River civilization
river
Typical symbol
ancient egypt civilization
The Nile
Pyramid-the tomb of Pharaoh, the essence of ancient architecture and a symbol of power.
Ancient Babylon
Mesopotamia
Code of hammurabi, aimed at safeguarding the interests of the slave owners, is the first code with a complete system in the existing world.
Ancient Indian civilization
Indus River
Caste system-Society is divided into four classes: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra.
Different levels of legal status, social rights and religious life are quite different, and the boundaries between them are strict.
2. The representative of marine civilization Ancient Greek civilization is the birthplace of western civilization.
Athens is one of the most important city-states in ancient Greece. During the reign of Perikles, democracy in Athens was extremely prosperous, and all adult male citizens could attend the citizens' assembly of the highest authority.
Created a model of democratic politics in ancient society.
Perikles thought that "Athens is the school of all Greece".
3.* * *' s main activities: * * founded the * * * religion on the * * * peninsula in the 7th century.
He led his followers to a long-term war with the nobles in Mecca, defeated the nobles in Mecca and established the first unified country in history.
The country he established and the civilization he created had a far-reaching impact on the development of world civilization in the future.
4. Peaceful exchanges among all ethnic groups and regions in the world are of great historical significance to the development of human civilization.
1) Kyle Polo, an Italian, came to China in the13rd century, and Yuan Shizu, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, made him an official in the Yuan Dynasty in 17. He has been to many cities in China, and after returning home, he dictated what he saw and heard into a book "A Journey to Kyle Polo", which was widely circulated in western Europe, arousing westerners' yearning for the East and having a great influence on opening up new air routes in the future.
2) *** people have made great contributions to the spread and exchange of world culture. Indians first created a counting method of ten numbers from 0 to 9. * * When people know it, they transform it and spread it, which is called "* * * number".
There are two ways of civilized communication: violent conflict and peaceful communication.
Content/name
Buddhism
Christianity
* * * Teaching
creation time
6th century BC
1 century
7 th century
founder
Gautama Siddharta
Jesus
***
Place of origin
India
Palestinian areas
Mecca on the peninsula.
range
The Han Dynasty was introduced to China.
5. The emergence and spread of the three major religions.
Review Outline for the Senior High School Entrance Examination of History (Part of Modern World History) in Grade Three.
Declare war on strangers
▲14-16th century, a trend of pursuing individual liberation and freedom of thought rose in Europe. This movement, called "Renaissance", originated in Italy.
Renaissance is an ideological emancipation movement that the bourgeoisie knocked on the door of modern society.
▲ Dante is known as the pioneer of the Renaissance. His masterpiece is Divine Comedy, which is regarded as a symbol of Europe's transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society.
▲ Leonardo da Vinci was the most famous Italian painter, mathematician, mechanic and engineer in the Renaissance. His most outstanding artistic masterpieces include The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.
▲ Shakespeare was the most famous writer in the English Renaissance. Representative works include Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear and Othello.
Lesson 2 The Explorer's Dream
▲ From the end of 15, Europeans began to explore new routes in order to seek the wealth of the East.
With the support of the Spanish royal family, Columbus led a team from Spain, crossed the Atlantic and arrived in America. He mistook India for India and called the local residents "Indians".
▲ The historical role of the opening of the new air route: 1) Strengthened contacts and exchanges around the world; 2) Brought colonial plunder, expansion and aggression to the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America for hundreds of years; 3) Promoted the emergence and development of European capitalism; 4) Extended the tentacles of capitalism to all parts of the world.
Lesson 3 Revolutions to Deprive Crown and Keep Crown
▲ The symbol document of the victory of the British bourgeois revolution is the Bill of Rights, which strictly limits the rights of the king, establishes the supreme power of Congress, and establishes Britain's "constitutional monarchy".
▲ Historical influence of British bourgeois revolution: After nearly half a century of bourgeois revolution, Britain established a capitalist system, embarked on the capitalist road and took the lead in starting the industrial revolution.
The British Revolution not only had a great influence on the historical development of Britain, but also quickly spread to other European countries, which promoted the development of European bourgeois revolution.
