The production process of ceramic art is mud refining: porcelain stone is taken from the mining area, first broken into egg size by hand hammer, then ground into powder by water hammer, washed, impurity removed and precipitated into brick mud. Then mix mud and water to remove slag, rub with both hands or step on them with your feet to squeeze out the air in the mud and make the water in the mud uniform. I was deeply sorry that I didn't see this link in the ancient kiln, so I searched carefully on the way to Sanbao Village and had the honor to witness it with my own eyes. This porcelain stone processing method has a long history and should be synchronized with Jingdezhen porcelain making history.
Blanking: throw the clay ball in the center of the turntable of the pulley car, and draw the rough shape of the blank by bending, stretching and retracting. Blanking is the first process of forming. First of all, you should be familiar with the shrinkage of mud. The total shrinkage of Jingdezhen porcelain clay is about 18? 20%, according to the variety and size of different types and the hardness of mud to scale. Because of the softness of Jingdezhen porcelain clay, the drawn blank is thicker than other clays. You should not only pay attention to shrinkage, but also pay attention to styling. If it is a large-size product, it needs to be drawn in sections. From each section, we can see the skills and level of blank drawing masters. The special aesthetic feeling of Jingdezhen porcelain and the formation of porcelain culture are closely related to its unique materials and techniques. Even to some extent, Jingdezhen porcelain is famous all over the world, except for the local area. A godsend? Besides high-quality clay, what other foundations are there? Clever? Can these common skills be? Things? Became human? Pets So, really? Gods It is this continuous division of labor, evolution and inheritance of porcelain-making technology that protects it. This skill, which has been handed down for thousands of years, has created and formed the most dazzling aura in the history of human ceramics and even in the history of civilization, which is dazzling and awe-inspiring.
Printing blank: according to the radian of the blank, the shape of the seal is formed by rotary cutting. Cover the semi-dry blank on the mold, press it evenly on the outer wall of the blank, and then demould it.
Blanking: covering the blank on the roller of the pulley car, rotating the wheel and cutting with a knife, so that the blank thickness is appropriate and the surface is smooth, which is a highly technical process. Does not, also known as does not? Trim? Or? Spinning blank? , is the key link to finally determine the shape of the object and make the surface smooth, coherent and regular. Internal and external repair is an extremely important molding technology in Jingdezhen porcelain making process, which is superior to other kiln systems and is a unique technical guarantee for forming Jingdezhen ceramic style. Board-making workers should not only be familiar with the performance of mud, but also master the curve change of modeling, the shrinkage ratio of each part during firing and the thickness of mud left in each part. Generally speaking, the thickness of the green body is different in different parts of the same object. Because the shrinkage and stress of different parts are different when fired at high temperature, the thickness of the green body in different parts should be controlled to prevent it from being deformed during firing. The control and identification method of blank thickness in the process of blank utilization is the key to master blank utilization technology and ensure blank utilization quality. According to general experience, the measurement of blank thickness is to touch up and down with your fingers, tap gently and listen to the noise of different parts. If the blank is thick, will it be burned? Giggle? Sound, when it is repaired to medium thickness? Knock, knock. Voice; When the high-grade porcelain body is repaired to a suitable thickness, it will rebound. Bobo. A crisp voice.
Sun drying: put the processed blank on the wooden frame to dry.
Carving: Carving patterns on a dry blank with bamboo, bone or iron knives.
Glazing: Glaze or shake glaze is used for ordinary circular ware. Glaze spraying of knives or large circular machines. Most ceramic products need to be glazed before they can be fired in the kiln. The glazing process seems simple, but it is an extremely important and difficult process to master. It is not easy to make the glaze layer of each part of the blank uniform and appropriate in thickness, but also pay attention to the different fluidity of various glazes. Jingdezhen ceramic decoration can be roughly divided into two basic types: underglaze color and overglaze color. Under-glaze decoration refers to the glazed porcelain directly decorated on the clay blank. Named after its decorative patterns are located under the glaze layer of porcelain, there are mainly blue and white, underglaze red and underglaze multicolor. The decorative treatment process of fired porcelain glaze is called glaze color, including antique color, pastel color, ink color and new color. And the combination of underglaze blue and white and underglaze multicolor? Playing the lottery? Decoration. In fact, since the Yuan Dynasty, the history of China porcelain painting decoration is basically based on the development history of Jingdezhen porcelain. In-glaze red is a rare variety with high popularity and influence in Jingdezhen.
