By the end of 5th century BC, the development of the Greek world in the Eastern Mediterranean had reached a considerable scale. At the same time, the Persian Empire, which rose in West Asia, also ruled a vast area from Asia, Syria, Palestine to Egypt, and marched into the Danube River to control Thrace, approaching Greece, showing an irresistible trend. In ancient times, the contact between the two political forces of the East and the West inevitably led to the war between the two sides, that is, the Greek-Persian war. \ x0d \ x0d \ The fuse of the Greek-Persian war was that Miletus in Asia Minor launched the Ionian national uprising in 500 BC, resisting Persian rule over the Greek city-states along the coast of Asia Minor. In the uprising, Athens sent troops to help. After the uprising was suppressed by Persia, Persia invaded Greece across the sea on the grounds that Athens helped the uprising. In 492 BC, the first batch of Persian confessors, consisting of navy and army, went south along the coast of Thrace, but because the Persian navy was hit by a hurricane at Cape Ados in northern Greece, it was almost completely annihilated and returned to Asia without fighting. \ x0d \ x0d \ Among the Greek states, Athens and Sparta are the most determined to resist Persia. Under the leadership of these two countries, they combined with other city-states to form a unified command of the Greek Coalition forces. It should be pointed out that the Greeks, who had a long tradition of freedom and independence under the city-state system, could not tolerate the invasion and ravages of the Persian Empire, so most cities actively participated in the anti-Persian struggle and provided all kinds of support to the Coalition forces. \ x0d \ x0d \ In 490 BC, the Persian emperor Darius sent his nephew Altafer Ness to invade the west with 600 ships, pointing to Athens and Eritrea, which had sent troops to help Miletus. Persian troops attacked Eritrea first and met with stubborn resistance. However, the city-state on the island of Youbeia finally fell because of the traitor's betrayal, the city was burned and the residents became slaves. After that, the Persian army took a boat to the marathon in the northeast of Athens, landed and camped, and leveled Athens like attacking Eritrea. However, the arrogant Persian division was hit by the Athenian citizen army in the marathon plain with unprecedented courage. The Greeks won a brilliant victory this time. 6400 Persian soldiers were killed, while the Greeks only sacrificed 192. The Persian army was defeated and had to get on the boat and flee from the shore far away. This marathon victory enabled the Greeks to break the superstition of Persian invincibility and strengthen their determination and confidence in defending their motherland. After the \ x0d \ x0d \ marathon, although the Persian army retreated, it was still difficult for Athens to pursue it with the power of one country, so the two sides confronted each other across the sea and were actively preparing for another decisive battle in the future. Although the Persian side was humiliated by the loss of soldiers, the strength of the whole empire was not touched. After the death of Darius, Xue Xisi, who succeeded to the throne, concentrated the military and financial resources of the whole country with great fanfare, prepared to make a comeback on a larger scale, determined to destroy Greece, and then quickly eliminated it. \ x0d \ x0d \ People of insight in Greece also saw that the success of the first battle was only the prelude to the coming bigger storm, and the Greek nation was still in danger, so it was imperative to make all-out preparations. The most influential and knowledgeable of these people is Tammy stokely, the leader of democracy in Athens. He participated in the marathon, and he deeply realized the number of Persian ships and the extreme importance of the navy in the future decisive battle. He urged that Athens should first build a strong navy. It happened that the old Liwen silver mine in Athens discovered a rich vein at this time, which could produce a lot of silver. He persuaded the masses not to distribute the production of state-owned silver mines to the citizens as usual, but to concentrate on the construction of the navy, and finally built 100 new three-row paddle warship. After other efforts, the Athenian navy has 200 three-row paddle warships in just a few years, and its strength has soared several times. Although still far behind the Persian navy in number, they have the advantages of flexibility, quickness, firmness and strength. Under the control of Athenian citizen sailors with high morale, they had the strength to fight against the Persian navy. \ x0d \ x0d \ At the same time, with the efforts of Athens and Sparta, many Greek city-states have realized the seriousness of the situation and the necessity of uniting against the enemy. By 48 1 year BC, 3 1 city-states had gathered in Sparta and decided to form an all-Greek alliance to unite against Persia. The congress