Model essay on engineering survey: the role of engineering survey in the construction of hydropower and water conservancy projects.
Engineering survey can provide accurate data and information for water conservancy project construction, which is of great significance to water conservancy project construction. It maintains the safe operation of water conservancy and hydropower projects, provides technical support for the safety of people's lives and property, and plays a vital role in promoting the development of water conservancy and hydropower. This paper discusses in detail the important role of engineering survey in the construction of hydropower and water conservancy projects from the following aspects.
Keywords: engineering construction; Engineering survey; Measurement data; function
In water conservancy and hydropower projects, surveying is a very important work, which runs through the whole process of water conservancy and hydropower project construction. After accurate and meticulous measurement, the water conservancy project can be constructed smoothly according to the drawing, and it can also provide important technical support and guarantee for the construction quality, and it is also the main means and method of quality inspection. When planning and designing water conservancy projects, topographic data must be collected and sorted out, and medium and small scale topographic maps and related data should be provided. When designing buildings, it is important to provide large-scale topographic maps. Therefore, engineering construction and engineering survey are the important foundation and key to ensure the success of water conservancy project construction.
Importance of engineer survey in 1 hydropower and water conservancy project construction
(1) nowadays, surveying, as a professional technology, has been widely used in various engineering construction because of its remarkable characteristics, such as calibrating equipment and buildings in the field according to different design requirements such as size, shape and location, and accurately collecting and representing geometric information of various landforms and features. The construction survey of water conservancy project is to ensure that the construction survey process is under control, and the survey control is carried out in strict accordance with the specific requirements of design drawings, modification notices, technical specifications and contracts. Plan and design through data and drawings, select the most economical and reasonable scheme at the same time, and coordinate the construction of various projects through measurement to ensure the correct implementation of design intent. In order to meet the needs of management, use, maintenance and even expansion of completed projects, it is necessary to compile and draw as-built drawings. Engineering survey data can also provide basis for determining dam height and designing various hydraulic structures in water conservancy projects.
(2) Engineering survey is the basis of structural design of water conservancy projects, which determines the design and positioning of water conservancy projects. Engineering survey can be used to determine the foundation and diagnosis problems of water conservancy projects, and it is the most important means to diagnose the quality of water conservancy projects. All kinds of measurement data can find the problems in water conservancy projects as soon as possible, which is of great significance. Construction survey preparation is an important link to ensure the smooth progress of the whole project construction survey, including the review of construction drawings, the handover and check of plane coordinate points and elevation points provided by the supervision unit, the preparation of construction survey scheme and the collation of data. Measurement can provide accurate reference points for formwork construction in elevation setting-out, ensure the flatness of formwork construction, provide elevation control lines for concrete construction and ensure the flatness after construction. Engineering survey can provide reliable data and technical support for engineering construction management, and can provide accurate data for concrete types and thickness used in concrete construction of water conservancy projects.
2 hydropower and water conservancy engineering survey problems
(1) In order to improve the construction quality of water conservancy projects, it is necessary to carry out detailed engineering survey, apply the data of engineering survey, eliminate those unforeseeable factors and ensure the engineering quality. The construction quality of water conservancy projects has an important impact on regional economic development and residents' life safety. In the construction stage of water conservancy and hydropower project, it is necessary to define various control points to meet the specific requirements of the actual measurement system of the project. In the early stage of water conservancy and hydropower project construction, scale design must be carried out according to the construction scale and specific requirements of the construction unit, as well as the natural conditions and expected use of the project location. Otherwise, there will be errors in the measurement data, which may lead to serious quality problems in the construction of water conservancy projects, even lead to major safety accidents, resulting in serious economic losses, and at the same time increase serious negative public opinion in society.
(2) During the construction of the main structure, attention should be paid to the influence of engineering survey on the determination of various data, and the verticality control of the axis of water conservancy project, slope flatness, channel centerline, large-scale water conservancy project and the elevation control of the main body should be done well to prevent the occurrence of common diseases such as deformation, deviation and leakage. This will cause serious damage to the quality of water conservancy projects, thus affecting the safety performance of water conservancy projects in the daily operation process. It is also necessary to observe the deformation of hydraulic structures to prevent the occurrence of safety and quality accidents caused by the settlement and displacement of hydraulic structures and ensure the safety and stability of water conservancy projects. Engineering survey has a certain guiding significance for the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. It is necessary to analyze different design links in combination with the requirements of the design form of construction projects to meet the construction needs of water conservancy and hydropower projects.
