There is such a contradiction in the industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in China: on the one hand, the total amount of agricultural scientific and technological achievements is very large, according to statistics, China produces more than 6,000 agricultural scientific and technological achievements every year; On the other hand, there are few scientific and technological achievements that are really applied to production and produce practical economic benefits. The transformation rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in developed countries is between 65% and 85%, while in China it is only 30% to 40%. The contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in developed countries is 60-80%, while that in China is only 42%. Of course, there are many reasons for this contradiction, and various obstacles in the dissemination and reception of agricultural scientific and technological achievements information in China are important factors that cannot be ignored.
These obstacles are manifested in the following aspects:
1. Information form problem. The famous British philosopher Francis Bacon said: "Knowledge is power ... The power of knowledge depends not only on its own value, but also on whether it is spread and the depth and breadth of its spread." The value of agricultural scientific and technological achievements also depends on the depth and breadth of its dissemination.
Not only the content of knowledge determines whether it constitutes information, but also the way of knowledge dissemination and expression determines whether it constitutes information [3]. Although scientific and technological achievements themselves are a kind of aggregation of information, because the production of scientific and technological achievements is often relatively concentrated in a certain time and space, their own forms are not necessarily suitable for dissemination and application before information processing is involved. Therefore, the form of information dissemination of scientific and technological achievements has become an important factor affecting its ultimate value. In China, due to the large number of agricultural producers, the education level is generally low. Although radio, television, newspapers and other media have played a certain role in the dissemination of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, the most important and effective way of dissemination is still face-to-face communication between agricultural science and technology extension institutions and agricultural producers. However, China's agricultural science and technology extension agencies and holders of agricultural science and technology information have not yet adapted to the market-oriented operation mechanism and dissemination characteristics of scientific and technological achievements under the market economy conditions, and the creators and transmitters of agricultural scientific and technological achievements have not yet established an effective communication and transmission mechanism, thus causing most agricultural scientific and technological achievements to stay in the state of "Chun Xue" and "locked spring" and not meet in a concise and clear form suitable for the characteristics of agricultural producers.
2. Carrier obstacles of agricultural science and technology information. The carriers of agricultural science and technology information mainly include Internet, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, extension agencies, etc.
At present, the construction of agricultural science and technology information network in China is developing rapidly, but there are few online resources and users, which further increases the cost of users' access to the Internet and further limits the development of network information. At the same time, the technical level of agricultural information network is low, the information exchange mode is backward, the transmission speed is slow, and the information timeliness is not strong, which greatly limits the role of information network.
Due to the lack of effective measures to deal with the new situation encountered in the reform in recent years, there have also been many problems in the agricultural science and technology extension system that has achieved good results. For example, agricultural science and technology extension institutions have an inverted pyramid structure in terms of personnel, fund scale and work input, that is, county-level agricultural extension personnel account for a large proportion, while rural agricultural extension personnel account for a small proportion; According to research, the effect of industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements depends to a great extent on the working conditions of agricultural scientific and technological extension teams at the rural level (Qian Yongzhong, 2000). Therefore, the present situation does not conform to the law of agricultural science and technology popularization, which has a bad influence on the information of agricultural science and technology achievements reaching thousands of households.
The scientific and cultural quality of agricultural science and technology extension personnel can not meet the needs of the development of the situation. The popularization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements is a comprehensive application of agricultural scientific and technological knowledge and a high combination of theory and practical experience. With the advent of knowledge-based economy, compared with the new situation that new knowledge and new technology are changing with each passing day, the problems of older agricultural science and technology extension workers and lower education level in China are becoming more and more serious.
3. Behavioral dynamic obstacles of information providers and information recipients. The interaction between information supply and demand is the premise of the smooth industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.
The motivation of information providers naturally comes from market incentives, but it does not depend entirely on market mechanisms. Research shows that the closer to the source of scientific and technological achievements, the more dependent on the role of non-market factors; The closer we get to the end of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, the greater the power of the market mechanism. At the same time, due to the nature of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, it is very common to take the "information express" and get agricultural scientific and technological information for free, which makes the economic interests of the owners of the achievements (including the achievements transformation and development units and extension institutions at all levels) unable to be effectively guaranteed, and even unable to recover the costs in serious cases. In response, information providers are often forced to raise the price of information products or the threshold of information use. This makes the supply of scientific and technological achievements fall into a strange circle: free or too low fees will make the providers of scientific and technological achievements and information lose their blood, while too high fees will often lead to the loss of potential users. The effective way to solve this problem is to provide perfect policies and regulations or certain economic subsidies through government actions to support information providers and encourage them to spread and serve agricultural technical information. Of course, in reality, there are also a few information providers, such as some publications, newspapers and information consultation centers, who have achieved success through effective market operation, but the operating conditions of network information providers are still not ideal. This is mainly because the "last mile" problem of the information superhighway has not been effectively solved.
In addition, it is difficult to research and develop high-quality and efficient agricultural scientific and technological achievements, which also makes the market activity of technology providers low.
The reason why users of agricultural scientific and technological achievements accept agricultural scientific and technological achievements comes from intensive production factors such as product innovation or land labor brought by agricultural science and technology. Its essence is to reduce the opportunity cost of agricultural production and increase production income, thus improving farmers' living conditions.
