Emperor Yang Di dug the Grand Canal.
The Grand Canal was dug under the conditions of the economic development of Jianghuai Hebei and the unification of Sui Dynasty. The political center of the Sui Dynasty was in Xi City, Shaanxi Province, and then Luoyang, the eastern capital, was established. In order to communicate water transportation, solve the food demand of a large number of officials and troops in Beijing, and also solve the problem of "closing the river without rushing", facilitate military transportation, and strengthen control over Hebei and Jiangnan, the Grand Canal was dug. From 605 to June10, Yang Di opened Yongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River from north to south, forming a grand canal running through the north and south. The Grand Canal, centered on Luoyang, connects the northern part of Zhuo Jun and the southern part of Yuhang. It connects the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and the Qiantang River, solves the problem that the navigable rivers in China have no north-south flow direction, and becomes a north-south traffic artery with vertical and horizontal water networks. It has played an important role in consolidating unity, promoting economic and cultural exchanges between North and South, and prospering cities along the canal. Under the complicated geographical and hydrological environment of more than 5,000 miles, the ingenious use of natural rivers and ancient canal passages reflected the superb level of water conservancy survey and engineering design in China at that time, and proved the wisdom and creativity of the ancient working people in China. At the same time, to complete such a huge project and serve millions of people for many years, the service period is strict and urgent, regardless of the lives of farmers. In addition, Yang Di repeatedly visited and requisitioned migrant workers, which added a heavy burden to the working people.
4. The rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of the early Tang Dynasty
During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong (627 ~ 649), the ruling group was more open and clean, with abundant talents, able to prepare for danger in times of peace and pay attention to public opinion, thus leading to a rare period of ruling the world in the history of feudal society. Political clarity, rapid economic recovery and development, social stability, gradual national strength, and further consolidation and development of multi-ethnic countries are known in history as "the rule of Zhenguan".
The reasons for the rule of Zhenguan are as follows: ① The political system and economic prosperity in Sui Dynasty created conditions for strengthening centralization and economic development in Tang Dynasty. ② The agricultural civil war at the end of the Sui Dynasty overthrew the Sui Dynasty, which dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class and the gentry, so that the rulers in the early Tang Dynasty learned the lessons of the Sui Dynasty and adjusted their ruling policies. (3) Emperor Taizong is an outstanding politician in the history of our country, and his enlightened and pragmatic ability to govern the country is an important factor in the rule of chastity. (4) The hard work of the broad masses of working people is the basis for promoting social and economic prosperity.
The content of the rule of Zhenguan: politically: ① Knowing people and being good at their duties, and being open-minded. Emperor Taizong employed "meritocracy" and "meritocracy", and the government organization was refined and efficient. It has become a common practice for admonishers to directly admonish, and their emotions have reached their peak to avoid mistakes in decision-making. (2) Innovating politics: on the basis of the Sui system, further innovating, perfecting the system of three provinces and six departments, the imperial examination system, and formulating the Tang law. (3) Reconsider the family status, further attack the aristocratic forces, strengthen the imperial power, improve the status of heroes born in poverty, and expand the ruling foundation. Economically: ① frivolous, persuading farmers to mulberry; Emperor Taizong continued to implement the system of equal land, and there was no age limit for silk to replace service. He also reduced or exempted taxes many times, built water conservancy projects and promoted the development of production. (2) Avoid extravagance and keep it simple. Emperor Taizong advocated frugality in the early period of Zhenguan, which reduced the social burden and was conducive to economic development and clean political style. Culture: carrying out the imperial examination, taking Confucianism as a teacher and setting up schools. These cultural measures improved the cultural quality of officials and promoted the development of education and literature, especially the emergence of junior colleges in the Tang Dynasty, which played an important role in the history of education in China. In terms of ethnic relations, under the guidance of the idea of integrating Chinese and foreign countries, Emperor Taizong persisted in countering the invasion of Turks and implemented a more enlightened ethnic policy. Paying attention to the preservation of ethnic tribal system and appointing ethnic leaders to manage it have strengthened ethnic relations and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups. The Tang government set up administrative agencies in border areas, strengthened friendly relations with Tubo, and promoted the further consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country.
During the Zhenguan period, all the positive measures taken by Emperor Taizong not only brought the prosperity of Zhenguan rule, but also influenced and infiltrated the reign of Wu Zetian and the early years of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, laying the foundation for the sustainable development of Tang Dynasty and the heyday of Kaiyuan rule. Zhenguan's rule adjusted the ruling policy and the relations of production to a certain extent. The fundamental purpose was to maintain the feudal dynasty and long-term stability, but it could not change the basic contradictions in feudal society. The prosperity of "ruling the world" is based on the exploitation and slavery of the working people.
