Guan Zhong, whose real name is Yi Wu, is a native of Yingshang. He used to associate with Bao when he was young, and Bao knew that he was smart and capable. Guan Zhong's family is very poor, and he often takes advantage of Bao Shu, but Bao Shu is always kind to him and doesn't complain about these things. Soon, he served the son of Qi, and Guan Zhong served Miyako for a long time. When he immediately took office, Huan Gong asked Lu to kill Gong Zijiu, and Guan Zhong was put in prison. So Bao Shu recommended Guan Zhong to Qi Huangong. After Guan Zhong was appointed, he was in power in Qi State. Duke Huan ruled the country by Guan Zhong, and as the overlord, he met all the people many times, making the world unified. This is all the wisdom of Guan Zhong.

Guan Zhong said: "When I was poor, I often did business with Uncle Bao, and I always wanted more money and profits. Uncle Bao didn't think I was greedy for money and knew my family was poor. I used to plan things for Bao Shu, but it made him more difficult and in a dilemma. Bao Shu doesn't think I'm stupid, but he knows that sometimes I'm lucky and sometimes I'm not. He was an official many times and was expelled by the monarch many times. Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm worthless. He knows I haven't had a good time yet. I have fought many wars and escaped many times. Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm timid He knows that I have an old mother to raise at home. Miyako failed for a long time and died for it. I was jailed and humiliated. Uncle Bao doesn't think I have no sense of shame, knowing that I'm not ashamed of small mistakes, but of being famous all over the world. It was my parents who gave birth to me, and it was Uncle Bao who really understood me. " After Bao Shu recommended Guan Zhong, he was willing to put himself under Guan Zhong. His descendants have enjoyed their salaries in Qi for generations, and more than a dozen generations have had fiefs, mostly famous doctors. Therefore, people all over the world do not praise Guan Zhong's talent, but praise Bao Shu's ability to identify talents.

After the reign of Qi, Guan Zhong relied on the geographical conditions of Qi, a small coastal country, to circulate goods and accumulate wealth, making him as rich as an enemy and sharing likes and dislikes with ordinary people. Therefore, he said in the book: "When the granary is full, you will know the etiquette; Eat and wear warm clothes, and you will know the honor and disgrace; The enjoyment of kings has a certain system, and the six relatives are closely linked; If the ethics of propriety, justice and shame are not publicized, the country will perish. Promulgating laws and regulations, such as flowing water from the source, will certainly be in the hearts of the people. " Therefore, his decree is simple and easy, and what most people yearn for is given because of the situation; If ordinary people don't approve, they will follow and change.

Guan Zhong is in charge of politics, and he is good at turning disasters into pleasure and turning failures into success. Pay great attention to the priorities of things and weigh the pros and cons carefully. Duke Huan was very angry with his youngest wife, Cai Ji, so he went south to attack Cai Guo, while Guan Zhong took the opportunity to crusade against Chu and condemned him for not paying tribute to the Zhou royal family. In fact, Huan Gong was good at Northern Expedition, but Guan Zhong took the opportunity to let Yan practice good governance. When Qi and Lu were in the League of Kedi, Huan Gong intended to tear up the signed covenant and return it to Lu, but Guan Zhong insisted on returning it, making Lu believe in Qi, and all the princes in the world joined Qi. Therefore, it is said that "knowing how to pay is to gain, which is the magic weapon for governing the country."

Guan Zhong's wealth can be compared with that of princes and royalty. People in Qi don't think he is extravagant. After Guan Zhong's death, Qi followed his politics and religion and often dominated the princes. More than a hundred years later, another Yan Zi appeared.

Original text:

People who are loyal to me are also good to people. I often travel with Bao Shu's teeth, and Bao Shu knows his talent. Guan Zhong was poor and often bullied Uncle Bao, but Uncle Bao finally satisfied him well and didn't take it for granted. Bao Shu worked for the son of Qi, and Guan Zhong worked for Gong Zijiu. Xiao Bai made Huan Gong, the son died for a long time, and Guan Zhong was imprisoned. Uncle Bao then went into Guanzhong. Guan Zhong is both useful and political. Qi Huangong wants to establish hegemony, nine princes, one kuangtian, Guanzhong's plan.