Management and application of engineering survey in hydropower and water conservancy project construction
(1) Engineering survey is not only widely used in the fields of architecture and land survey, but also plays an important role in the construction of water conservancy projects. Engineering survey can provide all kinds of data for water conservancy project construction, and may ensure the basic quality of water conservancy project construction, thus ensuring the quality of the whole water conservancy project. With the rapid development of computer technology and? Internet plus? With the advent of the times, ground survey, digital mapping, RS, GIS, 3S, GPS and so on have appeared. With the in-depth application of advanced technology and equipment and new comprehensive surveying and mapping technology, the means and methods of water conservancy and hydropower engineering survey are rapidly updated, and the service field is constantly expanding. The biggest feature of these measurement methods is that they can correct the data, so that the parameters of the measured object can be corrected in time and the accuracy and continuity of the measured data can be improved.
(2) While arranging the survey work reasonably according to the actual situation, effectively improving the survey accuracy, promoting the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects, and promoting the healthy development of regional economy, we should also pay attention to strengthening the cultivation of comprehensive ability literacy of construction managers, including improving the level of survey technology and sense of responsibility, which will help to take practical and effective measures and methods in specific work and ensure the accuracy of engineering survey. It is necessary to consolidate and strengthen the engineering survey awareness of specific management personnel and construction personnel, and constantly improve their quality awareness and responsibility awareness through training, so that they can step by step, make no mistakes, set out according to the construction drawings according to the process, determine the control elevation, and lay the foundation for later construction, thus strengthening the engineering quality.
(3) At present, the topographic survey of dam bottom is mainly carried out by technicians in close cooperation with satellite positioning technology and multi-beam detector. In recent years, China's investment in water conservancy and hydropower engineering investigation and research has been increasing, developing rapidly, making great progress and achieving remarkable results. On this basis, we should also pay attention to strengthening the survey consciousness of managers and constructors, and further increase the importance of survey work, so as to realize the comprehensive improvement of engineering survey level in all aspects. With the diversification, networking and socialization of survey data dissemination and application, the real-time, automation and digitization of survey data collection and processing, and the standardization, standardization and scientificization of survey data management, the survey technology of water conservancy and hydropower projects will be promising.
4 conclusion
The accurate observation results of engineering survey provide a solid guarantee for the quality of water conservancy and hydropower projects and the safety of people's lives and property. The planning, design, construction, operation management and other links and stages of water conservancy projects are inseparable from survey work. Engineering survey work should constantly sum up work experience, improve professional quality, quote and master advanced measuring instruments to meet the different needs of water conservancy and hydropower projects in different periods.
References:
Yang Yuping, Yang Yuhua. On the importance of engineering survey in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects [J]. Jiangxi Surveying and Mapping, 20 14, (4):53-54+57.
[2] Li. Analysis on the important role of quality inspection of water conservancy and hydropower projects [J]. Qinghai Science and Technology, 20 10, (4): 136- 138.
Fan Wen-er, Engineering Survey, Construction Setting-out Method and Application of Building Engineering Survey
With the continuous improvement of China's economic development level, the construction industry has made remarkable progress. As an important part of construction project, architectural engineering survey plays an important role in the early stage of the whole construction. It is necessary to constantly improve and innovate the construction lofting technology of engineering survey to meet the needs of construction projects. This paper will analyze the setting-out method and application of surveying and construction in building engineering to illustrate the importance of surveying and setting-out treatment to the project.
Keywords: technical discussion on construction lofting method of architectural engineering survey
In the process of building engineering development, there are strict requirements and controls on the size and construction scope, which requires the application of survey and lofting technology. Engineering survey exists in the whole construction stage, which is of great significance to engineering quality and development. In order to improve the accuracy of measuring lofting, it is necessary to compare the lofting accuracy and measuring results repeatedly. In view of the fact that the measurement of construction results is the basis and reference of construction, once there is an error in lofting measurement, it will affect all links of formwork erection, piling and reinforced concrete construction, and it is easy to cause construction position deviation, which will bring losses to the construction party.