5. Reasons for the decline of the prosperous Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty went from the Anshi Rebellion to the decline, where local governors became independent and wars continued. Imperial eunuchs and cronies fought for power and profit, which destroyed the social economy and greatly weakened the ruling power, and the people were miserable. Finally, under the attack of the peasant war in the late Tang Dynasty, the regime tended to collapse. In 907, Zhu Wen succeeded to the throne, and the 290-year-old Tang Dynasty perished. To analyze the reasons for the decline and fall of the Tang Dynasty, we should not only grasp the cause and effect of important historical events, but also realize that the replacement of feudal dynasties was caused by the development and change of internal contradictions in the feudal system. ① Economic aspect: feudal land ownership is the basic feature of production relations in feudal society. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, under the attack of the peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty, the ruling policy was adjusted and the land equalization system was implemented, but the private ownership of land by bureaucratic landlords was not touched. On the contrary, it relaxed the restrictions on buying and selling land and promoted the development of private ownership of land. With the development of feudal economy, the wind of land sale and merger prevailed, and the land equalization system was destroyed. The influence of the change of economic base: A. The economic power of bureaucratic landlords has developed rapidly and the desire for rights has expanded. B. the military system changed, and the officers and men system was replaced by the recruitment system, which led to our troops in the buffer region becoming warlord separatist forces. C. the living conditions of farmers have deteriorated and class contradictions have become increasingly acute. (2) Politics: the centralization of absolutism is the basic feature of feudal rule. Perfecting the imperial examination system in three provinces and six departments in the early Tang Dynasty is conducive to strengthening centralization, adjusting the internal relations of the ruling group, expanding the ruling foundation and stabilizing the rule. After Tianbao in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was not enterprising, extravagant and corrupt, and entrusted the government to courtiers, which led to contradictions within the ruling class (generally speaking, there were contradictions between imperial power and consorts, prime ministers, eunuchs and other political forces; The contradiction between the central and local governments; The intensification of factional contradictions and class contradictions among bureaucrats. (3) Military aspect: improper measures, Tang Xuanzong set up a military town in the border area, forming a heavy external and light internal; After the Anshi Rebellion, Tang Suzong sent envoys in various places, which led to the separatist regime in the buffer region. In essence, the corruption of rulers, political corruption and the weakening of centralization were the main reasons for the political chaos, separatist regime, eunuch's authoritarian power and cronyism in the late Tang Dynasty, which fundamentally originated from autocratic centralization.
6. Performance of economic development in Sui and Tang Dynasties
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the whole country was unified and the transportation was developed. The early rulers implemented the policy of paying more taxes than farming and mulberry, strengthened ethnic exchanges and economic exchanges between China and foreign countries, and relaxed the environment for economic development. (1) With the all-round development of agriculture based on the land equalization system and rent adjustment system, the economic center of gravity began to move south, and the commercialization of agricultural products increased. (2) Handicraft industry is important to the government, while private and family handicrafts are developing, with wide distribution of production areas, large production scale, large output, fine division of technology, diverse varieties, innovation and superb skills. (3) Commercial prosperity: land and water transportation is developed, and commodity circulation is convenient; The currency is unified, the circulation is large, and the early financial institutions "counters" appeared; The market is developed, cities have "cities", management is standardized, and grass markets are held in rural areas; Business service organizations have developed, and there are private shops and houses in the city. (4) Urban prosperity. Business will prosper and overseas trade will develop.
7. The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the border ethnic minorities.
(1) During the Tang Dynasty, there were Turks and Uighurs in the north, cymbals in the northeast, Nanzhao and Tubo in the southwest.
(2) The ways of dealing with ethnic relations in the Tang Dynasty are: through war; Establish management institutions (viceroy, viceroy); Conferring titles (sealing Uighur and Nanzhao leaders); And the Pro-Christian Alliance (Tubo).
(3) In the history of ethnic relations in the Tang Dynasty, there were both friendly exchanges and military confrontation, and the mainstream was harmony and friendship.
(4) There are differences in size between ethnic groups, some advanced and some backward, but each has its own strengths.
Tang Wenhua's position in the world.
The Tang Dynasty was a big country in the world at that time, which was in a leading position in politics, economy and culture and enjoyed high prestige. The social and economic development of the Tang Dynasty has a rich material foundation. Developed transportation, advanced shipbuilding and navigation technology. The Tang government implemented a relatively open foreign policy and was willing to absorb foreign culture. On the other hand, most countries around the Tang Dynasty are in the transitional period to feudal society, and they need to learn from each other and exchange needed goods economically. In a word, all these promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and other countries. The culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Silla and Japan. The communication with Southeast Asia is linked by Buddhism. China's papermaking was introduced to Islam from West Asia. Spread as far away as the Eastern Roman Empire and Africa.
