The valuation method of bill of quantities is different from the traditional valuation method of project cost budget quota. Carrying out bill of quantities valuation is the need to deepen the reform of project cost and adapt to the development of market economy. Carrying out bill of quantities valuation method is an inevitable requirement for China to connect with international practice, and the valuation of construction projects in China will gradually change to bill valuation. One of the purposes of the bill of quantities is to quote for bidders, prepare the pre-tender estimate for bidders and provide bidders with the basis for competitive bidding. According to the requirements of construction drawings and technical specifications and the construction method to be adopted, the bidder quotes each column in the table through unit price analysis, and summarizes it item by item as the bidding quotation of each part and the whole project; Therefore, the quality of the bill of quantities directly affects the accuracy of the bidder's quotation, the pre-tender estimate of the bidder and the investment control in the construction process, so we must attach great importance to the compilation of the bill of quantities.

Keywords: bidding with bill of quantities valuation

I. Introduction

With China's entry into WTO, the field of architecture has been further opened. In order to adapt to the development trend of international economic integration and the objective requirements of market economy, China has learned from the practices of developed countries and combined with the current situation of China's construction market to form a model of "government macro-control, enterprise independent pricing and social dynamic supervision". On July 1 2003, the Code for Valuation of Construction Project Bill of Quantities was promulgated, which promoted the implementation of the valuation method of bill of quantities. The project cost is formed by market competition, and the quantity and price are separated, which is very different from the previous quota pricing method. Moreover, with the gradual deepening of the reform of the construction industry and the improvement of the construction market, the contracting of construction projects is mainly achieved through bidding. The scientific and reasonable bidding method should be the competition of comprehensive qualities such as enterprise management level, scientific and technological level and equipment level, and form a market in the competition.

Therefore, with the gradual deepening of the reform of the construction industry, the improvement of the construction market, the gradual implementation of the bidding system and the contract system, and the requirements of China's accession to the WTO and integration with the international community, it is imperative to implement the "bill of quantities valuation". This article mainly comes from

Second, the bill of quantities valuation

(A) the concept of bill of quantities valuation

Bill of quantities valuation is to plan the partial physical quantities of the project to be tendered according to the bidding requirements, drawing requirements and regulations, unified engineering quantity calculation rules, current budget or comprehensive quota subtitle, and list them on the list according to the nature of the project site and a sub-project, and fill in the unit price item by item as an integral part of the bidding of the tendering and bidding unit.

Usually, the bill of quantities is put forward directly by the tender unit (owner) or the entrusted project cost consulting unit, and sent to the tender unit together with the tender.

(II) Composition of Bill of Quantities

Bill of quantities is a detailed list showing the names of partial projects, measures and other projects of the proposed project and the corresponding quantities. The quotation of bill of quantities is determined independently according to the bidding documents, the actual situation of the construction site, the proposed construction scheme or construction organization design, enterprise quota, market price information or the consumption quota and comprehensive price issued by the local project cost management station, including direct costs, indirect costs, profits, taxes and other expenses. The quotation of bill of quantities shall include all the costs of the items listed in the list as stipulated in the tender documents, including five parts: partial project costs, measures project costs, other project costs and taxes.

(C) the characteristics of the bill of quantities pricing model

As a brand-new and more objective and reasonable pricing method, bill of quantities quotation has the following characteristics:

1. The bill of quantities adopts the form of comprehensive unit price, including direct cost, indirect cost, management fee, risk fee, profit and various expenses stipulated by the state. At a glance, it is more suitable for project bidding.

2. The bill of quantities quotation requires the bidder to quote according to the market situation and its own strength, which requires the bidder to pay attention to the analysis of the project unit price in the quotation, reflecting the actual ability of the bidder, thus embodying the principle of fair competition in the bidding work and selecting the best contractor.

3. The bill of quantities has the legal nature of a contract, and is essentially the pricing model of unit price contract. Once the unit price after winning the bid is determined in the contract, it cannot be adjusted at the time of completion settlement, that is, the price remains unchanged.

