodi and the Empress Dowager. In other words, his motion to depose Shaodi has little to do with whether Shaodi can "speak correctly" in extreme fear.
Second, another factor that Dong Zhuo wanted to abolish Li seems to be considering his close relationship with Shaodi and Chen Liuwang. According to historical facts, Wang Liuwang and Liu Xie were indeed "raised by Dong Taihou". However, Dong Taihou was born in Hejian, and his father is the grandson of Hejian filial piety King Liu Kay and Hou Ting Liu Chang. Dong Zhuo is a native of Longxi, and his father is a county official of Wei County in Xichuan. It can be said that Dong Zhuo and Dong Taihou are far apart in geography, official position and marriage. "Zhuo Zi and the Queen Mother's Family", it is extremely far-fetched to choose Wang Jitong of Liu Chen.
So, what is the real reason for Dong Zhuo's sleepless nights?
(2) It is a prelude to forcing He Taihou to return to politics.
At the same time, there is another big move, which is to force He Taihou, who is facing the DPRK, to return to politics. These two things are intrinsically related. In fact, it is to prepare for the queen mother to return to politics.
In April of the sixth year of Zhong Ping, Emperor Ling died, Emperor Shao succeeded to the throne, and He Taihou came to Korea. In August of the same year, the Queen Mother's younger brother Blade was murdered by eunuchs. Biography of He Jin in the Later Han Dynasty: Wu Kuang and Yuan Shu set fire to the Nangong, and the eunuch "took the queen mother, and the emperor ... took Gong Bei away from the path" to avoid the soldiers ". Lu Zhi looked up at the eunuch Duan Gui under the pavilion window. "Duan Gui is afraid that the Queen Mother will be released, and the Queen Mother will be exempted from voting in the pavilion." After Dong Zhuo went to Beijing, he intended to monopolize the state affairs, but He Taihou survived, and he was bound to continue to confront the DPRK, which would naturally restrict Dong Zhuo's power, which Dong Zhuo could not tolerate.
Dong Zhuo's goal is to force He Taihou to abandon its confrontation with the DPRK, but just doing this step cannot completely rule out its hidden dangers. Because the young emperor who inherited He Taihou's power was born in He Taihou, and he helped him climb to the top. After He Taihou regained power, he could still influence state affairs by having fewer emperors, making it difficult for Dong Zhuo to really manipulate imperial power. What's more, if Dong Zhuo kills He Taihou, he will have a deep hatred with Shaodi. Dong Zhuo had to guard against Shao Di, a potential enemy. It is against this background that the abandonment of the young appeared.
Dong Zhuo needs to find a clansman named Liu to replace Shaodi. At that time, Shao's half-brother and Chen Liuwang Liu Xie were the most suitable candidates. Besides the condition of being close to the spiritual emperor, Chen Liuwang's biological mother Wang Meiren was also killed by He Hou. The queen came to adopt, the spiritual mother, and two queens, Dong, had a tense relationship with him. People even suspect that the death of Empress Dowager Dong was caused by He Taihou and blades. Chen Liuwang will eventually alienate He Taihou. It goes without saying. In other words, Dong Zhuo's harsh treatment of He Taihou doesn't need to worry about causing hostility in Chen Liuwang.
It is worth mentioning that it was in the name of He Taihou that Dong Zhuo abolished his political achievements and even forced He Taihou to regain power. According to the system formed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, during the period from the death of the emperor to the young emperor's personal rule, the empress dowager occupies the supreme position in politics and holds the final decision-making power on major state affairs, including choosing the heir to the throne. He Taihou's court, has made it clear to the world that Dong Zhuo took advantage of the Queen Mother's policy of abolishing legislation and gained a legal title. Later, Yuan Shaomou made Liu Yu emperor, which was resolutely opposed by Cao Cao, indicating that Dong Zhuo's political opponents did not seize any excuse to attack or even subvert the legal system in Xian Di. He Taihou, Dong Zhuo's prosthetic hand, is strategically successful.