Due to the weakness of agricultural industry, agricultural producers in China are often squeezed by the market, with low production efficiency, limited profit per unit product and small production scale, so they lack the enthusiasm for adopting new technologies. At the same time, it is human nature to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. Farmers in China are deeply immersed in the idea that "peace is a blessing" and "small wealth means security" and are unwilling to take risks. Therefore, they will not easily accept agricultural science and technology information with unknown risks. However, when they see others using a certain scientific and technological information for profit and begin to imitate it, their technological gains are often lower than expected because of the increase of users. These factors, in turn, have become factors that further affect the enthusiasm of agricultural producers to accept agricultural scientific and technological information.
4. Reliability and validity of information. Reliability is an index that reflects the stability and reliability of things. The function of reliability is to eliminate uncertainty. However, if the information path is too noisy, the dissemination process of scientific and technological achievements information may become the main factor to increase uncertainty. Therefore, it is very important to control all intermediate links in the industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.
The validity of information is the accuracy and application effect of information. Due to China's vast territory, diverse natural conditions and open agricultural production environment, there is almost no universal agricultural science and technology. Any technology needs to be moderately transformed in combination with certain production conditions. The processing method and transformation degree of agricultural science and technology information directly affect its effectiveness.
Whether the concept of agricultural scientific and technological achievements is oriented to solving specific problems is the key factor to determine its reliability and effectiveness. Problem-oriented not only determines the content of scientific and technological achievements, but also determines the information form of scientific and technological achievements, that is, fully considers the characteristics of recipients. For example, agricultural production has a strong regional character. To improve the efficiency of technology use, it is necessary to combine agricultural science and technology with local production conditions and realize the localization of technology.
5. Information asymmetry. In the industrialization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, information asymmetry is very common.
Information asymmetry is often manifested as communication difficulties between users who do not understand technology (including venture capitalists, technology extension organizations, agricultural enterprises and farmers) and technology holders who do not understand the market.
A prerequisite for full communication of information is that both parties can "make things clear" on the same dialogue platform. But in fact, it is very difficult to do this. However, a common phenomenon in marriage in feudal society has been heard from time to time-the technology holder, out of the psychology of keeping technical secrets and some protective measures allowed by legal policies, made the information release of technological achievements incomplete, just like an eager parent, who indulged her daughter too much and prevented her from appearing in public view. At the same time, no matter what her appearance, she would always be beautiful in her own eyes, so I hope she could find a good husband's family; As far as investors are concerned, they always want to get more relevant technical information because of their limited understanding of technology and instinct to protect investment interests and avoid risks. However, the bride to be married, scientific and technological achievements, is always covered with a red veil, and it is difficult to see her face before she officially marries herself. Therefore, before becoming in-laws, both sides always want to be enemies of each other, and both want to find out the situation of their opponents. However, they are often confused and don't know why. In the end, they will either "defeat the enemy without fighting" or lose everything. In this case, it often happens that technology holders overestimate the effect of technology and investors postpone investment. If the credit system is perfect, these problems should not be difficult to solve. However, it is precisely because of the proliferation of irregular behaviors that the government reward system and the evaluation conclusions of neutral technology evaluation institutions are often not acceptable to investors. Therefore, the acceptance behavior of users of scientific and technological achievements depends to a considerable extent on the reputation of the holders of achievements, the vision, courage and luck of investors.
The objective fact of information asymmetry, coupled with the anomie of the system, has caused the above embarrassing situation. Of course, the solution to this problem cannot be to make users of scientific and technological achievements become technical experts or researchers become project managers. Perfecting the legal system, standardizing the operation behavior, ensuring the neutrality and professionalism of scientific and technological achievements evaluation institutions and improving the reliability and effectiveness of agricultural scientific and technological information are the fundamental ways to solve the problem.
6. Gradient transmission of information. The gradient transmission law of information means that information is always transmitted in a certain level and direction.
Due to the difference of knowledge and education level, there is a "knowledge gap" between information disseminators and recipients, and even between recipients. It is inevitable to form an "information gap". The size of this gap directly determines the speed, direction, scope and effect of information transmission. The size of the "information gap" determines the gradient of information transmission. Gradient refers to the phenomenon that the spatial distribution of a substance regularly increases or decreases in a certain direction. Physical energy flows in the direction with the largest gradient: water falls in the direction with the largest drop, electricity flows in the direction with the largest potential difference, heat conducts in the direction with the largest temperature difference, and so on. However, the dissemination of scientific and technological information is the opposite. Because it is a kind of knowledge commodity, it is difficult to accept and digest if the recipient does not have the corresponding knowledge, technology and economic foundation. Therefore, scientific and technological achievements are transferred along the direction of minimum application gradient.
The life cycle of scientific and technological achievements and the gradient vertical transfer of scientific and technological achievements (from developed areas to underdeveloped areas, this is a geographical vertical transfer; The law of the transformation from the decline of scientific and technological level in developed areas to the improvement of scientific and technological level in backward areas reminds us that we should closely combine the reality and adjust measures to local conditions, strive to promote the popularization of scientific and technological achievements and related scientific and technological knowledge, and carry out the popularization and transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in a targeted manner.