Kiln firing: firstly, put the ceramic products into a sagger. The box is a container for firing ceramic products, which is made of refractory materials. Its function is to prevent direct contact between porcelain blank and kiln fire and avoid pollution, especially white porcelain firing. Kiln burning time is about one day and night, and the temperature is about 1300 degrees. First, the kiln door is built, and the kiln is ignited. The fuel is pine. Give technical guidance to the driver, measure the temperature, master the change of kiln temperature, and decide the ceasefire time.
Painting: draw multicolored and pastel glaze colors on the fired porcelain glaze, fill them in, and then fire them in a low-temperature red furnace at about 700? 800 degrees.
Painting on the blank before firing, such as blue and white, underglaze red, etc. , known as underglaze color, is characterized by being colored under high temperature glaze and never fading.
Porcelain painting is different from ordinary painting. Because the paint color seen by the painter when glazing the blank tire will change greatly after high temperature firing and baking. It is amazing to see a semi-finished product with dim color and inconspicuous appearance, which will show such gorgeous and dazzling colors after being burned by fire. At the same time, we can also know what kind of special experience and imagination are needed to paint porcelain.
The main production methods of ceramic art include drawing blank, clay sculpture, clay sculpture, winding of clay strips, kneading, clay sculpture and sketching.
Blank-drawing molding is the centrifugal movement produced by the blank-drawing machine. In the process of rotation, semi-solidified mud is stretched and molded with water according to the design concept. Blank forming was widely used in ancient artistic conception. Black pottery as thin as eggshell, colorful painted pottery and crystal-clear kiln-changed ceramics all left traces of blank molding. Modern ceramic art has inherited the creative form of ancient ceramic art and made new artistic creation. Drawing and molding is easy to learn and rich in modeling, which is a very common molding method in modern ceramic art. It embodies the author's mastery of clay properties, molding techniques and artistic forms, and is several manifestations of artistic design ability. ; Drawing is a young and ancient skill. Young because of the independence and development of modern ceramic art, ancient because it shows its original charm with the history of human civilization.
The biggest feature of making pottery with clay chips is that it is easy to form a large and complete surface and the molding speed is faster. The molding process of clay board is very demanding. In order to do a good job of clay tablet molding, we must master the technical problems such as clay tablet making, the perception of clay materials used and the combination of clay tablets.
Clay sculpture molding forms pottery by clay sculpture. Because the whole shape is solid, it is also called solid clay molding. The characteristic of clay sculpture modeling is that it can retain the external texture and creative traces of modeling, and the modeling does not need to consider the influence of mold turnover on modeling. It is more casual and has a strong original artistic expression, which is similar to sculpture.
Mud tape winding, mud tape method is a technology of winding and forming through mud tape. The mud stick can be rubbed by hand or squeezed by a mud stick pressing tool. When rubbing mud strips, you should grasp your plasticity to avoid cracking in architectural modeling. If you want to finish a big work or a very complicated work at a time by using the mud tray method, it will be more difficult. Because the work must have a certain intensity to keep you excited, and the connecting part must maintain a certain humidity to maintain the adhesion between embryos. In the process of plate making, we should grasp the dryness and humidity of mud and pay attention to the contour line of modeling. The works created by mud slab construction method have the characteristics of simplicity, fluency and diversity.
Sculpture is hand-made, mostly small toys, such as dolls, acrobats, cows, sheep, horses, dogs and monkeys in various postures in the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are many pinched sculptures handed down from ancient times in Qiong Yao, Sichuan, and their shapes are very vivid. Small toys made in porcelain kilns in Henan, Hebei and other places are also very popular. White glaze and black glaze, such as lambs with long necks and sitting lions with curly hair, are vivid and powerful, and it is no exaggeration.
Plain painting is painting with pigments on vases, bowls, plates, cans and other utensils (plain color) that are burned in plain.