Guan Zhong said, "I tasted Bao Shujia when I was in trouble and shared wealth with him. Uncle Bao didn't treat me as greedy and knew I was poor. I tried to find a job for Uncle Bao, and I was poorer. Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm stupid, but he knows when it's good or bad. I have tasted three officials and three people, and I am driven by you. Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm evil, but he knows I'm not in trouble. I have tasted three wars and three walks, and Uncle Bao is not afraid of me, knowing that I have an old mother. Miyako was defeated for a long time and was called to die suddenly. My prisoner was humiliated. Bao Shu does not regard me as a shameless person, knowing that I am not ashamed, but my shame and reputation are not obvious to the world. My parents know buns. " Uncle Bao is in Guanzhong, under him. Shilu's descendants lived in Qi, and there were more than a dozen feudal lords, often famous doctors. There are not many smart people in Guan Zhong, but Uncle Bao knows many people.

Since Guan Zhong became independent, he has lived on the seashore with only a small amount of money, accumulated wealth, enriched Qiang Bing, and shared the joys and dislikes with the people. Therefore, it is said: "The granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace, and clothes are solid." If the four dimensions don't open, the country will die. Ordering food is like the originality of running water, making it popular. "Therefore, this theory is humble and easy. What the vulgar want, let it go; Vulgar is not, so go.

It is also the government, good every cloud has a silver lining, that turned defeat into victory. Weigh carefully. Huan Gong was really angry with Cai, so Guan Zhong attacked Chu and blamed Mao for not paying tribute. Huan Gong was really good at the Northern Expedition, and Guan Zhong put Yan Xiu in charge of Zhao Gong. At the meeting of Yu Ke, Huan Gong wanted to break the contract, Guan Zhong believed it was true, and the princes returned to Qi. Therefore, it is said that "knowing what it is used for is the treasure of politics."

Guan Zhongfu intends to go to the government, and he has three returns and is buried. Qi people don't think this is luxury. When Guan Zhong died, it was often better for Qi to obey his own government than for princes. 100 years later, there was a swallow.

Precautions:

1. Guan Zhong: Ming Yi Wu, a politician in the early Spring and Autumn Period. He was recommended by Bao, was appointed as Qing, and was honored as "Guan Zhong", which once helped Huan Gong to succeed. Yingshang: the coast of Shui Ying. The source of welcome water comes from Dengfeng County, Henan Province, and flows into Huaishui in Shouxian County, Anhui Province.

2. Package: Dr. Qi. Travel: Make friends, come and go.

3. Bullying: It means taking advantage.

4. Bao's son: Bao's son went to the country. Childe Xiaobai, Qi Xianggong's younger brother, namely Qi Huangong. Guan Zhong Guan Gong Zijiu: Guan Zhong and Zhao were suddenly sent to Lu by Gong Zijiu. Gong Zijiu, Qi Xianggong's brother.

5. The sentence of "Miyako died for a long time": Lu was afraid of Qi, killed Miyako for a long time, and Guan Zhong invited him to prison. See Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong Nine Years.

6. Advance: Introduction.

7. Jiuhe vassal: Convene the vassal alliance of various countries for many times. Conquer the world: let the world return to normal. At that time, the princes ignored Zhou Tianzi and attacked each other. Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huangong and once stopped the chaos. Kuang and Zheng

8. Go: Run.

9. Children and grandchildren: Children and grandchildren enjoy their salaries from generation to generation.

10. The duo: like, like.

1 1. The degree of service makes the six parents stable: if the authorities moderately serve the royal affairs, then the relationship between the six parents is naturally stable. Take, take, use. Degree, system. Six relatives, father, mother, brother, brother, wife and son.

12. Siwei: refers to courtesy, justice, honesty and shame.

13. The sentence "order" means that the issuance of government decrees should go down the river like the source of running water, so that the government decrees can meet the wishes of the people.

14. Humble and easy: the decree conforms to the situation and is convenient for the people to implement.

15. weight: distinguish the weight of things. On the one hand, Guanzi Light and Heavy expounds the theory of regulating commodity and currency circulation and controlling prices, and light and heavy refers to economy. Weigh: measure the gains and losses of things.