Marx thought that the British revolution was a "European revolution".
Lesson 4 Fighting for National Independence
▲ The first shot of the North American War of Independence started, and the event that marked the beginning of the War of Independence was the gunfire of Lexington.
▲ Marx's "First Declaration of Human Rights" was an important document during the American War of Independence.
Its contents are as follows: ① Natural human rights, people are born free and equal; (2) People's authorization; (3) Declare the independence of North America and establish the United States.
▲ The historical influence of the American War of Independence: ① Overthrow British colonial rule, make the people of North America realize national liberation and establish an independent United States.
② Promoted the development of American capitalism and modern civilization.
Lesson 5 Fighting for Democracy and Harmony
▲ "All men are created equal, the whole * * * comes from the people, and property rights are sacred and inviolable" embodies the core idea of the French Declaration of Human Rights.
▲ The French bourgeois revolution completely destroyed the French feudal autocracy, widely spread democracy and ideas, and had a far-reaching impact on human society.
However, the people's interests won by this revolution are only enjoyed by a few people.
Lesson 6 Napoleon's literary skills and strategies
▲/kloc-in the 0/9th century, the First Empire of France was established and the Civil Code was enacted. Napoleon was praised as a national hero by the French people.
He is a famous politician and strategist in French history. He seized the French regime through the "Fog Moon coup". During his reign, he promulgated a series of legal documents such as the Napoleonic Code (the first civil code of bourgeois countries, whose legislative spirit and principles were borrowed and imitated by many later European countries), which strengthened his rule, accelerated the transition of European society from the Middle Ages to the modern society through foreign wars, and spread some achievements of the French Revolution to all parts of Europe. However, because his foreign war threatened the interests of all European countries and infringed on the interests of people in other countries, it was resisted by all countries. 18 15 was defeated by the anti-French alliance in the Battle of Waterloo and withdrew from politics.
His life had a profound influence on France and Europe in the19th century.
Lesson 8 The Steam Revolution that Changed the Face of the World
▲ 1765, Hargreaves successfully manufactured the spinning machine "Jenny Spinning Machine", which marked the beginning of the industrial revolution and liberated human hands from direct labor.
▲ 1783, Watt successfully improved the steam engine and connected it with the working machine, which gave the working machine a powerful and lasting power. This invention and application completely changed the face of human production and life, and made human enter the "age of steam".
▲ After the first industrial revolution, new means of transportation appeared, including the steam ship and steam locomotive invented by Stephen Sun in Britain (the rocket was invented in1814; Voyager was invented in 1825).
The application of trains in the transportation industry has made mankind step into the era of trains and rapidly expanded the scope of human activities.
"Liberator" style
▲ triangle trade is a typical example of European colonial activities, exposing primitive accumulation of capital's barbarism and cruelty. It made Africa suffer greatly, brought great wealth to European colonial countries and promoted the development of capitalism in these countries.
1 1 lesson "declaration" opens a new era
▲ Marx was hired as the editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung and humorously said that he was a "citizen of the world".
▲ 1848, Marx and Engels jointly issued the * * * Declaration, which marked the birth of Marxism.
The "inner desire" must be realized.
▲ The first proletarian regime in human history was the Paris Commune.
▲ The composer of "The Internationale" is Eugè ne Bourdieu, and the composer is Degate.
The civil war that decided America's fate
▲ 186 1 year, Lincoln was elected president of the United States, and the slave owners in the south rebelled to protect their own interests and provoked a civil war, which was called "American Civil War" or "American Civil War" in history.
In order to mobilize the broad masses of the people and win the war, 1862, Lincoln promulgated two important laws, the Homestead Act and the Slave Emancipation Act.
▲ 1862 Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation stipulates that from 1863 onwards, all slaves in southern rebel states will be granted personal freedom.
▲ The historical role of the American Civil War: After the American Civil War, the United States abolished black slavery, unified the North and the South politically and economically, promoted the rapid development of the American capitalist economy, and laid a solid foundation for it to become the most developed capitalist power in the world in the future.