Secondly, analyze the following historical phenomena
1, the reason and significance of the unification of the Sui Dynasty
The main reasons for the unification of the Sui Dynasty are: (1) the development of the south of the Yangtze River, the recovery and development of agriculture in the north, and the mutual exchanges between the north and the south, which laid the economic foundation for the unification of the Sui Dynasty; (2) Division and melee are not conducive to economic development and communication. The great ethnic integration in the north makes the ethnic contradictions between the north and the south disappear, and the reconstruction of a unified multi-ethnic feudal country has become the common aspiration of people of all ethnic groups; (3) The decline of the gentry in the Southern Dynasties weakened the social foundation of feudal separatism and created conditions for the reunification of the North and the South; (4) The southern state of Chen declined due to corruption, and the military discipline was lax and vulnerable; (5) Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty strengthened army building and prepared for crossing the river. The reunification of the Sui Dynasty is of great significance: (1) ended the long-term division and made China move towards reunification again. (2) It is conducive to social stability and economic and cultural exchanges between North and South, and creates conditions for the prosperity of China feudal society. (3) A series of measures initiated by the Sui Dynasty in the process of unification and consolidation had a great impact on the history of later generations.
2. Understanding of digging the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty
The Grand Canal excavated in Sui Dynasty was the main artery of north-south traffic in ancient China. Due to the tyranny of Yang Di, the Sui Dynasty soon perished, so the evaluation of this huge project was mixed in history. The correct understanding is: (1) Subjectively, Yang Di's motives for digging the Grand Canal are as follows: ① Strengthening the north-south traffic and effectively consolidating the rule of the whole country, which is the main purpose. (2) Strengthen the economic plunder of Jiangnan area. ③ Cruise the prosperous areas in the south of the Yangtze River. (2) From the historical background, the excavation of the Grand Canal is the result of the economic development in the south. Because since the Three Kingdoms, the south has been continuously developed, and the level of economic development has gradually caught up with the north. After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, the political center was still in the north, so the Grand Canal was built to meet the needs of the economic development of the times, which was conducive to promoting economic exchanges between the north and the south and consolidating reunification. (3) Objectively speaking, on the one hand, digging the Grand Canal will inevitably bring a heavy burden of corvee, so people attribute it to the tyranny of Yang Di. On the other hand, the opening of the Grand Canal has had a positive and far-reaching impact on the social development of China. It has become the main artery of north-south traffic, promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south, played an important role in consolidating unity and promoting social and economic development, and benefited future generations.
3. Understanding of the rule of Zhenguan
First of all, Zhenguan is the title of the reign of Emperor Taizong. "Zhenguan rule" is a social scene with relatively clear politics, social stability, rapid economic recovery and development, and gradually strong national strength. Secondly, the content of "Zhenguan rule" should be understood as the measures taken by Emperor Taizong to govern the country and their effects. These measures mainly include: the political system of three provinces and six departments, the imperial examination system, Ren Xian and coachable; Economically, land equalization system, rent adjustment system and frivolous taxation. There is also an enlightened national policy and an open foreign policy. Thirdly, the emergence of the situation of "Zhenguan rule" is the result of many factors: ① Unifying and consolidating the political and economic measures in the Sui Dynasty laid the foundation for strengthening centralization and developing the economy in the Tang Dynasty. ② The driving force of the peasant war in the late Sui Dynasty. (3) Emperor Taizong and his ministers conscientiously summed up and learned the lessons of the Sui Dynasty, made great efforts to govern the country, and adjusted the ruling policy, which was closely related to the people. The hard work of the broad masses of working people directly contributed to the economic prosperity at that time. Fourth, "the rule of chastity" is not a paradise on earth. As a feudal emperor, during his reign, Emperor Taizong also exploited and oppressed the people. Even the adjustable training, which is often praised by later generations, is not as obedient as it was in the early stage.