4. The bill of quantities quotation reflects the physical consumption and related expenses of the project in detail, so it is easy to change the static pricing model based on budget quota into a dynamic pricing model considering various factors in the unit price in combination with the specific conditions of the construction project.

(1) The quotation of bill of quantities is beneficial to the bidding work, and it can avoid such irregular behaviors as blind price reduction, fraud and black-box operation in the bidding process.

(2) Bill of Quantities quotation is beneficial to the implementation and control of the project. The project composition and unit price composition of the quotation must meet the requirements of project implementation. Bill of quantities quotation increases the reliability of quotation, which is beneficial to the allocation of project funds and the final determination of project cost.

(3) Bill of Quantities quotation is conducive to strengthening project contract management, clarifying the responsibilities of both contracting parties and realizing reasonable risk sharing, that is, the quantities are determined by the employer or the tenderee, the errors of quantities are borne by the employer, and the risks of project quotation are borne by the bidder.

(4) The quotation of bill of quantities will promote the reform and development of valuation basis, promote enterprises to compile enterprise quotas by themselves, and improve engineering technical level and management ability.

(D) The difference between bill of quantities valuation and traditional quota valuation

1. quota valuation is a valuation model that has been used for decades. Its basic feature is price = quota+expense+document stipulation, which is enforced as a legal basis. No matter whether the pre-tender estimate is compiled or the tender offer is the only basis, both parties to the contract use a quota and cost standard to determine the pre-tender estimate and tender offer. Once the fixed price is out of line with the market price, it will affect the accuracy of the valuation. Quota pricing is a price management model based on planned economy management, which is dominated by government pricing, and reflects the direct management and regulation of project prices by the government. With the development of market economy, many reform schemes are put forward, such as "controlling quantity, guiding price and competition fee", "separating quantity from price" and "market competition forms price". However, because the quota management model and pricing model have not been fundamentally changed, the separation of quantity and price has not been truly reflected, and the price is formed by market competition. Some people also put forward the implementation of bill of quantities quotation, but in fact, because the mature market environment has not yet formed, it is still difficult to achieve a completely open market in one step, so it still appears in the form of fixed pricing, which can not really reflect the independent quotation of enterprises according to market conditions and their own conditions.

2. The bill of quantities valuation belongs to the category of total cost management, and its idea is "to unify the calculation rules, effectively control the total amount, completely liberalize the price, and correctly guide enterprises to make independent quotations and orderly market competition to form prices". Jump out of the traditional quota pricing model, establish a brand-new pricing model, rely on the strength of the market and enterprises, and form prices through competition, so that owners can intuitively understand the project cost through enterprise quotation.

3. The bill of quantities valuation and quota valuation have changed not only in the form of expression and valuation method, but also in the quota management and valuation mode. First of all, there is a new understanding and orientation of quota management from the ideological point of view. For many years, we have tried to realize the reasonable determination and effective control of project cost by enforcing the quota, which is indeed an effective management means in the period of planned economy and the early stage of market economy. However, with the deepening of economic system reform and the continuous improvement of market mechanism, the disadvantages exposed by government administrative behavior as a rigid management method of project cost are becoming more and more prominent. It is necessary to seek an effective management method and means, from quota management to providing pricing guidance and services for all links in the construction field. Secondly, the bill of quantities valuation has realized the transformation of quota management. The valuation mode of workload list adopts the form of comprehensive unit price, which is compiled by enterprises themselves. (five) the rationality and feasibility of the implementation of the bill of quantities valuation

1. The bill of quantities is priced at a comprehensive unit price, including direct costs, indirect costs, profits and taxes. In short, it is a big synthesis. Unlike the previous quota valuation, the direct quota fee is calculated first, then the price difference is calculated, and finally the project cost can be known after calculating various fees. In contrast, the bill of quantities valuation is simple and clear, which is more suitable for project cost management.

