1. China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution can only be completed under the leadership of the advanced class and its political parties. From the Opium War to the Revolution of 1911, the struggle of China people against aggression and exploring the road of saving the country and the people has gone through a long time. Landlord reformers, peasants, bourgeois reformers and bourgeois revolutionaries have successively stepped onto the historical stage and stood in the front line of struggle. They represent the wishes of the people at that time, conform to the trend of historical development, and show the heroic and unyielding struggle spirit of the Chinese nation. However, due to the limitations of history and class, their struggle had little effect, which could not make China get rid of the humiliating semi-colonial fate, complete the revolutionary task of anti-imperialism and feudalism, and lead the cause of national liberation and social progress to victory. History needs new classes and their political parties to lead.

2. Various classes in modern China put forward different plans to save the country, but failed to find the right way to save the country and the people. Advanced elements in modern China put forward various plans to save the country. The reformists of the landlord class tried to learn western technology on the premise of maintaining the feudal system, and put forward that "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" failed; As the leader of the peasant war, Hong Xiuquan put forward an egalitarian and capitalist plan to save the country, which soon failed. The bourgeois reformists tried to develop capitalism in China by using the political system of western constitutional monarchy, but the result was not feasible. Sun Yat-sen, an outstanding representative of bourgeois revolutionaries, drew lessons from western bourgeois political theory and practical experience, formulated the program of the Three People's Principles and established the Republic of China. This was the first practice of the bourgeois peace plan in China, and it was the result of modern China's exploration of the road of saving the country and the people, but the plan soon went bankrupt.

3. China Revolution must be guided by scientific theory. Since the Opium War, all revolutionary classes in China have always been guided by certain theories in their struggle against imperialism and feudalism. However, due to the limitation of historical conditions and class status, it is impossible for them to find a scientific and correct theory to guide the China Revolution. The peasant movement in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom used religion to organize and launch peasant uprisings. The worship of God founded by Hong Xiuquan played a certain role in the revolutionary process, but religion can neither scientifically explain the world nor correctly guide the real struggle. The reformists carried out political reform and reform under the guidance of the western bourgeois evolution theory. Although it had a great impact, it failed in the end. Sun Yat-sen put forward the Three People's Principles with reference to the western bourgeois theory of natural human rights, and under this guidance, he waged an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle, but the Revolution of 1911 also failed. It can be seen that in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles of all classes in modern China, and in the struggle to explore the country's way out, the old ideological weapons were knocked down and could not save China. The development of China's revolution needs a new revolutionary theory to guide it.

Another high school textbook:

Objectively speaking, the Revolution of 1911 took place in the era of imperialism. Imperialism will never allow China to establish an independent and prosperous bourgeois republic, thus depriving itself of China, which accounts for14 of the world population. Therefore, they used political, diplomatic, military, economic, financial and other means to undermine and interfere with the China Revolution, and fostered and supported their agent Yuan Shikai to seize power. Imperialism colluded with the comprador forces of the big landlords represented by Yuan Shikai, as well as the old bureaucrats and constitutionalists to stifle the revolution from outside and inside.

Subjectively speaking, the fundamental reason for the failure of this revolution is that its leader, the bourgeois revolutionaries, has many weaknesses and mistakes. Mainly:

First, there is no thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program. They didn't explicitly put forward anti-imperialist slogans, and even fantasized about the recognition and support of imperialism for the China revolution through compromise and payment. They only emphasized anti-Manchu and the establishment of * * * and political system, but did not realize that they had to oppose the whole feudal ruling class, which led some old Han bureaucrats and officers to join the revolutionary camp. Influenced by the political situation at that time and the idea of compromise and concession, the revolutionaries finally even handed over the political power to Yuan Shikai. Later, when reviewing the course of the Revolution of 1911 and summing up relevant lessons, Sun Yat-sen said: "Once upon a time, I was forced by the situation and had to compromise with the counter-revolutionary autocratic class. This compromise is actually an indirect reconciliation with imperialism. This is the root cause of the first failure of the revolution. " "Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang warlord, colluded with the great powers, and all the counter-revolutionary autocratic classes such as military bureaucrats depended on it to survive; The revolutionaries were transferred to them by the regime, and they failed. What are you talking about? "

