On the Structure of the First Movement of Symphony and Beethoven's Contribution

First, the origin of symphony significance

The word "symphony" originated from ancient Greece, and "sym" means "together, at the same time"; "False" means that more than two voices are harmonious. Generally speaking, all parts of the band play harmonious notes at the same time.

Second, the origin of symphony genre

The structure of Italian opera overture at the end of 17 is "Allegro-Adagio-Allegro". /kloc-In the 0/8th century, it gradually broke away from opera, absorbed other instrumental factors, and developed into an independent three-movement instrumental genre, which still belongs to small bands or instrumental ensembles.

Third, the stereotype of symphony genre.

The creative practice of Haydn and Mozart finally established the standard symphony, that is, the classical symphony. It usually consists of four movements:

The first movement, Allegro, sonata form;

The second movement, Adagio (or a little slower), expresses emotion in the form of abbreviated sonata, three steps, three steps and variations;

The third movement, Allegro (or slightly faster), minuet;

The fourth movement, Allegro (or Allegro), Rondo, Rondo and so on.

At the same time, the overall tonal layout, harmony structure, contrast and balance between movements, the combination of musical instruments and scales in the band have been standardized and basically finalized.

Fourthly, the development of symphony genre.

Beethoven's symphony was brought to the extreme:

1, expansion part and postscript expansion;

2. Strong theme contrast;

3. Harmony is dynamic;

4. In the third movement, scherzo replaced minuet, and so on.

5. Infused with unprecedented humanism.

Beethoven's third symphony, Symphony of Heroes, marks a new stage of romantic symphony in19th century.

Fifth, the music structure of the symphony

Especially emphasize the sonata structure that must be adopted in the first movement. Generally divided into introduction, statement, expansion (expansion), reappearance and conclusion.

1, Introduction

Sonata form may or may not have an introduction.

The introduction is a high-level summary of the theme and a special reminder. For example, Beethoven's fifth symphony, the symphony of destiny, was introduced, which Beethoven himself called "fate is knocking at the door". The appearance of the introduction immediately rendered the atmosphere of music and established the keynote of the theme.

The introduction of early sonatas generally does not involve development, but Beethoven, Schubert and others quoted introduction materials or made other appropriate hints in the development department, such as the Symphony of Destiny.

2. Display department

The presentation part includes a main part, a connecting part, an auxiliary part and a small ending.

Main part: The theme of the main part is also called the first theme, and tonality is the tonality of the symphony. Reflect the main and basic ideas of symphony;

Sub-department: The theme of the sub-department is also called the second theme, which has obvious contrast with the theme of the main department in tonality. Classical sonata form requires a strict tonal relationship between the main part and the auxiliary part, that is, the auxiliary part appears on the dominant tone of the main part (pure fifth degree), while Beethoven's later works show a three-degree relationship between the main part and the auxiliary part, and romantic works even have a two-degree relationship.

Generally speaking, the musical thoughts of the main part and the deputy part are often juxtaposed or conflicted, which constitutes the main structural force of sonata form. The themes of the main department and the deputy department are the main materials developed by the later development department.

3. Ministry of Development (DFD)

The Development Department is also called the Development Department or free fantasy Department.

The music concept of the exhibition department has been developed and brought into play in the development department. The ways of expansion generally include:

1) The theme is deformed in the development department (strict variation and free variation);

2) The main theme and sub-theme appear at the same time;

3) The main theme and sub-theme appear alternately;

4) The main melody and sub-main melody appear in different tonality;

5) Develop musical thinking with polyphonic music;

6) Individual motivation in the subject of division and development;

7) Introducing a new concept called "insertion" (in fact, using new materials other than the main part and the auxiliary part);

The purpose of all the above means is to create contrast and conflict between the two themes, intensify the conflict and produce dramatic conflict effects.

4. Reproduction Department

After a series of dazzling development, the main theme reappears in the main theme, and then the sub-theme is promoted to the main theme through a connecting part to reconcile contradictions and conflicts. The method is to balance and solve the dramatic conflict of music by unifying the tonality of the two themes.

Step 5

Huacai passages, namely acrobatic passages, existed in both instrumental and vocal music of early classical music. When this passage comes, singers and performers can improvise, show their superb singing skills and performance skills, set off the music atmosphere and gain the appreciation of the audience.

But Beethoven wrote a cadenza, and from then on, the cadenza could not be played at will. Personally, Beethoven's doing this is inevitable: the establishment of symphony orchestra, the development of musical instruments and the large-scale increase in the length of works make improvisation difficult.

6. End

The postscript is the sonata-like ending of the first movement of the symphony, which adopts complete termination (stable termination), and sometimes the postscript is very long, similar to the second development department. In this way, the ending is very rich, avoiding the unhurried pallor.

It can be rewritten appropriately. Good luck!