2. With a unified bill of quantities, construction enterprises can scientifically calculate the factors such as economy, technology, quality and progress, refine them to the determination of comprehensive unit price, and make independent quotations for the factors with great changes and fluctuations in the project cost, such as the price of building materials, the construction measures fee and management fee of specific projects. This fully introduces the market competition mechanism, and determines the project contract price acceptable to both parties through competition, thus conforming to the operation law of the market economy.

3. The adoption of bill of quantities will help bidders concentrate on evaluating, analyzing and calculating their own unit cost, and rationally choose competitive construction organizations and measures, thus promoting enterprises to grasp management, practice internal strength, reduce costs and improve efficiency. It effectively avoids the deviation of engineering quantity calculation caused by the difference of budgeting level and quality of individual tendering units, and makes the bid evaluation and calibration work have a competitive basis in quantity. In the bidding process, the construction drawings are sent to all bidders, and the quantities calculated by all bidders shall prevail. Although it can reduce a lot of engineering quantity for bidders, it often needs bidders to calculate the engineering quantity in a short time, and also needs to consider the determination of bidding unit price and construction organization design, and bear the risk of deviation in engineering quantity calculation. In fact, the bid is not up to standard. The deviation of engineering quantity calculation has great influence on the total project cost. In fact, bidding with fixed budget is mainly to assess the budget level of each bidding unit, which fails to truly reflect the overall comprehensive strength of construction enterprises.

4. Bidding with bill of quantities can save the time, energy and bidding cost of the bidding unit, because there are often many units participating in the bidding of a bid section in the bidding process, and there is only one winning unit, and the expenses of the unsuccessful units are not compensated, resulting in a waste of social labor resources. Bidding with bill of quantities can not only shorten the bidding time, but also be more conducive to the openness, fairness, science and rationality of bidding work.

5. Bidding with bill of quantities is conducive to reasonable risk sharing. Construction projects are generally complex, with long cycle, many engineering changes and high risks. When quoting the bill of quantities, the tenderee is only responsible for the cost and unit price quoted, and is not responsible for the design change and the calculation error of quantities, and this part of the risk shall be borne by the owner. This is in line with the principle of risk sharing, and the relationship between responsibility, right and benefit is equal.

6. Realizing bill of quantities valuation is an important way to deepen the reform of project cost management and promote the marketization of construction. In the past, the project cost was based on quota. In order to adapt to the 1992 construction market reform, the consumption of people, materials and machines in the quota is separated from the corresponding unit price, so that the national control can ensure the project quality and the price is gradually marketized. This is the first step of quota reform. Since then, the Ministry of Construction has clearly pointed out in the Provisions on Further Strengthening Bidding Management issued in August 1998 that "in qualified cities and engineering projects, pilot projects such as bidding with bill of quantities and winning the bid at a reasonable low price can be carried out in accordance with the unified engineering quantity calculation rules and engineering project division regulations issued by the construction administrative department, so as to realize the market-determined engineering price under the national macro-control". Therefore, the implementation of bill of quantities valuation is completely feasible.

(VI) Advantages of implementing bill of quantities valuation The implementation of bill of quantities valuation conforms to the requirements of the development of market economy and standardizes the bidding activities of construction projects, which has the following advantages:

1. The essence of bill pricing is "market pricing". It can accurately and timely reflect the market price of building products, which is conducive to reasonably reducing the project cost. However, the essence of traditional quota pricing is a single, fixed and legal government pricing system, which is difficult to accurately reflect the price of construction products.

2. The bill of quantities valuation has improved the competitive consciousness and management level of enterprises. With the deepening of the reform of the construction market economy and China's entry into WTO, there is not only domestic competition, but also international competition, which requires construction enterprises to strengthen their sense of competition, dare to compete, and foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. This is not only the competition between technology and equipment, but also the competition between advanced construction technology and scientific management, which fully embodies the advantages, characteristics and autonomy of construction enterprises and plays an important role in promoting and improving the ability and management level of construction enterprises. Because only those construction enterprises with high efficiency, high quality and low price can form profit space and be accepted and recognized by the market. Therefore, the bill of quantities can improve the efficiency of investors' use of funds, and promote construction enterprises to speed up technological progress and improve management.