1 architectural engineering survey and construction lofting
The connotation of 1. 1
Construction lofting is a process of field calibration according to the contents marked in design drawings. This process requires the use of total station, measuring instruments and other equipment. It is necessary to define the plane position and elevation on the design drawing, mark the site position with measuring instruments, determine the distance and characteristics according to the geometric relationship between buildings, and obtain data such as distance, elevation and angle. Then, combined with the position of control points, the building feature points are calibrated in the actual building.
1.2 Main ways of construction lofting
(1) plane lofting.
Construction lofting can be divided into plane position lofting and elevation lofting. The commonly used methods of setting out plane position are rectangular coordinate method, direction line intersection method and intersection method, and the basic operation method of each method needs to be carried out according to length and angle; The polar coordinate rule is to determine the polar axis as the connecting axis by using the mathematical polar coordinate principle, take one of the poles as the lofting control coordinate, and calculate the included angle between the connecting line direction from pole to pole and the pole distance as the lofting reference [1]. Usually, the setting-out point is very close to the control point, and it is necessary to keep the distance of 120 meters in polar coordinates, which will be more convenient to measure. Angle measurement can use theodolite or rangefinder. When using electronic rangefinder, it is necessary to extend the distance of control points, which will make the setting-out operation more convenient and flexible. The rectangular coordinate method is mainly to keep the parallel control line of the coordinate axis, first lofting along the abscissa, and then lofting along the direction of the control line, just lofting out the right angle.
(2) Elevation lofting.
In the application of geometric leveling method, we should first control the elevation points, introduce the accuracy of the control points into the construction scope, adopt the method of convenient fixation and preservation, and complete the elevation lofting with one instrument under the condition of keeping the leveling points confidential. The conventional measurement method is that there is a height difference between the vicinity of the lofting point and the control point. At this time, it is necessary to measure the height with a long steel ruler. In concrete construction, stake is needed to fix the lofting elevation, and the side of stake is marked with red line, so it is necessary to mark the elevation according to the specific situation. Triangular leveling method: observe the horizontal distance and zenith distance and calculate the height difference between the two points. Although this observation method is simple, it is necessary to measure the height of geodetic control points due to the limitation of conditions. The basic principle is: set two points on the ground as A and B, observe the elevation of point B from point A, and set the vertical angle as? 1.3, the horizontal distance between two points is S0, the instrument height at point A is set to i 1, and i2 is the elevation. At this time, the height difference between point A and point B is expressed as: S0tg? 1.3+I1-I2 = h1.3, assuming that the earth's surface is a plane structure, the straight line condition can be calculated by using the above formula, and the vertical refraction of the earth and the atmosphere should be fully considered in geodesy [2]. In order to improve the accuracy of trigonometric leveling, the height difference between two points can be deduced by reverse observation.
1.3 general positioning and setting-out method of building engineering
You can use theodolite to determine the setting-out direction, and then use steel ruler to measure the distance. For areas with flat terrain, it is necessary to set the azimuth at a gentle point, and then use the rangefinder to complete the measurement. Curve positioning and setting-out is also a common means, which can be divided into straight lines and circular curves. Firstly, the coordinates of circular curve pile are designed, then the coordinates are encrypted and further calculated by formula.
2. Problems that should be paid attention to in lofting
There are many points to pay attention to in the lofting work: First, in the lofting of main axis points, three-point intersection method and trilateration method can be used, instead of two-point angle measurement and fixed-point method, at least three directions should be selected and the check point should be set as the third point. If fixed points are used for angle measurement, the contour distance should be measured from four directions during observation. No matter which lofting method is adopted, it needs to be compared with the theoretical value to prevent errors. When photoelectric ranging method is used to set out fixed points, at least one setting-out point is selected at the site and the design spacing is measured, which can enhance the checking effect. If you use a regular chart for lofting, you should first consider the geometric relationship between lofting points and check the geometric relationship repeatedly. When setting out with the direction method, at least two directions can be determined with the instrument, and whether the other position is qualified can be observed. If the accuracy is too low or inclined, zenith distance observation method should be adopted to prevent the calibration deviation.
