Cultivate modern technical talents. Western capitalist imperialism headed by Britain has trained a large number of modern talents for China through various channels, such as hiring workers from China, absorbing technicians from China and accepting China students. Taking Fuzhou Shipping Bureau as an example here is enough to illustrate. When Zuo Zai 1867 founded Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, he signed a talent training contract with Riyige and De Kebei, French deputy directors of the Bureau. After the expiration of the five-year agreement, China craftsmen can supervise the construction according to the drawings and drive their own cars, that is, they will be rewarded with 24,000 pieces of silver for Riyige and Dekebei respectively, and 62,000 pieces of silver for French craftsmen, and the bonus will be set at 65,438+. By the end of the five-year period of 1873, Shen Baozhen, the first minister of shipping administration, urged and supervised Japanese and Italian to test the manufacturing technology of China craftsmen factory by factory, and foreign craftsmen gradually withdrew, leaving them to China craftsmen to make their own. China workers were chosen as assistant craftsmen in the capital. After more than half a year's examination and test, after the expiration of the contract, all foreign craftsmen will be repatriated and rewarded according to the contract. The bureau withdrew foreign technicians, and under the auspices of domestic technicians, it has built more than ten military merchant ships, which basically has independent manufacturing capabilities.

The Opium War oppressed and bound China's modernization.

-Taking advantage of the privileges seized by a series of unequal treaties has accelerated the expansion of foreign capital in China, gradually controlled the economic lifeline of China, dragged down the national capital of China, and failed to achieve normal development. According to statistics, the percentage of foreign investment in China's total capital is: 0894 65438+60.7,091920 80.3, 65438 70.4+0936 78.3. In other words, foreign investment should account for about 60 ~ 80% of China's total capital. In many important modern industrial sectors in China, foreign capital is in a monopoly and semi-monopoly position. China's nascent national capital has been squeezed out and restricted in many ways. For example, several shipyards with British capital established in Shanghai and Guangzhou in the early days crushed China's old shipbuilding industry with a tradition of more than a thousand years, suppressed the new shipbuilding industry operated by China's national capital, and monopolized China's shipbuilding industry for a long time. The aforementioned National Capital Changfa Machinery Factory, which was held in Shanghai for the first time, was merged by the British merchant Yesson Shipyard in 1899 because it could not compete with the British merchant shipyard. Another example is the early Russian-funded tea brick factories in Wuhan, Fuzhou and other places, which crushed several new state-owned tea factories in Fujian. After the 20th century, foreign capital gradually tended to monopolize, and the phenomenon of crowding out, suppressing and even annexing China capital became more obvious. For example, the control and monopoly of foreign capital on modern coal mines in China not only stifled the small and medium-sized coal mines with national capital, but also the large coal mines operated by the Qing government and Beiyang government could not escape the fate of being embezzled or controlled by foreign capital. The process of British capital defrauding Kaiping coal mine and annexing Luanzhou coal mine is the most typical historical fact. There are also outstanding examples of foreign monopoly control of China's railway transportation. During the period of 1896- 19 14, the total foreign direct investment in China railway reached 292 million US dollars, and foreign investment accounted for more than 90% of the completed 1000 km railway. Most of the railways built by the Qing government and the Beiyang government were borrowed from foreign capital. Although the voice of "commercial railway" was very high at one time, in the face of the strong pressure of foreign capital colluding with China feudal forces, no achievements were made, and the proportion of state-owned railways was very small. As for China's financial market, it has long been monopolized by foreign banks headed by HSBC. The control of foreign capital on China's economic lifeline is the root of the unsuccessful development of capitalism in China.

-The long-term control and monopoly of China's import and export trade, the unequal exchange of industrial products imports and agricultural products exports, and the early opium trafficking sucked up a lot of blood and sweat of the people of China and plunged China into poverty. We can't find a comprehensive estimate about the unequal exchange of import and export commodities. According to the book "Collection of Price Data before and after the Liberation of Shanghai", during the period of 1926- 1936, the total loss of unequal exchange in the total value of China's import and export commodities was as high as 5 billion yuan at that time, with an average annual loss of 500 million yuan. Converted into about 3 billion yuan, the annual loss ratio is 1/6. By analogy, in the past century, China has suffered an amazing total loss in the unequal exchange of foreign imperialism! (See Compilation of Price Data before and after the Liberation of Shanghai, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1958, p. 6 1-62. ) Early opium trafficking and poisoning the people of China were important means for foreign firms to make huge profits in China. For example, established foreign companies such as Jardine Matheson, Swire, Kai Chang, etc. Most of them started by selling opium. It is estimated that Jardine Matheson Group made a profit of about 4 million silver dollars from opium trafficking in the forties and fifties of 19. (At that time, about 50,000 boxes of opium were imported every year, and the profit per box was about 400 yuan, accounting for at least 10000 boxes. ) the high profit can be imagined.

-Huge war reparations have become a heavy burden on the people of China. The opium war reparations amounted to 2,654,380 million silver dollars, which set a bad example for war reparations.