Tao is the art of earth, and the art of fire is actually the art of life. Do it yourself, or draw a blank, or pinch plastic, one piece of work is born from your own hands, with the smell of mud, showing your personality. The creation of modern ceramic art mainly expresses the author's thoughts through the shape, material, texture, ornamentation and glaze color of the works, which meets the requirements of modern people to return to nature and reflect their own personality. Ceramic art is as famous as painting, sculpture and other plastic arts. With its unique artistic language and rich expressive force, it attracts many ceramists, artists, ceramic lovers, students and children to engage in ceramic art creation or production. From the beginning of killing mud (practicing mud), through the use of techniques such as dish-pulling, mud-pulling, kneading and drawing blanks, one piece of art was born from one's own hands, decorating one's beautiful life.
Production Technology of Ceramic Art (I) Clay Stripe Plate Building Forming Method
1. Take a proper amount of mud, naturally pick it up with both hands and turn it to make it into a round strip.
2. Place the circular Dorobou horizontally on the workbench, rub it evenly with your fingers, roll while rubbing, and move the left and right fingers from coarse to fine.
3. Rub the mud strips naturally and peacefully, and rub them into mud strips with consistent thickness and uniform size as needed.
4. Put Dorobou on the turntable to make a bottom, then press Dorobou while rotating, and rotate the turntable to increase in turn, and finally make it into the shape you need.
5. Every additional layer needs to be flattened and compacted, and the inside and outside should be compacted evenly to avoid cracking during drying.
6. Mud swatter, hand swatter and hand rotation can be used to adjust the shape, and the original handwriting effect of the mud board can be preserved.
(2) Manual kneading (sculpture) molding method
Hand kneading and sculpting are one of the most primitive, basic and simple ways to make pottery, and it is also the most basic way for beginners to experience the thickness, hardness and dryness of mud. It can be pinched by hand without tools, and the degree of freedom is greater. You just need to knead the mud into the shape you want by hand. This is also one of the oldest pottery making methods. You can also make statues with tools such as sculpture knives and hollow them out when the mud is half dry.
(3) Clay molding method
Mud board molding is to roll mud blocks into mud boards by hand or mud press, and then use these mud boards to form. When rolling the mud board, the mud block should be placed between two pieces of cloth and spread around from the center of the mud block (rotating the cloth block). Pay attention to the thickness of clay to meet the needs of ceramic works. When making, we should make use of the softness of mud, which can be shaped like cloth, and make use of the hard characteristics of mud board, which can be used as a board. Clay sculpture has a wide range of applications, from plane to solid, and its shape can be changed. When wet and soft, it can be bent to make a natural and beautiful shape, and it can also be used to make straight objects when it is semi-dry.
(4) Stamping (blank) forming method
Stamping (blank) molding method is a method of molding with gypsum mold. Since ancient times. This method is widely used in ceramic production. Usually, we use plaster molds. The master mold can be made of gypsum or clay, and then it can be changed into several molds according to different molds. After the mold is dried, the blank can be printed and a stamp can be formed. When hot stamping, the force should be uniform and tight, in order to print a work with complete shape. For works with complex shapes, they need to be printed with a separate mold and then synthesized. The joints should be bonded with mud, the blanks should be repaired after demoulding, and the excess should be scraped off. This method can copy products in large quantities, which brings a lot of convenience to ceramic production. According to personal needs, different textures and other decorative effects can be made on the mold.
(5) blanking forming method
Blank drawing is a molding method that uses the rotating force to cooperate with the movements of hands, and then draws the mud into various shapes on the blank drawing machine. It is also a common traditional molding method in ceramic production. However, it is highly technical and demanding, and some masters have been engaged in blank painting all their lives. It takes a long time to master this method. You can start with simple bowls, cups and plates, and then draw complicated shapes such as bottles and cans. Rome was not built in a day. If you want to master drawing skills, you must work hard.
(6) Slurry casting molding method
Slurry casting method is widely used in the mass production of daily-use ceramics, and it is also one of the ceramic forming technologies. First, use mud or gypsum as the master mold, and turn it into a gypsum mold (block) with grouting holes on it. After the mold is dried, the prepared slurry is injected into the gypsum mold, which is filled in time with the water absorption speed of the gypsum mold. When the gypsum mold sucks slurry to a certain thickness, the excess slurry in the mold is poured out. After the slurry is separated from the mold wall, the blank can be taken out of the gypsum mold, and a certain dry humidity should be maintained (mastered) to maintain moisture.
(7) Comprehensive molding method