3. The bill of quantities valuation can ensure the accuracy and rationality of the construction project valuation. This has obvious advantages over fixed valuation, average wage, fixed rate, overall rationality and individual irrationality.

4. Bill of quantities is the core of cost control. As the basis of bid limit price, bill of quantities is the core content of the whole project cost control. The preparation of the bill of quantities must conform to the requirements of the tender documents, and the work contents and requirements of each subtitle should be expressed accurately and completely. We should do no more calculation, no more calculation, no missing items, no missing items, and try to make as few tentative projects as possible to prevent increasing project costs in the future.

5. Project cost, talent-oriented. Bill of quantities valuation needs "versatile" compound talents to enrich enterprises. This stimulates practitioners to hone lifelong learning skills, develop good professional quality, understand the theory and pragmatism of international project cost operation, and have strong technical comprehensive ability. Only such professionals can be good at controlling project costs, reducing project costs and improving economic benefits. They are the necessary talents for enterprise development and industry revitalization, and the basic conditions for ensuring enterprises to be invincible in the competition.

(a) the main working procedures and matters needing attention when using the bill of quantities in bidding.

1. Prepare for bidding. The owner or consulting unit shall prepare the bill of quantities;

2. After the bill of quantities is compiled by the tenderer, it will be sent to all bidders together with the tender documents as part of the contents of the tender documents. After receiving the tender documents, the bill of quantities will be rechecked according to the drawings. If there is no difference, part of the quantity can be quoted. If there is a big error in the engineering quantity, the tenderee cannot change the engineering quantity at will, but should seek clarification from the tenderee in writing or directly.

3. Determine the tender offer;

4. After determining the unit price of each item in the bill of quantities through unit price analysis, the tenderer shall fill in the unit price and total price of the bill of quantities provided by the tenderer every time, and finally summarize the total price of the project;

5. In bid evaluation and pricing, the valuation mode of bill of quantities is often combined with the principle of reasonable low price and middle price. In order to win the bid, there may be vicious competition among bidders. At this time, it should be forbidden to regard the direct cost of the project, that is, the project cost, as a competitive cost, and the tender offer below the cost price should be treated as a waste bid. So as to ensure that the legitimate interests of both parties to the bidding unit are not infringed.

Four, the bill of quantities valuation method and bidding

Bill of quantities is a form used to express project code, project name and description, unit and quantity, unit price and total price of the project. Bidding with bill of quantities means that the four columns of project code, project name and description, unit and quantity in the form are filled in by the tenderer and provided to the bidder with the bidding documents, and the two columns of unit price and total price are filled in by the bidder.

In the process of project construction, the construction enterprise should complete the following project contents: the entity project required by the design drawings, the measures taken to form the entity project, and some special requirements related to project construction put forward by the tenderer. Accordingly, the bill of quantities consists of partial bill of quantities, measure project list and other project list.

(1) Preparation of bidding documents. In the bidding work of bill of quantities, the owner can prepare the bidding documents by himself or entrust a qualified consulting unit to prepare the bidding documents. In addition to the contents usually included in the tender documents, such as the pre-schedule of the instructions for bidding, the instructions for bidding, contract conditions, contract agreement terms, contract format, technical specifications, drawings, reference format of the tender documents, etc. , you must also provide the bill of quantities of the project. Compared with the traditional bidding documents, the bill of quantities in the list bidding documents is the core content of the whole project cost control. In the bidding of bill of quantities, both tenderers and bidders bid on the basis of bill of quantities in order to obtain a reasonable project price.