In fact, it was Dong Zhuo who forced He Taihou to regain power, and it was the Queen Mother herself who gave the people a statement. The article recorded in Di Xian Ju Zhu, which was quoted earlier, said: "The Queen Mother teaches no mother instrument and political chaos." Why do you blame yourself? He Taihou lost his authority and had to do nothing. In September of the sixth year of "The History of Were Xian Di", he proclaimed himself emperor. ..... Move Empress Dowager Cixi to Yong 'an Palace [4]. Bingzi, Dong Zhuo killed He Taihou. "It is worth noting that Dong Zhuo can't wait to get rid of He Taihou, but he hasn't laid hands on him yet. An important message is revealed here: after Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, he regarded He Taihou, who was facing the DPRK, rather than Shaodi, as the main or most dangerous political opponent, and therefore made He Taihou the first target to be eliminated.
(3) The political significance of abandoning less achievements and He Taihou's return to politics.
The intensified political crisis at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty gave birth to the situation of reforming imperial power. The preface to The Party Biography of the Later Han Dynasty says: "Catch Huan and Ling, take charge of famine relief, and the country entrusts Yan Temple. Scholars are ashamed to be friends with each other, so they all hold back their anger. Chu Shi made a cross discussion. Therefore, it is to arouse fame, exchange problems with each other, judge each other by officials, and decide as appropriate, and be upright. " In the past, historians often quoted this statement to summarize the background of the "Qingyi" movement. Mr. Yu Yingshi also said that the scholar-officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually formed and developed "group consciousness" in the conflict with consorts and eunuchs [5]. However, if we further investigate the root of the above phenomenon, we can easily find that the reason why consorts and eunuchs can wreak havoc in politics is inseparable from the support of imperial power. Therefore, although party celebrities have different attitudes towards the emperor or the empress dowager, when they consciously draw a line with their consorts and eunuchs, they are actually showing their independence to the imperial power. I think this kind of independence should be the basic connotation of the so-called "new consciousness of literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty", and it might as well be a supplement to the residual theory.
"The Legend of Gangster" refers to "falsely accusing [Li] of raising business scholars, making friends with students from various counties, and even exterminating each other, * * * for the party, slandering the court, and doubting customs", which led to gangsterism and imprisonment. What needs to be noted is the sentence "Fei Shan Ge". The imperial court should refer to the emperor here. Under the word "imperial court" in The Biography of Wang Yun, Li Xian said: "The imperial court is also called the son of heaven." Synonymous with this. Ye Fan's "false accusation" and Mars's "libel of the court" are probably false accusations. However, we can't imagine that, in the face of the current situation that "the rule of famine is neglected in politics, and the life of the country is entrusted to the eunuch palace", on the one hand, they fiercely criticize eunuchs, on the other hand, they don't touch the incumbent emperor or empress dowager.
The Biography of Yimin in the later Han Dynasty recorded a story that the "father of Hanyin" sued the Lingdi. Mr. Yu Yingshi concluded that this was a popular view in the late Han Dynasty, which indicated that the monarchs and ministers of famous religions were shaken [6]. The main purpose of Yu is to explore the subjective origin of Wei Jinjun, which has nothing to do with this article. But after all, it helps us to understand the change of the relationship between literati and imperial power at the end of Han Dynasty and the social concept transfer caused by it.
According to the Legend of Heroes quoted earlier, Dong Zhuo rebuked the little emperor: "It is right to let the constant servant Xiao Huangmen make trouble, and the loss is not small." Xian Di's "Ju Zhu" contains the policy of abandoning less and making contributions, which is actually a reflection of Dong Zhuo's view that He Taihou is "chaotic". In "The Story of Yuan Shaozhuan in the Later Han Dynasty", Dong Zhuo stated his intention to abolish Li, saying: "The master of the world should be wise, and it makes people angry every time he thinks of the spiritual emperor!" Then he severely criticized the late Lingdi.
"Continued Han Ji Zhi" said: "Dong Zhuo, the prime minister of Pingchu, and Cai Yong, the left corps commander, have the same merits and demerits below the emperor, but they are too bad to be ancestors." "Introduction to Yuan Songshan Shu" recorded this discussion in great detail, saying that after Emperor Zhang, "there were many disturbances in political affairs, and the power was transferred to the courtiers, and the heirs were diligent in their administration, and they all wanted to praise their loved ones." "So, filial piety and below, [Gongzong,] and (according to the four emperors of Liping, An, Shun and Huan) are all [appropriate]. Dong Zhuo denied the following emperors and even abolished their temple names, which is in the same strain as the" Fei Shan Yuan "of party celebrities. In this sense, the Qing debate movement at the end of the Han Dynasty prepared public opinion for the rise of Dong Zhuo's regime.