Second, we cannot fully mobilize and rely on the people. Because China's national bourgeoisie is inextricably linked with feudal forces, it dare not rely on the peasant masses as the main anti-feudal force. In the revolutionary process, although the bourgeois revolutionaries once joined forces with the new army (mostly peasants and students in military uniforms) and social parties (secret societies mainly composed of vagrants and bankrupt peasants), thus mobilizing the strength of the masses to a certain extent, they abandoned the masses after the Qing government was overthrown. Instead of leading the peasants in the anti-feudal struggle, they accused them of "deviant behavior" and sent troops to suppress it. It is precisely because the main force of China's democratic revolution, the peasants, has not been mobilized, so the foundation of this revolution is quite weak. "The national revolution needs a big rural reform. There was no such change in the Revolution of 1911, so it failed. " ①

Third, a powerful revolutionary party cannot be established as a powerful core to unite all revolutionary forces. The internal organization of the alliance is scattered, the factions are complex, and there is no unified and stable leadership core. Some people even advocate that "the revolutionary army rises and the revolutionary party disappears." Some also set up other political parties to stand on their own feet. Sun Yat-sen pointed out that the failure of the Revolution of 1911 was "not the strength of Yuan's army, but the disintegration of his comrades".

These weaknesses and mistakes of the bourgeois revolutionaries are rooted in the weakness and compromise of the national bourgeoisie in China. Because of this, the Revolution of 1911 only drove away an emperor, but failed to change the ruling foundation of feudalism and warlords and bureaucrats, and failed to complete the fundamental task of anti-imperialism and feudalism. The failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that the bourgeois national plan failed to save China, and the advanced China people need to make new explorations and seek a new way out for China.

Exploration and proposition of all classes and strata during the old democratic revolution

1, the landlord class claims:

During the Opium War, the landlord class, represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, began to pay attention to the world, explore new knowledge, seek ways to strengthen the country and resist foreign aggression, and put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", but it was not put into practice, and instead inspired future generations to continue to seek ways to strengthen the country and save the country.

② The Westernization School of the landlord class inherited and developed the idea that the Anti-Japanese War School learned science and technology from the West and put it into practice. Although the Westernization Movement was a self-help movement of the landlord class, it involved military, diplomatic, economic and educational reforms, which was the first step towards modernization in China. But it failed because it did not fundamentally abandon the feudal system.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was a patriotic movement supported by some enlightened landlords and Emperor Guangxu, but it eventually failed because of the destruction of the die-hards.

2, the peasant class claims:

(1) The leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom accepted some teachings of Western Christianity and founded a religion that worships God in an attempt to establish a paradise on earth. He formulated the "celestial eye system" and put forward the utopian agricultural socialist scheme of absolute equalitarianism, which is of course an impossible fantasy.

(2) Hong Rengan put forward China's first plan to develop capitalism-"Senior Minister New Chapter", which conformed to the trend of China's social and historical development and reflected the desire of advanced China people to seek truth from the west and explore the truth of saving the country and the people, but failed to implement it due to the lack of necessary social conditions.

(3) The peasant class of the Boxer Rebellion put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Although it reflected the particularly sharp contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation and touched on the theme of the times, it failed because its understanding of reactionary forces at home and abroad was in a perceptual stage, blindly exclusive, and its understanding of the essence of the Qing government was not deep.

3, the bourgeoisie advocates:

The early defenders of the bourgeoisie, separated from the Westernization School, advocated learning from the West in politics, economy and culture, but only put forward some reform ideas on some specific issues, lacking a complete theory and failing to put them into action.

(2) The reformists demanded opposing feudal autocracy, advocating civil rights and implementing constitutional monarchy; Develop capitalist economy; Learning western science and culture to resist imperialist aggression and save the national crisis, but because of the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, although the Hundred Days Reform was launched, it eventually failed.

The bourgeois revolutionaries, represented by Sun Yat-sen, studied the western theories of natural human rights, freedom and equality, put forward a relatively complete bourgeois revolutionary program-the Three People's Principles, and guided the Revolution of 1911 in the light of China's national conditions, and achieved great results, but failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.