To ensure the accuracy of the bill of quantities, the following points must be achieved: 1. The compilation of bill of quantities should be based on a unified basis, including the following aspects: engineering construction design drawings and their descriptions, design modifications, change notices and other technical materials. Relevant information on the geological, hydrological and underground conditions of the construction site; Unified engineering quantity calculation rules, engineering consumption standards, descriptions, project division and measurement units issued by the management department; Tender documents and their supplementary notices and answering minutes. 2. Each sub-item of the bill of quantities shall accurately list the number of the quota, the name and content of the project, the number of the project and the engineering measurement unit. 3. After the bill of quantities is issued, if it is found that the bill of quantities is inconsistent with the construction design drawings and bidding documents, it should be corrected through the supplementary notice of bidding or the minutes of answering questions.

(2) Preparation of pre-tender estimate price. The pre-tender estimate price consists of five parts: partial bill of quantities, list of measures and items, list of other items, fees and taxes. The pre-tender estimate preparation unit shall calculate the direct cost according to the bill of quantities, make a comprehensive analysis according to the characteristics of the project, and then calculate the comprehensive unit price according to the current quota or the material price, charging standard and charging procedure stipulated in the bidding documents, including all the costs required to complete the project content, including direct cost, indirect cost, material price difference, profit and tax, etc., and finally summarize them into the pre-tender estimate.

1. Compilation of bill of quantities

1. 1 preparation of partial bill of quantities

The compilation of partial bill of quantities should have the characteristics of "standardized management, convenient management and convenient pricing", and abide by the unified project name, unified measurement unit and the same calculation rules of quantities.

Comply with a unified and flexible project coding system. The purpose of adopting coding system is to facilitate computer processing data and speed up the information management process of project cost. The codes of partial bill of quantities are represented by 12 Arabic numerals. The first nine digits are the project name codes, which are unified and unchangeable throughout the country, and the last three digits are the project characteristic codes, which are compiled by the producer.

Observe a unified project name. BOQ project department consists of multiple processes. In order to facilitate the valuation of construction enterprises, BOQ should not only write a unified project name, but also consider the characteristics of project specifications, models and materials according to the specified requirements. Combined with the actual situation of the proposed project, the name of BOQ project can be concretized, which can not only reflect the elements related to the project cost, but also avoid the bidder's vague understanding, thus affecting the fairness of bidding.

1.2 Compilation of list of measures and other items

The list of measures should include some measures that must be taken to complete the partial entity project, such as construction drainage, formwork, scaffolding and vertical transportation. Because different construction enterprises will adopt different construction methods and measures, they will list them item by item, and the specific quantities will be calculated by the construction enterprises themselves. The list of measures proposed by the tenderer is determined according to the general situation, regardless of the actual situation of different bidders. If there are measures that are not listed in the list but need to be taken in the actual construction process, the construction enterprise can supplement them by itself when bidding, otherwise it will be considered as no other measures.

The list of other projects mainly reflects some special requirements related to the proposed project put forward by the tenderer. Expenses related to the tenderer include: preparation expenses and materials provided by Party A, and the tenderer will explain in advance in the tender documents.

Five, the bill of quantities valuation method and bidding

(a) On the basis of the bill of quantities provided by the tenderee, the bidder makes an itemized quotation for partial projects, measures and other projects. According to the principle of independent pricing of enterprises, the quotation of bill of quantities embodies the characteristics that bidders independently form prices through market competition. According to the valuation method of bill of quantities, there are two commonly used valuation methods of bill of quantities in China at this stage:

1. It adopts the comprehensive unit price of full cost which is widely used in the world. The unit price of subdivisional work includes the direct and indirect costs required to complete the subdivisional work, as well as all costs such as price adjustment, material price difference, profits and taxes, and risk reserve. Relevant documents stipulate. The comprehensive unit price is multiplied by the corresponding quantities, and the total project cost is obtained by adding them.

2. It is the unit price method of engineering quantity commonly used in China at present, that is, the partial and itemized engineering quantity given in the bill of quantities is applied to the base price of plan fixed or the comprehensive budget quota to determine the direct cost of the project, and then the indirect cost, price adjustment, material price difference, profit and tax of the project are calculated on this basis, and finally the total cost of the project is obtained by adding the same part of the cost.