As early as the first year (AD 184), Hanyang people persuaded Huang Fusong to "recruit people from Hebei and move to seven states", went straight to Luoyang to get rid of eunuchs, and then proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Han [7]. In the fifth year of Zhong Ping (A.D. 188), Chen Yi, the son of Chen Fan, used the opportunity of Lingdi's "old residence between Beijiang River" to persuade Wang Fenqiang, the secretariat of Jizhou, to depose him. Mr. Tang pointed out that these two conspiracies are an important omen, that is, the "extraordinary actions" made by a few celebrities to save the political crisis in the Eastern Han Dynasty should be tried even if they "risk changing the emperor and surpassing the Confucian moral norms" [9]. This is the new trend of scholar-bureaucrat politics in the late Han Dynasty.
However, although the monarch was decadent at the end of the Han Dynasty, the imperial power was not easy to change, at least beyond the power of party celebrities. The debate ended in failure, and so did the plans of Zhong Yan and Wang Fen.
HuangFuSong rejected Zhong Yan's suggestion on the grounds that "people have not forgotten the Lord, and God does not help them. Xu Ruo failed to do what he hoped, and failed to seize the day, that is, to be loyal to this dynasty and keep the days of its ministers. Although there are many clouds, but put aside the waste, the name still exists, and death is immortal. Abnormal theory, dare not smell "[10]. Cao Cao refused to participate in Wang Fen's plan, thinking that "abolishing legislation is the most ominous thing in the world." "If you make a mistake, your desire will be restrained and you will not be dangerous" [1 1]! Citing the biography of Dong Zhuochuan in the Later Han Dynasty, He Jin and Yuan Shao "conspired to punish eunuchs", privately called General Dong Zhuo into the DPRK and "coerced the Queen Mother", the purpose of which was by no means to seize the power of Shaodi and He Taihou.
It was not until Dong Zhuo went to Beijing to replace Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and the Empress Dowager, who was in charge of state affairs, that the declining old imperial power was really destroyed, which prepared the conditions for changing the dynasty. In my opinion, this is the most important significance of Dong Zhuo's abandonment, forcing He Taihou to return to politics.
It goes without saying that the alternate autocracy between consorts and eunuchs was the main political malady in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. What this article wants to explain is that the emergence and expansion of consorts and eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty were closely related to the prevailing system of the Empress Dowager's coming to Korea at that time.
We can see that the consorts who have been good at politics since the imperial dynasty have their own queens with the same surname behind them. Although all the blades were killed before Dong Zhuo went to Beijing, as long as He Taihou continues to live in the DPRK, there is still the danger of consorts interfering in politics.
On the other hand, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs often participated in state affairs for the needs of the Empress Dowager. There is a passage in The Biography of Officials in the Later Han Dynasty, which is used by critics: "Empress Deng mainly came to Korea with women, but the opportunity was far-reaching. The courtiers discussed the country and broke the curtain for no reason. Without leaving the room, he had to appoint a torturer and send the life of the country. Holding the baron, his mouth is full of the constitution of heaven, and he will not be reinstated as Yongxiang in the court, but he will also be a boudoir. " It can be seen that an interdependent political relationship has been formed between Empress Dowager Cixi and eunuchs. Even if eunuchs control politics, it will bring obvious negative effects, and the female host in North Korea has to "entrust the life of the country to the torturers". The murder of the blade further shows that even if the consorts fight against the eunuchs, the Queen Mother, as an arbitrator, will not easily abandon the eunuchs.
Biography of He Jin said: After He Jin's death, Yuan Shao and others "killed all those who arrested officials" and "killed more than 2,000 people". Eunuch clique was devastated. However, He Taihou's new pro-government will eventually choose to punish people. Eunuch forces may make a comeback and get their hands on the regime again.