elected Sparta as commander-in-chief of the navy and army, and important decisions were decided by the countries of the alliance. In order to strengthen the unity within the alliance, Athens wisely ceded the supreme command of the navy to Sparta, but it was actually the main force of the Greek navy and could control the operational policy. In addition, at the suggestion of Tammy stokely, the Athens citizens' assembly also decided to let all exiles return to China and unite with the enemy to make Athens stronger. \ x0d \ x0d \ In the spring of 480 BC, Xue Xisi personally led Persian Lu Haijun to start an unprecedented military operation across the Hutchins Strait. He ordered the construction of two pontoons connecting Asia and Europe, and the whole army set foot on European soil. According to Herodotus, a Greek historian, the number of Persian troops crossing the Strait into Greece is only 26,465,438+0,665,438+00, which is obviously exaggerated. Maybe he quoted the number of troops announced by the Persian emperor when he held a national military parade. In fact, there are only 500,000 Persian troops crossing the channel at most, with only 400,000 fighters, plus 65,438 Persian Navy 1000 warships. In contrast, the disadvantages of the Greek Coalition forces are obvious: the army has only 1 1000, and the navy has only 400 warships. Moreover, due to the numerous city-states and scattered regions, only 1 10,000 to 20,000 allied forces can gather in one place to fight Persia, so the war situation is still very severe for the Greeks. \x0d\\x0d\ At Wenquanguan, the main pass in central Greece, the main force of the Persian army fought the Greeks for the first time. This pass is surrounded by mountains and seas, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. The garrison is determined to fight a life-and-death battle with the land here. They only have 7,200 people, with 300 Spartans as the core and Spartan King Leonidas as the commander in chief, facing hundreds of thousands of Persian armies. After the first contact, the Spartans who took the lead in the war were very brave and the Persian army stormed several times. Later, the Persian army found someone to lead the way around the hot spring pass, making it difficult for the Greek defenders to hold on. Leonidas ordered most of the defenders to leave the mountain pass and move to the rear safely. He and all the Spartans stayed behind to defend their position, fought hard and died in the end. In addition, 400 Thebes and 700 Tespia also asked to stay and fight with Spartans, and they all died heroically. The battle of Wenquanguan set an example for the whole Greek army and inspired the fighting will of the whole nation. Its spiritual strength is far greater than the gains and losses of specific barriers. From the strategic layout, this guard battle was also successful, which won valuable time for the main allied forces to gather in the rear and the Greek fleet to enter the Gulf of Salami. When Xue Xisi later swept the Greek states, captured Athens and set fire to the city, he was elated, but he didn't know that only failure awaited him. \ x0d \ x0d \ In the autumn of 480 BC, the Greek and Persian navies fought a decisive battle in Salami Bay. This place is located in the southwest of Athens, forming a narrow water area between Salami Island and the mainland. The Greek navy, dominated by the Athens fleet, made full use of favorable terrain and played a flexible role. It hit the Persian fleet and sank more than 300 enemy ships, while Greece lost only 40. The Persian navy is still scattered and unable to resist the Greek fleet; Xue Xisi also hurried back to Asia, and the war situation changed fundamentally. Although Persia still had troops stationed on Greek soil, it was the Greeks who launched the attack. This army was soon wiped out in the Battle of Platia in 479, and the whole Greek territory was liberated. At the same time, the Greek navy once again defeated the Persian navy at Cape mickal in Asia. Since then, the victory of Greece has become increasingly clear, and the next stage (478-449 BC) of military operations will be mainly carried out by the Greeks, so as to further liberate the Greek city-states along the Aegean Sea and Asia, free the entire Greek world from Persian rule and avoid the threat of Persia. In 449 BC, Persia agreed to conclude a peace treaty. Persia recognized the independence of the Greek city-state of Asia Minor and undertook the obligation not to send warships into the Aegean Sea, thus officially ending the Sino-Polish War. \ x0d \ x0d \ The Greek-Persian War ended with the victory of Greece, which had a far-reaching influence in world history. Since then, the development pattern of world civilization has gradually formed a trend of coexistence between East and West, which continues to this day. The victory of Greece not only enabled the Greek States to continue to develop, but also enabled Athens to achieve unprecedented prosperity, thus laying the foundation for future western civilization.