3 site adjustment in the process of lofting
Field adjustment refers to setting out in the field. When the deviation of field measurement is eliminated, the field adjustment method can be adopted. For example, when measuring a bomb in a certain direction, it is necessary to fix the reflector and the front reflector first, and finally determine the midpoint direction value of the two directions. In building construction, there is a high demand for measuring lofting accuracy, which can be divided into tightness and looseness. From the architectural point of view, the compactness is related to the components, and if the lofting error is large, the building quality will be reduced. The relationship between various parts of the building can reflect the relaxed relationship. In this case, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of all parts of the building, determine the three-dimensional data regulations, and at the same time reduce the influence of lofting according to the specific construction conditions [3]. In order to deepen the precision characteristics of liberated samples, it is necessary to maintain the rigor of lofting and consider more rigor. If it is aimed at loose components, the error should be dispersed to ensure that the overall project quality will not be affected. Different from field adjustment, it is not to eliminate all errors, but to lofting to quality-related places to absorb. If it is a high-precision construction site, the lofting work should start from controlling the main axis, regardless of the precision design of the control network. After the completion of the main axis layout, the construction site can be set as the main axis foundation, and the main axis can be used as the benchmark to ensure the rigor of the building, reduce the precision error caused by the layout and ensure the rigor of the layout. In the concrete construction, the error can be dispersed to all parts of the building based on the main shaft to prevent the error from being too concentrated.
4 Countermeasures to prevent mistakes
Affected by many factors, errors often appear in the measurement, which greatly affects the smooth development of building construction. Personnel composition, operation and construction management are all important influencing factors. We must manage and prevent these contents to reduce errors. In order to reduce the error of measuring setting-out, first of all, we should make preparations for measurement, repeatedly check the data in the design drawings, and check the general plan data and coordinates, determine the axis position of the basic plan and plan, check the symbols and elevation dimensions, ensure the accuracy of all data and parameters, and set the general plan layout position and segment size to make the segment length consistent with each segment length. Secondly, try to choose skilled and responsible construction personnel in personnel organization and distribution, and divide them into five groups. In the specific measurement, it is necessary to prepare measuring instruments and tools, adjust the temperature of the instruments, and enhance the efficiency and accuracy of instrument use. Record the measurement results in time to ensure that the measurement data can be more true and accurate, and find and solve problems in time during the inspection. The final result can only be determined after repeated checking by two people, and mistakes can be found in time by adding, subtracting and eliminating. In view of the existing problems, scientific and effective positioning and retest measures are taken. After the positioning is completed, the geometric dimensions and angular coordinates of the building plane are re-measured, whether the design of the building drawings is consistent with the elevation, the accuracy of the building direction and the existing problems are found. Quality supervision institutions shall regularly supervise lofting operations, set up quality management inspection institutions, and adopt the methods of self-inspection, mutual inspection and re-inspection to ensure lofting accuracy.
5 concluding remarks
Construction survey is a complicated and long process, and it is an indispensable part of construction. The mistakes or omissions in one link will affect the whole construction quality and bring losses to the construction unit. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen lofting management, strengthen lofting operation and do a good job of inspection and adjustment. Only in this way can we eliminate the measurement error and ensure the construction quality and measurement accuracy.
refer to
[1] Deng Zhiyong, Feng Xianzheng. Error analysis of construction survey and discussion on requirements of construction lofting accuracy [J]. Architectural Engineering Technology and Design, 20 14(22):779-779.
[2] Yuan. Methods and measures of complex overpass engineering survey using traditional survey technology [J]. Architectural Technology, 2012,43 (9): 806-809.