Dong Zhuo forced He Taihou to return to politics, and the political situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty changed significantly: consorts and eunuchs lost the main political soil on which to breed and spread. The abuse of the autocratic power of consorts and eunuchs, which has plagued the society for many years, has finally been suppressed. This is another important significance of He Taihou's return to politics.
Second, the confrontation between Kanto and Kansai and the confluence of Wu Liang people.
Dong Zhuo and his Liangzhou clique have a special political, geographical, cultural and even ethnic background, which determines the rise of Dong Zhuo's regime and its short-lived fate, as well as the gathering, dispersion and integration of various classes and forces within the regime.
(A) the opposition between Kanto and Kansai
The opposition between Kanto and Kansai is the outstanding representation of Dong Zhuo's rebellion. Almost all the representatives of Kanto are party celebrities, and their contradictions with Dong Zhuo and Liangzhou Group are not limited to regional conflicts. After Dong Zhuo took office, he recruited a large number of party celebrities, which was discussed by historians [12]. However, celebrities in the party have always refused to cooperate, and some even openly broke with Dong Zhuo. The reasons for this situation are worth discussing. First of all, it can be concluded that Dong Zhuo's serious damage to the political system and social order at that time was the fuse of the conflict.
The significance of Dong Zhuo's sacrifice and forcing He Taihou to return to politics has been analyzed above. The special condition for Dong Zhuo to do this is that he not only quickly controlled Luoyang's army, but also dared to break through the shackles of Confucianism.
As we all know, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, although there were many political waves against eunuchs, due to the lack of military power of eunuchs, when eunuchs attacked on a large scale, they could only give in easily [13]. Although Dong Zhuo only walked 3,000 steps to ride to Beijing, he merged the trilogy of Blade and Ding Yuan, saying that "the relieving power in Kyoto is only in Zhuo" [14]. The Story of the Three Kingdoms Yuan Shaozhuan quoted Xian Di's Spring and Autumn Annals. When Dong Zhuo proposed abolishing it, he said, "What happens in the world is not up to me." I'm doing it today, who dares not to follow! "His military power is in hand, which is very different from the political power of celebrities in the party.
Secondly, the party name is generally highly accomplished in Confucianism, so it will inevitably be bound by Confucianism. As mentioned above, the "group consciousness" of party names in the Eastern Han Dynasty was essentially independent of imperial power, but this does not mean that party names have clearly seen the necessity of updating imperial power, at least most people still lack this understanding.
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Even figures like Huang Fusong and Cao Cao are too rigid in this famous religion to expect anything. Huangfusong was born in Liangzhou, and later became a celebrity in the party, and gradually entered the discussion. He once held an important position in the army. Never, he said to his face, "Only Dong can be stable." [15] But he refused the plan, succumbed to Dong's levy [16], and repeatedly lost the opportunity to control the political situation and transform the imperial power.
Cao Cao made great efforts to make friends with celebrities and won the first-class evaluation of Xu Shao, but his "troubled times" made it difficult for him to rank among celebrities. Nevertheless, he first opposed Wang Fen's overthrow of Emperor Ling, and later opposed Yuan Shao's establishment of Liu Yu. Even on the eve of the Han Dynasty, he said, "If it is my destiny, I am Zhou Wenwang." Sima Guang's evaluation of this matter is: "What is his ambition? I am still afraid of this name and suppress myself. " [17] is to focus on the constraints of Zoroastrianism.
I think that under the influence of this trend of the times, it is difficult for famous Kanto parties and their imitators to take a key step to seize the imperial power in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Gai Xun Biography of the Later Han Dynasty quoted Song Xiao as saying that Liangzhou was not as good as academic, which reflected the general view of the society at the end of the Han Dynasty. The activities of General Dong Zhuo in Wei and Jin Dynasties recorded in Historical Records are all related to Confucianism, which shows that this generation lacks academic literacy. Their cultural views are quite different from those of Guandong celebrities and Huangfu in the same state.
Dong Zhuochuan's "The History of the Three Kingdoms" quoted Xian Di's "Residential Notes", and Xian Di said that Li Jue "knows whether to hide or not". The same is true of most ministries and commissions of Dong Zhuo. They don't have the conditions to participate in the discussion, and they can't exchange ideas with celebrities in the party. After recounting Dong Zhuo's promotion of the party name, The History of the Later Han Dynasty immediately said: "Zhuo is dear, not in a prominent position, but only in one faction." Dong Zhuo made this arrangement because he won people's hearts "patiently and affectedly" and because Li Jue and his followers were really incompetent for senior civil servants monopolized by celebrities.