16. "Huan Gong is really angry" sentence: Huan Gong's wife once rowed a boat to tease Huan Gong. Huan Gong was afraid and changed his color, so he was angry and sent him back to Cai's place, but he did not break off the relationship. Cai Guoren remarried Cai Ji, so Huan Gong sent troops to attack Cai. See Zuo Zhuan Xi Gongsan.

17. Quasi: comparison. Three retreats: There are different opinions. This refers to charging people a large amount of market rent.

18. Dian: When the princes of the Zhou Dynasty gave a banquet, the earthen platform of empty wine glasses on both sides of the main hall was called Dian. After the princes toasted each other, they put the wine glasses upside down on Dian.

19. Yan Ping Zhongying: Yan Ying was a doctor of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Lai: The name of an ancient country is in the southeast of Huangxian County, Shandong Province.

2 1. Yiwei: Gaomi County, Shandong Province.

22. Obey orders: Do as you are told.

23. Three generations of monarchs: Qi, Zhuang Gonghe.

24. The father of Yue family: Qi Shengren.

25.léi xiè: a rope that binds prisoners. Extended to imprisonment.

26. Tu: preach the Tao. In ancient times, it refers to horses riding on both sides of a car.

27. Zhu Lan: Look in awe. Figure: finishing. X: Admit your mistake and apologize.

28. Feeling: I was moved and woke up. Understand "enlightenment".

29. Extension: Employment.

30. The second sentence of "ambition": Ambition and far-reaching thinking often show the appearance of being inferior to people. Let go, give in, and respect others.

3 1. Damage control: modesty.

32. Herdsmen, high mountains, riding horses, light and heavy, nine husbands: all officials.

33. The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi: The old name was written by Yan Ying in the Spring and Autumn Period. In fact, it was written by later generations relying on Yan Zi's words and deeds.

34. Confucius is young: Confucius despises him. "The Analects of Confucius Eight Shu": "Confucius said:' Guan Zhong's instrument is small! " "

35. "Make it beautiful" three sentences: It means to help those who do good and correct their mistakes. So the monarch and the minister can be close. What I said was quoted from Little Shi Jing.

36. Don't try to be brave if you don't do what justice is. This is not courage. The Analects of Confucius: "If you don't do what you want, you will have no courage."

37. Whip: To drive a carriage is to serve, to admire and to follow.

38. Mu Xin: I am very happy and adored. Xin, with "Xin".

Appreciate:

The article on Yan Guan's biography is very strange. It doesn't write their life achievements comprehensively and systematically, but chooses one or two anecdotes to write. It is these short stories that the author tries his best to summarize when describing, but shows the lyrical dialogue incisively and vividly. These things written by Sima Qian are by no means irrelevant, but only show his ideal of social life and have the meaning of "one family's words"

The first paragraph introduces the origin of Guan Zhong. It focuses on his appointment as Xiang because of Bao's recommendation, which is the beginning of Guan Zhong's detailed discussion on his relationship with him. In Guan Zhong's brilliant career, he used the words "governing Qi, dominating, nine princes, conquering the world, Guan Zhong's plan" to disdain. The clues are concentrated and the pen is very strong.

The second paragraph shows the characteristics of this article. Through Guan Zhong's words, he tries his best to show the typical life experience between him and Uncle Bao. "Sharing wealth" takes more than greed, and people are trapped in "poverty" rather than "stupidity" for "seeking things". All the "three officials" were driven away rather than "immoral" and retreated in the battle rather than "timid". The prisoner has succumbed to the new owner, not "shameless". Bao Shu can forgive Guan Zhong for a series of unforgivable and understandable behaviors. In class society, people are full of caring for interests and changing their mood. Uncle Bao's handling of Guan Zhong in this article can really make people in need of assistance and friendship cry in the old days. Bao Shu understands people and can make ordinary people so moved. Then Guan Zhongmin shouted "My parents gave birth to me, and Bao Shu knows me", which is natural and sincere, not too much. As exciting as * * *. This lyrical dialogue in the article is written with a combination of brush strokes, overlapping and coherent. It is sad, frustrated and swaying, and it has a delicate feeling, which makes the rhythm of the article change and stagger. Bao Shu's sage and Guan Zhong's career complement each other; Guan Zhong's pollution was removed by Uncle Bao's wisdom. Sima Qian saved pen and ink in his narrative, but let go of Guan Zhong's lyric words. The purpose is to attach Bao Shu to Yan Guan's biography, which plays a subtle role. Therefore, the following article also introduces the descendants of Bao Shu, and concludes: "There are not many talented people in the world, but many people in Bao Shu can know people."