Year 65438+1 October1
Social change led by samurai
▲ Since 1868, Meiji * * has implemented a series of bourgeois reforms, known as Meiji Restoration.
The main contents of the reform are as follows: ① Politically, vigorously strengthen centralization, abolish vassals and set up counties; The emperor has unlimited power to abolish the feudal identity system; (2) Economically, learn from the West and develop modern industry; Allow land to be privately owned and traded; Local taxes are collected uniformly throughout the country; (3) Militarily, implement the conscription system and establish a standing army and police system; ④ Advocating "civilization" and implementing compulsory education in social life and cultural education.
▲ The historical role of Meiji Restoration in Japan: ① Internally, Japan got rid of backwardness and embarked on the capitalist road; (2) Externally: Japan got rid of the national crisis and became an independent country in Asia.
(3) Negative effects: Japan pursues militarism and soon embarks on the road of foreign aggression and expansion.
The advent of the electrical age
▲ The second industrial revolution was a revolution centered on electricity. Electricity is widely used in family life, industrial production, transportation and information transmission, and human society has entered the electrical age from age of steam.
▲ The application of electricity has triggered a series of inventions and changed people's production and living conditions.
Among them, American scientist Edison's achievements are the most outstanding. He invented the electric light, phonograph, wax paper and mimeograph, which played an important role in improving the quality of human life.
▲ Since the 20th century, electricity has become an indispensable energy source for production and life in western countries.
In family life, the use of electricity facilitates human life (for example, the use of household appliances such as washing machines, refrigerators and electric fans; The convenience of communication, etc. ) improve the quality of human life (bring entertainment to human beings, enrich life, etc. ); In industrial production, it has promoted the rapid development of other industrial sectors, especially the iron and steel industry.
Knock on the door of modern civilization
▲ 1885 karl benz, the most famous German engineer, successfully designed and manufactured the world's first car using a gasoline internal combustion engine on the basis of other people's research.
▲ 19 13 American engineer Henry Ford used assembly line technology for the first time in automobile production.
▲ 1903 The Wright brothers in the United States successfully built the first plane powered by machinery in human history.
▲ The invention of automobiles and airplanes has shortened the distance between people, expanded the scope of human activities, changed the social outlook and lifestyle of human beings, and strengthened the ties between people.
For example: shorten the distance around the world; Bring convenience to people; Conducive to people's material and cultural exchanges; Conducive to economic development; Bring environmental pollution; Endanger human life (war, car accident, air crash, etc.). ).
The fanaticism of forming alliances
▲ Three countries alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary.
▲ Three-country agreement: France, Russia and Britain.
▲ The influence of the formation of the two major military groups in Europe: After the formation of the two major military groups in Europe, they frantically expanded their troops to prepare for war. In order to control the hegemony of Europe and the world, the world situation is becoming increasingly tense, and a world war is imminent.
Lesson 20 The First World War broke out
▲1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Serbian youth Princip assassinated Crown Prince Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. This is the famous "Sarajevo Incident", but this accidental incident became the fuse of the First World War and brought serious disasters to mankind.
▲ 19 16 The Battle of Verdun, which took place in France, was one of the cruellest battles with the largest number of deaths during the First World War. Since then, the French army has changed from strategic defense to strategic attack.
▲ The First World War began in 19 14 when Germany declared war on Serbia and ended in 19 18 when the two sides signed an armistice agreement.
There are 33 countries participating in this world war, with a population of 65.438+0.5 billion.
The war spread all over Europe, Asia and Africa, with 8.4 million troops killed and 2,654.38+0,000 injured. During the war, the two sides spent $208.4 billion.
Year165438+1October11July 28th.
Lesson 23 The Master of Building the Hall of Science
country
figure
Major achievements
Britain, England
newton
The establishment of a classical mechanical system-Newtonian mechanics is called "the father of modern science".
Britain, England
Darwin
The author of "The Origin of Species" puts forward that "natural selection, survival of the fittest"
United States of America
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
Put forward the famous "theory of relativity"