We can see that it was Dong Zhuo, a general with "little knowledge", who was not confused by Ming Jiao after he entered Beijing, decisively deposed Shao Di and He Taihou, and started the first step in the process of replacing Han Dynasty. However, this is something that celebrities in the party dare not do themselves and do not allow others to do. Political differences between them and Liangzhou Group headed by Dong Zhuo are inevitable. Yuan Shao, Lu Zhi and others had a fierce dispute with Dong Zhuo on the issue of abolishing legislation, which is a strong proof.
Dong Zhuo seized power by violence, and violence flooded the new dynasty. History says that Dong Zhuo "threatened the public with severe punishment", "the people didn't protect themselves" and "the public couldn't stand on their own feet inside and outside" [18], which obviously aroused the resentment and fear of Kanto literati. As for Dong Zhuo's connivance of sergeant's murder, kidnapping and adultery near Luoyang, the basic social order disappeared, which caused widespread hostility to his regime from all walks of life. Therefore, although Dong Zhuo has gained the reputation of "murdering the official position" [19], despite his efforts to win over the party celebrities, the party celebrities will eventually part ways with him.
However, because the backbone members of Dong Zhuo Group are mostly Liangzhou people, they have always been geographically separated from the celebrities of the Central Plains Party, and the political and cultural conflicts between the two sides are highlighted in the form of opposition between Kanto and Kansai. In a word, Dong Zhuo ruled Kanto and faced complicated contradictions. It is the result of these contradictions that the troops are dispatched and the Kanto counties oppose Dong Zhuo.
(B) Dong Zhuo Group China tendency
In the past, people commented on Dong Zhuo's rebellion and often associated it with Hu Qiang, which is worth thinking about.
Dong Zhuo led the troops into Beijing with Bingzhou Animal Husbandry, and led troops from Liangzhou to Bingzhou and then to Luoyang [20]. The ethnic composition of this army is very complicated, and it is really mixed with Hu Qiangren. In "The Biography of Dong Zhuochuan in the Later Han Dynasty", in the sixth year of Pingping, Zhuo Shang wrote: "I took the car of Zhong Yi in Huangzhong and Hu Bing in Qin ... leading ministers, so it was impossible. I can't ban it. " From the article "Yue Hu in Huangzhong" in the Biography of Western Qiang, we can know that "Yi Cong in Huangzhong" is a descendant of Yue of the Qiang people. There are different opinions about the meaning of the word "Qin Hu". It is reasonable for Taiwan Province scholar Yitian Xing to interpret it as the Han nationality in Hu Hua [2 1]. However, in the late Han Dynasty, Liangzhou was actually either or. However, at that time, there was no clear boundary between Hu Qiang (obeying Huangzhong) and Han Qiang (Qinhu) and Hu Qiang. Therefore, Dong Zhuo can call his Huang Zhongyi Cong and Qin Hubing Hu Qiang. Ying Shao can say that "Dong Zhuo embraces Hu Bing" [22]; Cai Yan can also be regarded as "an outstanding person from the East, ... all people are from Hu Qiang" [23].
Dong Zhuo was born in the Han nationality, which is clearly recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. However, Huang's wife denounced him as a "descendant of Hu Qiang", probably because Dong Zhuo was deeply influenced by the wind. "The Story of the Three Kingdoms Dong Zhuochuan": "Little chivalrous man, try to swim in Qiang, and become attached to all the handsome men." After returning to the wild, handsome men and beautiful women have come from the people, and they are outstanding with everyone, killing cattle and giving a banquet. Handsome men from all walks of life felt it, gathered together and got more than 1000 hybrid beasts as gifts. "Dong Zhuo lived near Zhong Qiang when he was a child. He had frequent contacts with the strong and handsome, and was exposed to the customs and habits of Hu Qiang, which inevitably influenced and even assimilated him.