(4) After the Revolution of 1911, the ideological trend of saving the country by industry rose, and the development of national industries was bound to resist foreign economic aggression, so it was patriotic and progressive. However, because the national industry is sandwiched between feudal oppression and imperialist aggression, it is difficult to develop and grow, so it is also a fantasy. Radical bourgeois democrats launched a bourgeois new culture movement that criticized feudal traditional concepts. The improvement and reform of the anti-feudal movement contributed to the continuation and development of the Revolution of 1911. However, due to the disadvantages of completely denying and affirming the eastern and western cultures and not combining with mass movements, it is doomed that it is impossible to point out the correct way out for saving the country.

⑤ After the October Revolution in Russia, a group of advanced elements in the New Culture Movement began to accept Marxism and hold high the banner of socialism, which laid the ideological foundation for the transformation to the new democratic revolution.

First, the exploration of the peasant class.

① The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom mobilized the peasants by worshipping God.

(2) Promulgating "China Land System" and "Senior Minister New Chapter". The former is a relatively complete social reform plan centered on solving the land problem, which fundamentally denies feudal land ownership and is a programmatic document of the peasant uprising in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but the idea of absolute equality is unrealistic. The latter was the first plan to systematically develop capitalism in China's modern history, but it was not put into practice because of the historical conditions at that time.

③ The watershed from prosperity to decline: Tianjing Incident.

(4) Historical significance: it hit the feudal ruling class and shook the ruling foundation of the Qing government; It is the peak of the old peasant war; It impacted the orthodox authority of Confucian classics and weakened the spiritual pillar of feudal rule; Combating foreign aggression; It impacted the colonial rule in Asia.

⑤ Reasons for failure: The peasant class is not the representative of the new productive forces and relations of production (the fundamental reason), it is unscientific to worship God, it fails to treat Confucianism correctly, and it regards westerners as "foreign brothers".

⑥ Lesson: In semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, although the peasant class has great revolutionary potential, it cannot shoulder the heavy responsibility of leading the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle to win; A simple peasant war cannot accomplish the historical task of striving for national independence and people's liberation.

Second, the exploration of the landlord class

(1) The exploration of patriotic, enlightened and insightful people

(1) Lin Zexu was the first person in modern China who opened his eyes to see the world, translated western books and periodicals, and edited The Chronicles of Four Continents.

(2) Wei Yuan compiled the National Map and put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".

(2) Westernization Movement

Objective: To save the crisis of Qing government.

(2) Guiding ideology: middle school is the body and western learning is the use.

3 slogan: "self-demand wealth."

④ Organizing Westernization: Modern enterprises (military and civilian); New navy and army; Set up new schools and send overseas students.

⑤ Failure sign: Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated.

⑥ Historical function: It promoted the early development of China's industry and national capitalism; Brought new knowledge and opened people's eyes; Conducive to the development of capitalist economy and the change of social atmosphere.

⑦ Reasons for failure: Westernization movement was feudal; Westernization movement depends on foreign countries; Westernization enterprise management is decadent.

Third, the exploration of the bourgeoisie.

In Zheng's early reform thoughts, there were strong patriotic thoughts against foreign aggression and hope for China's independence and prosperity, and also some democratic thoughts against feudal autocracy.

(1) The reformists set off the Reform Movement of 1898.

① Representative figures: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Yan Fu, etc.

2 publicity activities: writing to the emperor; Write a book and make a statement; Introduce the experience and lessons of foreign political reform; School meetings; Establish a school; Run a newspaper.

(3) Debate between reformists and conservatives: whether to reform; Whether to advocate civil rights, set up parliament and implement constitutional monarchy; Do you want to abolish stereotyped writing, change the imperial examination and advocate western learning? Essence: The first confrontation between China's bourgeois thought and feudal thought. The debate between reformers and conservatives needs to be compared with that between revolutionaries and reformers. During the period from 1905 to 1907, revolutionaries and reformists took People's Daily and Xinmin Congbao as the main positions of public opinion, and launched a big debate on whether China should adopt revolutionary means or improved methods. The debate between the two sides involves three core issues: First, whether to overthrow the Qing Dynasty by revolutionary means. This is the focus of debate between the two sides. Second, do you want to overthrow the monarchy and implement * * * and. Third, do you want a social revolution? )

(4) The 100-day New Deal: such as eliminating redundant staff, advocating clean government, rewarding scientific and technological inventions, and establishing imperial university hall (retained after the failure of reform), but not establishing parliament and other political ideas.