In the third paragraph, the style of writing has changed again, and it is described by discussion, which is close to what modern people call "the history of discussion." It uses the author's comments and Guan Zhong's own remarks to supplement the reasons for Guan Zhong's success. The main purpose is not to commend Guan Zhong, but to provide historical experience with universal significance for people to learn from. Historical biography pays attention to providing meaningful political and economic experiences and lessons, which is a great ideological value of Historical Records. Sima Qian has Confucianism and is good at absorbing the reasonable factors of attaching importance to nature and conforming to people's hearts in Taoism. In his Biography of Huo Zhi, he once played a very insightful thought of "guiding the situation" in developing the economy; In this paragraph, Guan Zhong's successful political experience of "giving orders like flowing water makes people happy" and "every cloud has a silver lining, turning defeat into victory" is also emphatically introduced. After writing Guan Zhong's deeds, this passage leads to the sentence "Yan was born in nearly a hundred years", which shows the similar relationship between the two, and is a common method to introduce Yan Ying's deeds later in Historical Records.

The fourth paragraph begins with Yan Ying, and also summarizes his life with extremely concise pen and ink. In the paragraph, Yan Ying's "frugality" and "dangerous words and dangerous behaviors" are emphatically revealed. Because of the key points, although the narrative is simple, Yan Ying's characteristics as a person are very distinct.

In the fifth paragraph, I chose two vivid examples to describe Yan Ying's understanding and humility. Among them, the sentence of "deep ambition", through the mouth of Yan Ying's driver's wife, shows the important qualities of Minister Yan Ying and a thinker, which is extremely profound. The answers of Yue's father and Yan Ying, and the contrast between the driver and Yan Ying are vivid and dramatic. Good at selecting and tailoring historical events, this historical pen works; The vividness of description makes this kind of literature of high value. There are often two good things at once, so it is appropriate to have more records in Historical Records.

The last paragraph is about praise, and rhetorical questions are often used to express ups and downs, which is what historical records are good at. "If Yan Zi were here, I would still admire him even though I was whipped for him." A pimple with an inferiority complex easily fell on Yan Ying and involved himself, which was an unexpected and brilliant move. But in humor, there is a bitter understanding of the world and infinite sadness about the desire to know others. Only by understanding Sima Qian's life and experience can we understand the serious thought and emotional weight of this sentence. ?

This paper describes anecdotes that can show the characteristics of characters' thoughts and behaviors, focusing on words and deeds such as making friends, resigning from office, redeeming the stone father, and recommending by the court. These descriptions vividly depict historical figures with different personality characteristics, similar to the way that most biographies in Historical Records pay attention to life events and supplement life anecdotes.

Because of its clear context, lyrical expression, unique narrative, combination of total score and narrative discussion, the article vividly depicts the characters, emphasizes the importance of knowing and promoting talents, and conveys the feeling that the author has no confidant in the world.

Creative background:

A surname suffered from castration and could not atone. My friend didn't help him, so I wrote this biography with deep concern. If Bao, who knew Guan Zhong at that time, knew about it, someone could encourage you to save him. If anyone who knew Master Yue knew about it, you could also help Fadai to redeem him. Bao's understanding of people, his admiration for driving and his expression of emotions have all declined.

About the author:

Sima Qian (former 145 or former135-no textual research) was born in Longmen (xia yang in the Western Han Dynasty, now hancheng city in Shaanxi Province, now Hejin in Shanxi Province), a historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan's son was appointed Taishiling, and was called Shi Qian, Taishiliong and the father of history by later Buddhas. He created China's first biography and general history book (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu) with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes of ancient and modern times, and making a family statement". It is recognized as a model of China's history books, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi period to the first year of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is the first of the "Twenty-four History".