[3] Hao Anhua, Tao Jiaren. Discussion on the key points and countermeasures of survey and lofting control in municipal road engineering [J]. Commodity and quality? Architecture and development, 20 14(5):
Engineering Survey Fan Wensan "Metro Engineering Survey Technology and Application"
In subway engineering, subway surveying and mapping work and measurement technology are the basic work of engineering construction, which not only runs through the whole subway engineering construction, but also has an important impact on the quality of subway engineering. Combining with the practical experience of subway surveying and mapping, this paper analyzes the common subway engineering surveying and mapping technologies, and probes into the concrete practical application, with a view to inspire the related subway engineering surveying and mapping work.
Keywords: subway surveying and mapping; Measurement technology; Subway engineering
With the vigorous development of China's economic construction, urban traffic construction around the country is also facing a brand-new development situation. As one of the most basic urban traffic construction, the subway project is closely related to people's life, and its engineering quality naturally attracts social attention. Subway surveying and mapping is an important part of subway engineering, which runs through the whole subway engineering. From the beginning of subway project planning to the subsequent operation of the project, it is almost inseparable from the support of surveying and mapping. Therefore, as an engineering construction unit, we must attach importance to the application of subway engineering survey technology to ensure the accuracy of survey and improve the level of engineering construction. This paper analyzes the above problems with specific engineering examples, which has certain reference value.
1. Overview of subway engineering
In order to facilitate the research and analysis, this paper selects the concrete practice construction of a subway project as the research reference object. The project is a subway line in a city, which is the main line in the north-south direction. The total length of the line is about 2 1.9km, of which the underground line is about 13.5km, and the above-ground line is about 8.4km. This project is the north-south main axis, which meets the travel needs of the north-south passenger flow in the main city. Combined with the general situation of this subway project and previous construction experience, the surveying and mapping work and measurement technology work of this subway project have the following characteristics. First of all, this subway project belongs to the main line of urban subway line, which has great influence on urban traffic; Moreover, the subway project has a large investment and a long construction period, and the subway surveying and mapping work should run through the whole project. From the beginning of subway project planning to the subsequent operation of the project, surveying and mapping technical support is needed. Secondly, the boundary of subway engineering is strictly regulated, the errors existing in the construction process must be strictly controlled, and the measurement technology must be accurate and reliable. Finally, we must pay attention to every detail of subway survey, improve the quality of project management through the management of survey technology, and strictly control some key links in the construction process, such as track laying benchmark survey and tunnel construction survey, so as to improve the level of survey technology as a whole and lay a good foundation for subway engineering.
2. Analysis of subway engineering survey technology
Subway surveying and mapping runs through the whole subway construction project, including engineering survey stage, subway construction drawing design stage, subway construction survey stage and subway operation period. This paper mainly analyzes the application of subway engineering survey technology from the construction stage, as follows.
2. 1 Application of measuring robot
Measuring robot is the main measuring technology in the construction stage of this subway project, which belongs to intelligent electronic total station in essence. It can replace manual work for automatic search, tracking and identification. In addition, it can accurately aim at the target and obtain information such as angle, distance, three-dimensional coordinates and images, and has achieved good measurement results in practical engineering. The advantages of this technology are high measurement accuracy, intelligent automation, automatic aiming, lock tracking, remote measurement and automatic focusing. The application of measuring robot in this engineering survey example has obviously improved the reliability and efficiency of this subway engineering survey, with high measurement accuracy and integration of measurement and drawing. It is found in practical engineering that the measuring robot has good real-time data analysis and processing ability, which plays an important role in improving the data processing ability and measurement accuracy of this project. In addition, the application of electronic total station realizes integrated management, which can effectively ensure the exchange of data, greatly improve the quality and efficiency of construction lofting, and control the installation error in a small range.
2.2 directional measurement
The traditional method of shaft orientation measurement is the combination of total station, verticality instrument and gyro theodolite. This project adopts directional measurement system. In the case of tunnel shield, the automatic guidance system is used for tunnel excavation, and the directional measurement can realize real-time display, discover and deal with the point offset value of tunnel axis in time, ensure the reliability of tunnel excavation, improve the accuracy of tunnel excavation, and also control the error value existing in the project within an ideal range. In addition, in the process of underground pipe jacking construction of this project, considering that the traditional construction means (manual measurement) is time-consuming and laborious, and the construction benefit is low, the automatic pipe jacking guiding measurement system is adopted in this actual construction, and the computer remotely controls the measuring robot to automatically complete the operation, which has achieved very ideal construction effect.