Significance: patriotic national salvation movement, bourgeois political reform movement, enlightenment thought.

6. Reasons for failure: the limitations of reformists themselves (dare not deny feudalism; Have illusions about imperialism; Fear of the masses and the opposition of powerful conservative forces headed by Empress Dowager Cixi.

⑦ Lesson: In semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China, it is impossible to achieve national independence, democracy and prosperity through top-down improvement.

(2) The revolutionaries launched the Revolution of 1911.

Sun Yat-sen put forward the slogan of "rejuvenating China".

(2) Revolutionary groups: The first revolutionary group was the Hui people in Zhong Xing.

(3) Political Party: China League was the first national political party leading the bourgeois revolution in modern China, and its establishment marked a new stage of the bourgeois democratic revolution in China.

(4) Political platform:

Nationalism is the national revolution. First, overthrow the Qing government by revolutionary means and change its consistent policy of ethnic discrimination and oppression; Second, we should pursue independence and establish a "nation-independent country".

Democracy means political revolution. That is to overthrow the feudal monarchy and establish bourgeois democracy.

People's livelihood, that is, social revolution, refers to "average land rights", that is, the national land price is approved.

In the New Three People's Principles during the National Revolution, Sun Yat-sen added anti-imperialist content, the idea that civil rights are owned by civilians and the idea of controlling capital, which became the political basis for cooperation between countries. )

⑤ Regime: Provisional Government of the Republic of China.

⑥ Constitution: Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China.

⑦ Failure sign: Yuan Shikai usurped power.

⑧ Significance: The bourgeois democratic revolution in a relatively complete sense ended the feudal autocratic monarchy system, made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in people's hearts, attacked reactionary forces at home and abroad, promoted changes in social economy, ideological habits and social customs, and promoted the upsurge of national liberation movements in Asian countries.

Pet-name ruby failure reason: the capitalist plan of nation-building doesn't work; Weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie (failure to put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary program, failure to fully mobilize and rely on the people, and failure to have a strong revolutionary party).

Attending after the failure of the Revolution of 1911, the second revolution, the movement to protect the country and the movement to protect the law were launched one after another, among which the movement to protect the law declared the end of the old democratic revolution.

Fourth, the exploration of advanced intellectuals before the May 4th Movement.

-New Culture Movement

① Beginning: The New Culture Movement began with the establishment of Youth magazine.

② Basic slogan: democracy and science.

③ Significance of the New Culture Movement before the May 4th Movement: It was an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history, which inspired people to pursue democracy and science, explored the road of saving the country and the people, and prepared ideological and cultural conditions for the widespread spread of Marxism in China.

(4) Limitations of the New Culture Movement before the May 4th Movement: First, the advocates of the New Culture Movement criticized Confucianism in order to clear the way for China to develop capitalism. However, because the bourgeois and China's plan doesn't work in China, fundamentally speaking, advocating bourgeois democracy can't provide people with an ideological weapon to understand China and effectively transform China society. Secondly, they give priority to transforming national character. However, apart from the revolutionary practice of transforming the social environment that produced feudal ideas, it is impossible to fundamentally transform the ideas produced by this social environment and the resulting national character by relying only on the shouts of a few people and limited propaganda means. Third, many leaders at that time did not have the critical spirit of Marxism, and the methods used were generally bourgeois. Some of them have one-sided views on this issue. The bad is definitely bad, and the good is definitely good. This formalistic approach influenced the later development of this movement.

⑤ The development of the New Culture Movement after the May 4th Movement: giving democracy and science new meaning; The institutional root of opposing feudal thought; The foothold of the anti-feudal struggle extends from individual liberation to social liberation; The way of struggle against feudalism has gradually developed from the ideological criticism of a few people to the revolutionary practice of the people. The New Culture Movement before the May 4th Movement was mainly a new culture of bourgeois democracy and an old culture against feudalism. After the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to play a guiding role in the ideological and cultural fields.

Impact:

Since the bourgeoisie cannot lead the democratic revolution, the important task of the democratic revolution must be led by a more advanced class, which is also the reason why the old democratic revolution has become a new democratic revolution.