Dong Zhuo's Biography of the Three Kingdoms quotes Notes on Residence, which includes Yang Qi's words: "[Li] Well, I am used to foreign customs." Li Jue is a native of the northern region [24], and the northern region is affected by the "Qiang disaster", so Yang Qi's so-called "foreign wind" mainly refers to the wind of Qiang and Hu. Xian Di Ju Zhu also said that Niu Fu, Dong Zhuo's son-in-law, had "one branch of Hu Chi 'er" under his account, and Dong Zhuo's biography of the Three Kingdoms contained the "thick" son of Niu Fu [25]. Hu Zhi is Yue Hu, and the article "Yue Hu in Huangzhong" in The Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty: "Clothes, food and language are similar to Qiang". Niu Fu chose Hu Chier and others as Qin Bing, believing that he was used to his "clothing and food language". What happened to Dong Zhuo's husband is by no means an individual phenomenon. I'm afraid there are not a few Liangzhou generals who are used to foreign customs. Otherwise, it is difficult for them to get along with Hu Qiang Bingzhi for a long time.
In this way, in the eyes of the Central Plains literati, Dong Zhuo Group was in the Han and Wei Dynasties.
Activities, especially their atrocities after they went to Beijing, all bear a distinct brand of Hu Qiang.
The contradiction between the two sides has added another layer of ethnic conflict. Dong Zhuo tried to pass
It's getting harder and harder to stand in the East.
(3) Liangzhou Group and Bingzhou Group
When the Guandong satrap met Dong Zhuo, Lu Bu and other Bing soldiers chose to continue to cooperate with Dong Zhuo. The evolution of the relationship between Lianghe and He Bing had an important influence on the political transformation in the late Han Dynasty.
The biography of Dong Zhuo in the later Han Dynasty said that Dong Zhuo's entry into Beijing "made Lu Bu kill Ding Yuan, the Emperor of Jin Dynasty, and merged with others", which led to the confluence of the cool army and the cold army. As we know, in the sixth year of Zhong Ping, Dong Zhuo was appointed as the state shepherd. According to the biography of the Three Kingdoms and Lu Bu, from the perspective of the history of Bing, Ding Yuan was replaced as the riding captain. Ding Yuan's native place is unknown. According to the official avoidance system in the Eastern Han Dynasty [26], Ding was not from Bingzhou. Ding Yuan's assistant was recruited from the local area, such as "The History of the Three Kingdoms": "Jiuyuan people in Wuyuan County are also. Give ice with martial arts. " The same book "Biography of Zhang Yang": "There are people in the clouds. Give it to Bingzhou with Wu Yong and do it for Wu Meng. " Biography of Zhang Liao: "Yanmen Mayi people are also. ..... Bingzhou stabbed Ding Yuan to surpass others with Liao Li, and called him. "
Ding Yuan was appointed as the riding captain and then transferred to Hanoi. According to the biography of Gongsun Zan, Shi Ding had at least thousands of soldiers in Hanoi. "Lu Bu Biography" also said: "Ding Yuan, the secretariat, is the commander-in-chief, tunhe, with cloth as the main book, so he is very affectionate." Ding Yuan used some force to form a powerful armed force in Bing. When he left Penn, he took the army to Hanoi. Ding Yuan's "kindness" to Lu Bu is to continue to control Bing soldiers with his help. Blades "called four valiant soldiers, ordered and led soldiers to the capital, to threaten the queen mother", Ding Yuan and Dong Zhuo were among them [27]. They rely on their own local armed forces and get the opportunity of central intervention at the same time.
Justin's "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" was reprinted in August of the sixth year of Emperor Ling, and Dong Zhuo welcomed his young emperor back to the palace: "Why save him from Hanoi? Bye." Presumably, Ding Yuan's worship of Jin Wu should be arranged by Dong Zhuo. Although Dong Zhuo advanced to Beijing, holding the young emperor and the empress dowager in his hand, he occupied a political advantage. However, according to the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Dong Zhuo quoted the Spring and Autumn Annals of Kyushu: "When Zhuo first entered Luoyang, he couldn't ride the Three thousands of feet, so he was ashamed to serenade him, so he was convinced." He also knows that he doesn't have the military strength to overwhelm Ding Yuan. Dong Zhuo was eager to announce Ding Yuan as Jin Wu, and deliberately appeased him, exposing his vigilance and fear of Ding Yuan and Bing soldiers.
