1, horsehead wall
Horsehead wall is an important feature of Huizhou architecture. Judging from Hongcun, Huizhou folk houses are usually very dense and connected by mountains and rivers. Coupled with cultivated land, there is not much land left by residential buildings. As the saying goes, seven mountains, one water and one field, one road and one manor. In such a crowded living environment, fire prevention naturally becomes the top priority. In addition, once the ancient wooden house catches fire, if there are no good measures, the whole village may be destroyed. The existence of the horse head wall is to block the fire source, so the horse head wall is also called the accumulation wall.
2. Three sculptures
Three sculptures refer to wood carving, stone carving and brick carving. Emblem carvings are reflected in Huizhou architecture to varying degrees. On the beam frame of Huizhou architecture, the middle is mostly thick. This kind of beam is also called winter melon beam. The middle part of this beam is usually carved with gorgeous wood carvings. The existence of three sculptures gives Huizhou architecture a three-dimensional sense and a sense of elegance. The door cover is fascinating, and the wall is carved by the wall, which is the actual embodiment of Huizhou's three sculptures. The focus of the three sculptures is the gatehouse, door cover, window sill, window cover, beam and column, forehead and so on.
3. Arch
The memorial archway is an extremely important part of Huizhou architecture, and it is also called Huizhou ancient architecture with folk houses and ancestral halls. This archway has a long history. It was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and began to be used as a village gate, called Hengmen. With the evolution of the times, it has become a landmark building with a strict hierarchy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were a large number of senior officials in Huizhou. In addition, Huizhou merchants are rich in financial resources, and archways are increasingly prosperous.
4. Ancestral Temple
Ancestral temple is one of the three wonders of Huizhou ancient architecture, and its position in ancient Huizhou is extremely high. Ancestral hall originated from ancestral hall, which is the place where families worship their ancestors. From the scale of the ancestral temple, we can see the historical background, social economy, family reproduction and rise and fall of a family. Of course, the establishment of ancestral temple can not be separated from Huizhou merchants. Learning to be excellent is an official, and Excellence is a business. Huizhou merchants work hard all the year round. After becoming wealthy businessmen, they returned to their hometown, invested in their hometown, built ancestral temples and monuments to illuminate their ancestors.
The Historical Origin of Huizhou Architecture
In ancient Huizhou, the wind of respecting ancestors prevailed in Dunben, and ancestral halls were built in every village, including ancestral halls, branch temples and family temples. According to Zhao Jishi's "Sending a Garden to a Place" in the Qing Dynasty: "No mixed surnames live together. Its wind is the latest. In and out of the teeth, the name is unified by the ancestral temple. When I was old, I took a family member named Rafe from the village and offered Zhu Wengong's family gift as a sacrifice. "
There are more than 30 ancestral halls in Nanping Village, Yixian County, which are large in scale and small in scale, forming a group of ancestral halls with quaint styles. There are eight 200-meter-long ancestral halls in Hengdian Street in front of the village. "Preface Hall" and "Shicheng Ancestral Hall" are two major ancestral halls, with three branch shrines and three family shrines, which can be called the museum of feudal patriarchal clan system in China. In ancient Huizhou, the famous families built temples, expanded their buildings and built sub-temples, and the scale was better than that of Qionglou Yuyu to show the prosperity of the family.
These ancestral halls are all made of huge and thick materials, and some of them actually use a big wood with a length of 6.7 meters, a height of 1 meter and a width of 80 centimeters. Use a whole big wood with a circumference of 2.3 meters and a height of 7.8 meters as a church pillar. Excavate a whole large stone slab with a length of 10 meter and a width of more than 5 meters as a step.
The "Enjoying Hall" and "Sleeping Hall" of the ancestral hall are all made of monochromatic precious wood such as Ginkgo biloba, which is called "Ginkgo Hall". There is also a heavy beam stack, which is called "Bailiang Hall". Most of the ancestral halls are "Five Pagodas" with high walls and upturned corners. The whole ancestral hall is solemn and solemn, which embodies the sacred majesty of clan laws and regulations.
Refer to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Huizhou Architecture