The proletariat is the most advanced class in class society. They have advanced theories, complete and thorough revolutionary requirements and revolutionary spirit. The May 4th Movement took place after the October Revolution in Russia and was in the new period of the world proletarian socialist revolution. Judging from the class lineup, with the growing ranks of the working class, in the May 4th Movement, the working class in China stepped onto the political stage as an independent political force, giving new leadership to the China revolution. This shows that China's democratic revolution has entered a new stage of proletarian leadership, and the leadership of the revolution belongs to the proletariat or the bourgeoisie, which is the fundamental symbol to distinguish the new and old democratic revolutions. Judging from the guiding ideology and development direction, after the May 4th Movement, a large number of intellectuals appeared in China, initially with the consciousness of productism. They not only studied and publicized Marxism, but also promoted the combination of Marxism and China workers' movement. This combination made ideological and cadre preparations for the establishment of China's * * * production party. Under the guidance of Marxism, they not only thoroughly opposed imperialism and feudalism, but also led this revolution to the socialist future.

The birth of the China * * production party made China's transformation from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution a reality. Since then, a brand-new and unified proletarian party has emerged in China. Since China's * * * production party, China's revolution has taken on a new look. Since then, the China * * * Production Party has shouldered the heavy responsibility of leading the bourgeois national democratic revolution in China, and truly realized the great transformation from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution.

Reasons for the failure of China's old democratic revolution

Although during the old democratic revolution, the landlord reformers, peasants, bourgeois reformers and bourgeois revolutionaries led the people of China to resist aggression and explore the road of saving the country and the people, they all failed. What is the reason? This paper will analyze the reasons for the failure of China's old democratic revolution from both subjective and objective aspects.

Keywords:: Reasons for the failure of China's old democratic revolution

China entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from the Opium War, entered a period of aggression and oppression by foreign capitalism, and entered a period when the people of China rose up to try to save the national crisis and change the face of China. The 80 years from the Opium War to the May 4th Movement 19 19 is the revolution of the elderly in China. The people of China made several efforts for independence, prosperity and rise, but they all ended in failure. Why did the old democratic revolution in China fail? Why did it take China so long to get on the right path? The following is my personal opinion.

The reasons for the failure of China's old democratic revolution can be roughly divided into two categories: objective reasons and subjective reasons.

There are three main objective reasons. First, China is in the historical environment of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, with great disparity between the enemy and ourselves, and the reactionary forces at home and abroad jointly suppressed it; Second, the lack of strong support from international political alliances; Third, the time is not mature, which makes a scientific guiding ideology and a strong leader organizer have imperfect objective conditions.

In a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, foreign capitalism and domestic feudalism came together because of some similar interests. They are all exploiting classes, exploiting, plundering and robbing others as much as possible to meet their own needs. Although slightly different in form, they are essentially the same. Foreign capitalism invaded China in order to grab what they wanted from China and turn China into a market for their commodities, a supplier of cheap raw materials and an exporter of capital. Once the China Revolution wins, China becomes independent and China becomes rich and strong, they will lose China, the oppressed and enslaved object, which accounts for a quarter of the world's population. So they took various measures, political, economic, cultural and diplomatic means to obstruct the victory of the China Revolution. And feudal rulers are inevitably unwilling to see their own collapse. Faced with the people's uprising, they must choose to suppress it. The Boxer Rebellion and the Revolution of 1911 are obvious examples.

China is in the period of the old democratic revolution, while western capitalism is in the process of competing for benefits or colonial expansion. They are the aggressors of China, and it is impossible for them to form an alliance to help China. In Asia, Africa, Latin America and America, they are also oppressed like China. Some of them were even more oppressed and enslaved than China, and they became colonies. Their own domestic problems are difficult to solve, and they don't have much spare capacity to help China. Moreover, at this time, the political consciousness of these oppressed and exploited peoples is still not high, and there is no unified guiding ideology to guide them to come together and form a political alliance. Despite the Asian revolutionary storm in the middle of19th century and the upsurge of national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America at the end of19th century and the beginning of 20th century, these movements attacked and weakened foreign capitalism and contributed to the struggles of other invaded countries, but they never formed a strong political alliance to deal with the invasion of foreign capitalism.