When bidding by the first method, the quotation is compiled by the tendering unit according to the quality of its own personnel, the configuration of construction machinery and tools, the level of construction technology and the management level of the enterprise, which can truly reflect the single cost of the enterprise's bidding project, help the tendering unit to compile the internal quota of the enterprise, reasonably determine the project cost, reduce the project cost and put forward competitive quotations.

The second method uses the unified budget quota or comprehensive quota issued by the national industry or local government construction department to unify the consumption of labor, machinery and materials to the same level. The project cost calculated according to this method reflects the average social cost, not the individual cost of the enterprise, so it is not conducive to the formation of real competition among bidders and reduces the project cost.

At present, China is carrying out the full-cost comprehensive unit price valuation model (the first method), which can not only give full play to the role of bill of quantities in bidding and project construction management, but also be in line with international practices, thus reducing the project cost, improving the project quality and shortening the construction period.

(B) The composition of tender offer embodies the principle of independent pricing of enterprises.

The bidding quotation of construction enterprises adopts the form of comprehensive unit price. When compiling the unit price, the consumption of labor, materials and construction machinery can be determined with reference to the current budget quota or according to the internal quota of the enterprise. The labor price can be determined according to the subcontracting situation in the market. The material price should be based on the cost information released by the local cost management department. It is necessary to investigate the unit price of machinery, determine the rental price, and determine whether to buy machinery or rent it yourself to reduce costs. For the determination of other direct costs, on-site funds and indirect costs, measures to reduce costs can be fully considered according to the construction site conditions, engineering conditions and their own management level.

Calculate the possible cost.

(three) the use of bidding strategy for quotation, to ensure that under competitive price conditions, to obtain the greatest possible economic benefits.

A common bidding strategy is unbalanced quotation, that is, on the premise that the total quotation is fixed, the unit price of some partial projects is increased, while the unit price of other partial projects is reduced when pouring concrete. Unbalanced quotation has two purposes; One is to collect money early, and the other is to pay more. By appropriately increasing the unit price of the previous construction sub-projects, such as earthwork and foundation works, and reducing the unit price of the later construction sub-projects, the bidder can reasonably increase the income of the previous work, thus achieving the purpose of collecting money early. In order to collect more money, the bidder must review the number of projects provided by the tenderer and compare the actual number with the number provided by the tenderer.

If the quantity is large or may be large, the unit price can be reasonably increased, otherwise the quotation can be reduced.

Six, the bill of quantities valuation method and bid evaluation

(1) Bid evaluation is the core part of bidding. Under the valuation method of bill of quantities, many changes have taken place in the bid evaluation of engineering projects, mainly in the following aspects:

1. Under the quota pricing mode, the total cost is mainly considered in the project bid evaluation, and the commercial bid evaluation in the bid evaluation is very simple; Due to the characteristics of the list itself in the case of list, the bid evaluation can not only evaluate the total project price, but also evaluate the partial list fee, the measure project fee, the unit price of the main list, the price of the main materials, and whether there is any calculation error.

2. Quota valuation is based on the quota issued by the competent department, regardless of the characteristics of enterprises. The quotations of the same project between enterprises are basically the same, and it is not necessary to consider whether the quotations of enterprises are reasonable when evaluating bids; In the case of list, all the material prices and the consumption of human resources machines are quoted independently by the enterprise, and whether the quotation is reasonable must be considered when evaluating bids.

3. The construction contract is mainly signed in the form of general contract when it is priced by quota, and the settlement is based on quota; After the implementation of the list, the construction contract is mainly based on unit price contract, and the logical relationship between bidding materials should be reviewed during bid evaluation to avoid losses to the owner. It can be seen that after the implementation of the list, the bid evaluation work is more detailed, and more and more factors need to be considered. We must adopt scientific and reasonable bid evaluation methods.