2.3 section measurement
In the section survey of this project, the construction unit comprehensively adopted the section survey system, including total station, data collector, computer, card and so on. In all aspects of tunnel construction, the section measurement system has achieved good practical results, and there are no problems in many aspects such as lofting, measurement, detection and calculation. In the initial construction and excavation of the tunnel, the accuracy of measurement is ensured, the measurement efficiency is improved and a lot of manpower and material resources are saved. It is found in this construction that cross-sectional survey can ensure the survey of tunnel construction, on the one hand, it can greatly improve the construction progress and ensure the survey speed; On the other hand, in the same construction time, the measurement accuracy can be controlled in the ideal range, and the general accuracy range can be controlled in the millimeter level, which greatly improves the measurement accuracy. In addition, in this construction project, non-reflective full-automatic prism three-dimensional cross-section measurement is adopted, which ensures the high efficiency of measurement data acquisition on the one hand, and realizes simultaneous measurement of multiple cross-sections, which is simple, efficient and reliable to operate and further improves the measurement efficiency.
2.4 Application of Prism-free Measurement
In this subway construction, the specific application of prism-free measuring robot is also involved. With the help of radiometric polar coordinates, this technology accurately and efficiently completes a series of engineering surveys, including tunnel excavation and lofting, section survey, surrounding rock clearance displacement measurement and so on. High measurement accuracy and efficiency. This measurement technology has been innovated pertinently, and it is automatically processed by computer in engineering, which effectively reduces the engineering cost and is very convenient to measure. A typical feature of this measurement technology is that the position and size of the corresponding subway objects in the design drawings are put into the field, which is close to the real reference, which greatly improves the lofting accuracy of this project. In addition, the building foundation pit monitoring system can realize the timely analysis and management of data, which is also very feasible for the subway foundation pit monitoring project.
2.5 subway construction laying stage
In the subway construction and laying stage, measuring robots are also used in this construction. The main principle of this technology is that it is applied to wireless transmission technology, through which the measurement data are continuously transmitted to the airborne computer, and then the computer is used to realize the precise control of subway laying. Through the application of this technology in the construction of this project, the safety and quality of construction laying are effectively guaranteed. At the same time, under the premise of effectively controlling the laying accuracy, the laying cost is greatly reduced, and the economic benefits of the project are effectively guaranteed. In addition, in the construction road scanning system, the measuring robot also has high application value, and the monitoring targets can be divided into three types: circular prism, prism-free and reflective patch.
2.6 Completion Survey Stage
In the completion stage of the subway project of this project, a large number of data measurements are also needed, which will be used as a reference for completion acceptance, and the corresponding filing work will be done well. These specific measurements include the plane position, buried depth, line and many other aspects of the subway structure. Through the application of measuring robot, the dimension measurement, line and elevation measurement of related buildings (including ancillary structures) can be realized, which improves the accuracy of track measurement and ensures the smooth realization of subway engineering survey lofting.
abstract
To sum up, subway surveying and mapping is a systematic and complex content, which runs through the whole project and provides a strong guarantee for the quality of the project. In the new era of continuous development of urban traffic construction, subway engineering naturally occupies a very important position. On the premise of ensuring the engineering quality, the relevant units need to strengthen the management of engineering survey, strengthen the research of subway engineering survey technology, ensure the quality and level of each link of survey, ensure the smooth development of the project and obtain good comprehensive benefits, and promote the development of subway transportation in China to a new height.
References:
[1] Zhang Tiebin. Subway engineering survey technology and application analysis [J]. Science and technology prospect, 20 15, 09:39.
[2] Gong,,, Hu. Analysis of Kunming Metro Engineering Surveying Technology and Application of New Surveying and Mapping Technology [J]. Shanxi architecture, 20 13, 33:208-2 10.
[3] Cheng Dong. Application of Plane Contact Survey in Subway Engineering Survey [J]. Prospect of Science and Technology, 20 15, 35:35.
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