Immature time mainly means that many necessary factors for the victory of China's old democratic revolution do not exist or are not mature enough. The productivity is not developed enough to push the higher class (the proletariat) to a certain stage, and the background of the times is not enough to make a scientific guiding ideology (Marxism) widely spread and applied. Because the time is not ripe, there is a lack of clear and correct flags and powerful organizations to lead China on the right path.

There are five subjective reasons: first, the limitations of leadership; Second, there is a lack of a clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political program; Third, the leadership has no scientific ideas as guidance; Fourth, failed to mobilize the broad masses of the people; Fifth, there is no dialectical treatment of the relationship between East and West.

During the old democratic revolution, the leading classes mainly included the peasant class, the bourgeoisie and the landlord class (Westernization School during the Westernization Movement). The peasant class is the representative of small productive forces, not the representative of new productive forces and new relations of production. They cannot overcome the inherent class limitations of small producers. With the further development of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, after the establishment of political power in Tianjing, the capital of the country, the leaders' decadent ideas grew, cronyism, abuse of the throne, graft, graft, bribery and suicide. After the Tianjing Incident, the power of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was severely weakened, which became a watershed for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to turn from prosperity to decline. The bourgeoisie, which came into being in semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, has duality: revolutionary and compromising. National capitalist enterprises, with little capital, small scale and weak technical force, have a certain dependence on foreign capitalism and dare not put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program. As for the Westernization School as the representative of the landlord class, they launched the Westernization Movement mainly to save the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty, suppress peasant uprisings, strengthen coastal defense and border defense, and enhance their strength, rather than to completely change the form of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China. At this time, this class has already belonged to the decadent class. With the fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, it marked the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement which advertised "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth".

To a certain extent, the limitations of the leadership class itself also determine that they can not clearly put forward the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political program. To be independent and prosperous, China must first change China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and take a clear-cut stand against imperialism and feudalism. Anti-imperialism and feudalism are indispensable. In the Kingdom of Tian Ping Movement, the peasant class opposed the rule of the Qing Dynasty, but paid insufficient attention to opposing foreign capitalism. As for the boxer movement, we can guide the incompleteness of their political program from their slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Bourgeois reformers and revolutionaries are inextricably linked with foreign bourgeoisie, which also determines that they cannot put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political program. Without a clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal political program, people's action direction will not be accurate enough, and the resistance struggle will not be thorough enough, thus affecting whether people can win the struggle.

In addition, the guiding ideology plays an important role in a revolution and a movement, which guides people's behavior direction. The westernization school put forward that "middle school is the main body and western learning is the application" conforms to the interests and requirements of the landlord class, but it does not conform to the trend of the times and is unscientific. The Three People's Principles put forward by the bourgeois revolutionaries are not scientific enough because they do not explicitly demand anti-imperialism. Without scientific and ideal social consciousness, it is difficult to achieve the expected goal in guiding social activities, and the old democracy failed under the guidance of unscientific consciousness.

People are the changers and social practitioners of social history, and their role cannot be ignored. Unfortunately, however, under the old democratic system, few classes noticed or used the people's strength to mobilize them to save the national crisis. Like the bourgeoisie, the national bourgeoisie in China is inextricably linked with the feudal forces, so they dare not rely on the peasant masses, the main force of anti-feudalism, and even accused the peasants of "deviant behavior" and sent troops to suppress them in the later period of the Revolution of 1911. Without the mobilization of farmers, the main force of the democratic revolution, the foundation of this revolution is quite weak. "The national revolution needs great changes. The revolution of 1911 failed because there was no such change.

During the old democratic revolution, many classes paid attention to learning from the West, but they could not learn from the West correctly and apply it to the concrete reality of China. The Westernization School's idea of "learning from the middle school as the body and learning from the west for use" simply introduced western artifacts, but did not completely change the feudal system. What China urgently needs is a thorough change in the political system. The bourgeois reformists demanded to learn from the Japanese constitutional monarchy, but this theory of "taking" did not apply to China. China's capitalism is not as developed as Japan's, but China's feudal forces are stronger than Japan's, so it is not feasible to keep the monarchy in China.

Therefore, saving the country must be led by the advanced class, must be carried out under the clear anti-imperialist and anti-feudal program and under the guidance of scientific thought, and mobilize the broad masses of the people to learn from the outside world and combine it with the reality of China.