4. The role of the three provinces and six departments.
The system of three provinces and six ministries is the result of the continuous development of the system of three public officials and nine ministers since Qin and Han Dynasties. Under this system, the three provinces are all prime ministers, and each has its own division of labor, which makes the power of prime ministers divided into three since Qin and Han Dynasties. The low rank of governors in the three provinces weakened the relative power and strengthened the imperial power. The functions and powers of the three provinces and six ministries check and balance each other and supervise each other, and there is both division of labor and cooperation, which makes the feudal bureaucracy form a complete and strict system, improves administrative efficiency and strengthens the ruling power of the central government. It shows that the dictatorship of feudal countries has developed quite maturely, which is a major change in the history of China's ancient official system. It must be noted that the three provinces restrict each other, which is different from the political system of separation of powers in capitalist countries. Zhongshu province drafted decrees according to the emperor's will, and the provinces under it only had the right to refute, but not to decide. They must all obey the emperor absolutely. It can reduce the mistakes and corruption of central government decrees, but it cannot be fundamentally eliminated.
5. "An Shi Rebellion" and the decline of Tang Dynasty
The reason why the "Anshi Rebellion" occurred in the Tang Dynasty mainly lies in the decay of the ruling group headed by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which is also the fundamental reason why the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. Secondly, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty used improper personnel, and the central authorities reused Li and Yang, while the local authorities reused An Lushan and others. Third, expand the establishment and authority of China's envoys in buffer areas. They monopolize the military, political and financial power of one side, which is convenient for expanding their own strength and forming separatist forces. At the same time, it also caused the situation that the outside is heavy and the inside is light, which made them dare to rebel against the central authorities. The Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. Its manifestations are as follows: ① The northern economy was destroyed, the people were displaced, business travel was cut off, the population dropped sharply, and it was desolate everywhere. (2) The centralization of power has been greatly weakened, and the generals have been suppressed, and the Anshi Department will surrender in name, but in fact monopolize the party and refuse to obey the constraints of the court. (3) the border defense is empty, and ethnic minorities take the opportunity to invade, and the border areas are in a hurry from time to time. The decline of the Tang Dynasty was the result of the interaction of many factors. Politically, the Anshi Rebellion, the separatist regime in the buffer region, the eunuch's authoritarian power and factional struggle, among which the separatist regime in the buffer region is the main cause; The autocratic power of eunuchs caused political chaos and darkness; Factional struggle split the ruling class, weakened the ruling power of the central government and accelerated the collapse of the Tang Dynasty. Economically, land annexation is serious, and the land equalization system and land rent adjustment system have been destroyed. The peasant war at the end of the Tang Dynasty caused by the above factors disintegrated the rule of the Tang Dynasty and made it exist in name only.
6. Characteristics and significance of the two tax laws.
(1) The characteristics of the two tax laws are that according to the amount of land and property, taxes are levied twice a year in summer and autumn, and both taxes are levied in kind without compulsory labor. Its name comes from two taxes in summer and autumn, and from how much tax is collected according to land and property.
(2) The two tax laws are significant changes in China's tax system. (1) unified the extremely chaotic tax system since the middle Tang Dynasty, and ensured the state's fiscal revenue in a certain period. (2) It changed the previous population-led collection standard and took land and property as the tax basis, which meant that the feudal government relaxed the personal control over farmers. (3) The two tax laws are more reasonable than the rent and rent adjustment system based on D .. Because under the tenancy system, landlords of fields and buildings pay taxes exactly the same as farmers who occupy a small amount of land. The two tax laws take land and property (mainly land in feudal society) as the tax basis, which has changed the inequality between the rich and the poor to some extent; At the same time, because nobles, bureaucrats and businessmen have to pay taxes, the tax sources have been expanded, the government revenue has been increased, and the burden on farmers has been reduced accordingly. However, after the implementation of the two tax laws, land merger is no longer restricted, so it is becoming more and more serious; Landlords try their best to hide their property and pass the tax on to tenants, while the government increases many miscellaneous taxes in addition to the two taxes, so the burden on farmers is heavier. These two tax laws were strictly enforced only in a short time.
7. Ethnic relations in the Tang Dynasty
(1) Conditions for the development of the border areas in the Tang Dynasty: The Tang Dynasty was an important period for the development of a unified multi-ethnic country in the history of China. The economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have developed unprecedentedly, which is the further development of the trend of ethnic integration since the Three Kingdoms. Due to the previous ethnic integration, the gap between the nationalities in the Tang Dynasty was greatly narrowed. Emperor Taizong can adopt a policy of treating ethnic minorities more equally. The early Tang Dynasty was politically stable, economically prosperous and culturally developed. Land traffic in the "external traffic line" can also lead to many border areas.