(2) At present, in order to minimize financial input, the government basically adopts the principle of winning the bid at the lowest price. The lowest bid price method is simple and easy to evaluate, which can truly reflect the price competition purpose of bidding, reduce human factors and embody the principle of fairness and justice. However, the internal quota of many enterprises has not been established and perfected, and the market mechanism has not been perfected and matured. Under various unfavorable conditions, some construction enterprises with weak strength and poor performance violated the law of value and caused various adverse consequences in order to win the bid in the highly competitive construction market. In order to guide bidders to compete at a reasonable low price not lower than their cost, the following aspects are realized.

1. In the process of bid evaluation, the winning bidder is determined through bidding.

In the process of bid evaluation, if the bid evaluation committee finds that the bidder's bid price is obviously lower than the pre-tender estimate, which may make its bid price lower than its single cost, it shall require the bidder to make a reasonable explanation or provide relevant certification materials. If a bidder cannot give a reasonable explanation or provide relevant certification materials, the bid evaluation committee shall determine the bidder.

Bidding at a price lower than the cost shall be regarded as a waste bid.

2. A clear and quantifiable scoring standard is stipulated in the tender documents, and the highest score is the winning bidder.

In the setting of grading standards, the weights of technical bid and commercial bid should be reasonably stipulated, and the commercial bid should generally account for 70%, and fluctuate according to the characteristics of the project. For construction projects with simple structure and relatively mature construction methods and technologies, the weight of commercial bid can be 100%. For projects with complex structure and great technical difficulty, the weight of technical targets should be increased accordingly to avoid the construction unit winning the bid at a low price and affecting the project quality.

In order to prevent bidders from maliciously driving up the bid price or depressing the bid price, the "abnormal" quotation is determined by setting standards, and only a low score can be calculated for the abnormal quotation, without participating in the calculation of the bid evaluation benchmark price, and the arithmetic average of the remaining bid quotations is taken as the bid evaluation benchmark price, so as to prevent the construction enterprise from unbalanced quotation and correctly judge whether its total quotation is reasonable and effective.

Seven. Concluding remarks

Bill of quantities valuation is a common practice in international engineering construction bidding activities, which reflects the work

The personal cost of the process, not the fixed social average cost. The bill of quantities separates the entity consumption cost from the measure cost, so that the competition of technical level of construction enterprises in bidding can be displayed separately, and the ability of independent pricing of construction enterprises can be fully exerted, thus changing the restrictions on independent quotation of enterprises in the existing quota. With China's entry into WTO, the biggest blow to multi-project cost management will be the formation system of project price. Therefore, we have to introduce and follow the international practice of project cost management, that is, the original tendering unit prepares the bill of quantities according to the drawings, and the tendering unit provides the bill of quantities (the physical quantity of the project) to the tendering unit for quotation, which is in line with international competitive bidding.

Ways to better solve the contradiction between "government management and incentive market competition mechanism".

Eight, please.

First of all, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the teacher who guided my graduation project. This paper was completed under the careful guidance of the tutor. At every stage of my graduation design, from selecting topics to consulting materials, determining the outline of my thesis, modifying my mid-term thesis and adjusting the format of my later thesis, I have been strongly supported and helped by my tutor. His rigorous and pragmatic attitude has benefited me a lot. Furthermore, I would like to sincerely thank my alma mater for giving me the opportunity to further my studies in the university, so that I can continue to learn and improve; And thank all the teachers and students for their long-term concern and encouragement.

Through this graduation project, I understand that the bidding of bill of quantities is a new subject for owners, contractors, intermediaries or management departments, and it needs a process of learning, discussion and adaptation. Only by continuous study, discussion and adaptation can we give full play to the positive role of bidding in the valuation method of bill of quantities.

Finally, I hope my alma mater will flourish and create greater glories!

References:

1, Yuan, Interpretation of Bill of Quantities Method in Bidding. Fujian architecture, May 2002.

2. Zhu talked about the bidding method of bill of quantities. Construction Economy, July 2002.

3. horses. Bill of quantities valuation and bidding [J]. Inner Mongolia coal economy. Issue 3, 2004