On March 15, 44 BC, Caesar, the dictator of ancient Rome, was assassinated by Brutu and his gang and was injured in 23 places. At that time, a doctor in Dias (Andteas) identified his fatal wound as the second wound in the chest, which has always been regarded as the earliest record of forensic activities in the world. However, the Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei, China in 1975 overturned this view. Because on bamboo slips more than 200 years BC, there have been records about hanging, abortion and trauma examination. In the case of Jing Die, it is also stipulated that the method of testing the hanged person is to "look at his body, hair and usurpation (perineum)". These unearthed cultural relics strongly prove that there were not only forensic activities but also forensic works in China over 200 BC.
Of course, these bamboo slips cannot be called systematic academic works. The first systematic work of forensic medicine in the world is Collection of Injustice, which was written in 1247 (Song Lizong Chun Hu seven years). The author Song Ci, whose real name is Hui Fu, was born in Jianyang (now Fujian). He used to be a prison officer in Guangdong and Hunan, in charge of justice and prisons. During his tenure, he handled the case seriously and rigorously. He was not only able to read medical books, but also ashamed to ask questions and personally tested them when he encountered difficulties. In the practice of handling cases, he felt that he lacked experience and classics. So he collected the Collection of Suspected Prisons by Ning He and his son in the Five Dynasties, the Unknown Book Record in the Song Dynasty, Pingyuan Record by Zhao, Gemucha by Zheng Xingyi, and Tangyin Story by Gui Wanrong, collated and corrected mistakes, collected opinions, and mixed them into a furnace and compiled a book. The book is divided into 53 items, covering anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, diagnosis, treatment, first aid, internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and orthopedics. As soon as this book came out, all the famous criminal officials in China had a copy.
The Collection of Folk Prescriptions consists of four volumes and five volumes, which contains 53 items, such as general theory of resuscitation, autopsy, seasonal changes (changing corpses in four seasons), hanging, drowning, murder, fire (burning), soup splashing, poisoning and other injuries. It also discusses crime, criminal investigation and injury protection. Its content is exquisite, compared with modern forensic medicine, the items and scope discussed are basically the same, and it has the basic knowledge needed for modern inspection. Therefore, this book is highly valued by forensic experts at home and abroad.
In Europe, Leon Paley, a French surgical authority, wrote two papers on forensic medicine in 1575, which is regarded as the originator of European medicine. Only 27 years later, the four-volume monograph "Forensic Medicine" by Italian doctor F Federis came out, and Europe had the first complete forensic work. It was only 1062 years ago, 355 years later than the unjust collection.
The collection of grievances 1862 is translated into Dutch, 1908 into French, and then into German, Japanese, Korean, Russian and English. People with the highest and lowest body temperature.
The body temperature of lower animals changes with the change of environmental temperature, so these lower animals are called warm animals. For most mammals and humans, the body temperature will not change much because of the change of environmental temperature. Generally, the oral temperature of normal people is always kept at 36-37.2℃, while the anal temperature is about 0.5℃ higher than the oral temperature, and the axillary temperature is about 0.5℃ lower than the oral temperature. The human body temperature can basically remain constant, mainly because the human body has the function of temperature regulation, which makes the process of heat generation and heat dissipation in a dynamic balance. If this balance is out of balance, it is impossible to keep the body temperature constant, and then there will be a pathological state of body temperature rising or falling.
Generally speaking, when a person's body temperature exceeds 40℃, there will be serious metabolic disorders and serious obstacles in the central nervous system; On the contrary, when the body temperature drops below 27℃, it can make people lose consciousness. If a person's body temperature rises above 42 ~ 43℃, or drops below 22 ~ 25℃, it will be life-threatening.
Surprisingly, in the midsummer of 1980, a heat wave swept across Atlanta, USA. A resident named Jones had a temperature as high as 47.05℃, but due to timely rescue, he survived and set a record for his temperature. On the contrary, there is a girl named Mary Taves. Because the temperature in her bedroom was as low as -3 1℃, the girl completely lost consciousness. At that time, her body temperature dropped to 16℃, making it the lowest in the world on record. After rescue treatment, the girl miraculously returned to normal.