(2) Correctly understand the four peaceful ways in which the central authorities of the Tang Dynasty handled relations with ethnic minorities-setting up institutions, conferring knighthood, making friends and forming alliances. There are two ways to set up management institutions in minority areas in the Tang Dynasty: one is to send officials directly to manage them; The second is to appoint local ethnic minority leaders as officers to manage local people. The conferring refers to the fact that the emperor of the Tang Dynasty added a certain name or title to the leaders of ethnic minorities in order to strengthen the contact and management of their own nationalities. Note that many leaders of ethnic minorities were awarded in the Tang Dynasty, not just those mentioned in the book. The relationship between Tang and Tubo is different from that between Han and Xiongnu. It has no coercive factors and aims to strengthen the ties between Han and Tibet. The purpose of the Tang-Fan Alliance is to restrain the behavior of both sides and maintain a good situation. It should be said that the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty handled the relationship with ethnic minorities in this way, which was in line with the reality at that time, thus greatly strengthening the ties and economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and promoting the development of border areas.
(3) Pay attention to the two-way nature of ethnic communication. Generally speaking, the feudal economy and culture with the Han nationality as the main body in the mainland is more advanced than that of the border ethnic minorities, so it has a great influence on it. However, the economic culture of ethnic minorities has also had an important impact on the Han nationality in the mainland, such as the emergence of "Uighur clothes and horses" in Chang' an.
8. Historical facts, characteristics, causes and influences of the development of foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty had friendly relations with Silla, Japan, India, Central Asia and West Asia, such as Persia and Dashi. (For specific historical facts, see Chapter 4, Section 7 of the textbook).
Its characteristics are as follows: ① The scope of foreign exchange in the Tang Dynasty was wider and unprecedented. ② It has the closest connection with Asian countries. The Tang Dynasty was the center of Asian culture. The foreign exchange in the Tang Dynasty promoted the progress of world civilization. There are various forms of foreign exchange, including diplomatic envoys, overseas students, technical exchanges, religious exchanges, artistic exchanges and so on.
The reasons for the development of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty are as follows: ① The Tang Dynasty had a strong political power and a stable and unified political environment. ② The economy and culture of the Tang Dynasty were in a leading position in the world. ③ The foreign policy of the Tang Dynasty was relatively open. (4) The relatively developed external communication lines (land and sea) in the Tang Dynasty. ⑤ Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was an international metropolis and the center of economic and cultural exchanges among Asian countries.
Influence: ① It promoted the further prosperity of the economy in the Tang Dynasty; Culture is more colorful; Native products from Asia, Europe and Africa are imported into China; Tangmen went to Tianzhu to learn how to cook sugar; The medical skills and acrobatics of eastern Rome were introduced to China; Foreign religions such as Buddhism, Islam, Nestorianism and Manichaeism were allowed to build temples in China in the Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence on China's philosophy, religion, culture and art ② The friendly relations between China and Asian, European and African countries and the mutual understanding and friendship between people were greatly strengthened. Tang and other countries sent envoys back to China to accept foreign businessmen and students. Non-governmental trade exchanges continued. Xuanzang and Yijing went to Tianzhu to explore the Buddha; Jian Zhen crossed to Japan; The death of Pirooz III, king of Persia, and his son in the capital of the Tang Dynasty became a much-told story in the history of friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries. The politics, economy and culture of the Tang Dynasty made great contributions to the economic and cultural development of Asia and the world. Axinluo participated in the Tang Dynasty system, conducted imperial examinations, set up Chinese studies and taught Confucianism. Tea varieties, porcelain-making and copper-making handicrafts were introduced from the Tang Dynasty, and their surnames, costumes, festivals, customs, etc. All of them have China cultural color. B. Japan's modernization was instigated by Japanese who returned from studying in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the political and economic systems are based on the Tang system; Laws and regulations generally adopt Tang laws; Confucian classics have become teaching materials for schools at all levels; Buddhism was influenced by China; Writing, architecture and lifestyle all have Tang Wenhua style. C. The decimal numeration algorithm founded by China promoted the development of Tianzhu mathematics; China papermaking was introduced into big food; Silk and porcelain from the Tang Dynasty were shipped to Europe in large quantities, which promoted the economic and cultural development of various countries.
9. Reasons for the cultural prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chinese culture was brilliant and radiant. The main reasons are as follows: ① The country is strong and the economy is prosperous, which has laid a solid foundation for cultural prosperity. (2) The rulers attach importance to cultural undertakings and implement enlightened and compatible cultural policies, thus creating a good atmosphere for cultural development. (3) Frequent cultural exchanges, cultural integration of all ethnic groups in China, absorbing excellent elements of Asia and Europe. ④ Inherit and carry forward the traditional culture, and make it develop to a new stage. Sui and Tang dynasties science and technology are in the forefront of the world; Philosophy, religion, history education, literature and art are famous for their remarkable achievements, forming a spectacular situation of cultural prosperity in the history of China.