A paper is a long and formal article about an academic subject. paper

A thesis is an article written by a student. (Student) Composition [American English]

N-COUNT (government) document

Thesis n-count thesis is a long article based on your own thoughts and research, and it is part of your university degree, especially a higher degree like a doctor.

An argument is a long formal article on a specific topic, especially for an advanced university degree. Thesis (degree)

Thesis is a broad word, which can be a general paper or an academic paper.

Papers and objections refer to academic papers and dissertations. Mainly used in universities, especially graduation or dissertation, the latter is used in a narrow sense.