Ding Yuan's self-respect for his soldiers has caused an elbow injury to Dong Zhuo. Whether Dong Zhuo can eradicate Ding Yuan smoothly depends on Lu Bu. So, why did Lyu3 bu4 betray Ding Yuan and take refuge in Dong Zhuo? As mentioned earlier, when Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, his troops were limited, and Ding Yuan could compete with them with Bing soldiers. Dong Zhuo used a trick: "After four or five days, I will send troops out of the four gates at night, and tomorrow Chen Jing will come in and announce that the Yunxi Army will return to Luo Zhong. People don't realize that there are countless excellent soldiers. " [28] Lu Bu and other Bing generals were probably confused and were awed by the strength of Liangzhou Army. Another biography of Lu Bu called Zhuo "a captain riding with cloth". As mentioned earlier, Ding Yuan rode a captain in Hanoi, while Dong Zhuo and Lu Bu rode a captain, and he was about to take over the old headquarters in Ding Yuan. I suspect that this may be one of the conditions for Dong Zhuo to induce Lu Bu to defect.
However, there are deeper reasons why Lu Bu took refuge in Dong Zhuo. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Binhe and Liangzhou, where Lu Bu and Dong Zhuo were located, were not only the main areas where the Qiang people suffered, but also the main battlefields of the Qiang people's war. There used to be many Xiongnu immigrants in Bingzhou, and then a large number of Hu Qiang poured in. Hu Qiang and Han people have lived together for a long time, so Dong Zhuo and Liangzhou will "get used to foreign customs", as mentioned above. Bing generals like Lu Bu are almost as credible. Lu Bu Biography said that Dong Zhuo "loved it very much and swore to be a father and son". They also "learn less" and are famous for their martial arts; At first, they all held junior military posts, and their early experiences were very similar. It is no accident that Dong Zhuo and Lu Bu share the same interests.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records that "Excellence is precious, not important, but only in distribution schools", and besides Liangzhou generals, it should also include Lu Bu and other Bing generals. The rank of officials in Dong Zhuo's regime and the difference between civil and military officials have also become the dividing line between the famous party member in Kanto, Lianghe and Wu Hui Group. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Sun Jian quoted Lu Wu as saying: Wang Rui "is stronger than his military attache, but it is quite light." It goes without saying that Wang Rui is a famous family; Sun Jian's identity, according to Mr. Chen Yinque, is "an evil gentry who is not famous for his culture" [29]. Their relationship shows that the attitude of celebrities towards the military class in the late Han Dynasty was quite contemptuous.
Sun Jian and Dong Zhuo are in a hostile state, while Li Jue and Lu Bu belong to Liangzhou and Bingzhou, but they have one thing in common: they lack academic reputation and are famous for their force. All belong to the military class with low social status.
In a word, the confrontation between Bingzhou Wuren Group and Dong Zhuo and Kanto Party celebrities ultimately depends on their region, culture, customs and social background. This makes us further realize that the essence of Dong Zhuo's regime is to represent the interests of a group of middle-and lower-level military attaché s who come from the northwest frontier states and are deeply influenced by Qiang and Hu.
Third, Dong Zhuo's plan to move the capital and Wang Yun's plan
In February of the first year of Chuping (AD 190), Dong Zhuo moved the capital with Xian Di. According to the Records of the History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi, Cao Cao, a member of the Kanto Allied Forces, commented on this: "Dong Zhuo heard that Shandong soldiers started, relying on the royal family. According to the danger of two weeks, he faced the eastern world; Although there is no way to do it, it is still enough. " In Cao Shi's view, Dong Zhuo could still compete with the Kanto Army if he held high the banner of Xian Di and occupied Chang 'an and Luoyang in an adventurous way. But Dong Zhuo insisted on giving up Luoyang and retreating to Guanzhong. What is the reason? Shortly after Dong Zhuo entered the customs, Wang Yun's plan appeared, and Dong Zhuo's regime was dealt a fatal blow. What is the background of this matter?
I can't write. I haven't discussed horse thieves yet. I'll write it after giving points. I am tired!