Fu is the most distinctive style in the Han Dynasty, and most writers in the Han Dynasty are devoted to the creation of this style. Fu can be said to be the representative of Han Dynasty literature.

Fu appeared as early as the Warring States period, and Xunzi should be the first to write Fu. According to Hanshu, Xunzi wrote 10, and there are five existing poems, including Li, Zhi and Yun. Fu writers in the early Western Han Dynasty inherited the style of Chu Ci and created Sao Fu. The most successful ones should be Jia Yi and Mei Cheng. Four of Jia Yi's works are well preserved, the most representative of which are "Ode to Diaoqu Yuan" and "Ode to Pengniao".

"Mourning" is to express inner indignation by mourning Qu Yuan. The work expresses the true feelings of one's lack of talent, and adds new content to Sao Style Fu. "Pengniao Fu" is an article based on the assumption of dialogue with Pengniao, focusing on how to solve their worries with Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts, which is very representative of that era. Mei Cheng is another famous lyricist after Jia Yi. His work "Seven Hairs", which has been handed down to this day, expresses feelings with exquisite exaggeration, with magnificent structure and extraordinary momentum. Its appearance marks the formal formation of three-body doctors in Han Dynasty. From the early Western Han Dynasty to the middle Eastern Han Dynasty, it was the peak of the development of Han Fu. The History of Han Literature and Art records more than 900 pieces of Han Fu with more than 60 authors. Sima Xiangru is the founder and the most accomplished writer of Da Fu in Han Dynasty. Zi Xu and Shang Lin in Selected Works are his representative works. Other writers in this period include Dong Fangshuo, Gao Mei, Wang Bo and others. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ideological content and system of Han Fu began to change. The representative figure of this period is Zhang Heng. His most representative works are Erjing Fu and Guitian Fu.

Judging from the history of literary development, the prosperity of Ci and Fu in the Western Han Dynasty promoted the formation of China's literary concept, began to distinguish literature from learning, and had a certain understanding of the basic characteristics of literature, which gradually made the literary concept clear.

2. Prose

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, prose developed. Because the Qin Dynasty pursued a policy of destroying culture, there was a saying that "the Qin Dynasty was illiterate".

During the Western Han Dynasty, the development of prose entered a glorious period, and the most representative of this period were Sima Qian's Historical Records and Ban Gu's Hanshu. Historical Records is China's first biographical general history, in which various characters are portrayed. As a classic of biographical literature, Historical Records plays an important role in the history of Sima Qian's portrait prose in China. Hanshu is China's first biographical history book and Ban Gu's favorite work. Its narrative is concise and clear, and its structure is rigorous, which reflects the development and changes of historical biography in Han Dynasty and pushes the development of prose to a new height.

Step 3 be poetic

Poetry in Han Dynasty was developed on the basis of The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and folk songs in Qin and Han Dynasties. The content comes from folk songs and literati creation. The poems with the highest achievements and the greatest influence in the Han Dynasty belong to the folk songs of Yuefu in the two Han Dynasties and the five-character ancient poems of Anonymous in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

The most popular short songs of Chu Yin in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty are Gaixia Song by Xiang Yu and Da Feng Song by Liu Bang. During this period, Chu Ci became a popular poetic style for emperors, nobles and literati to express their feelings, leaving many works, such as Autumn Wind Ci, Song of Praise, Song of Tianma and so on.

Today's Yuefu ballads in the Han Dynasty are mostly works of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Narrative techniques have a wide range of subjects and rich contents, and are generally used to expose the darkness and suffering in real life. The most famous work of Yuefu in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast, which marks the development of folk song art to a highly mature stage and creates a fine tradition of ancient narrative poetry.

Poetry in the Han Dynasty inherited and developed the traditional styles of The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, reflected the social life and class contradictions in the Han Dynasty, and expressed people's thoughts and wishes.

Most of the poems in Han Dynasty are preserved in Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu and other historical books, among which Yuefu songs are mostly found in Song Shuyuezhi and Yuefu Poetry Collection. His artistic thought has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Q: What was the literature like in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?

1. Major changes in prose

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is another period of great change in China's prose and an era of literary independence and freedom.

China's prose was free in the Han and Wei Dynasties, and the most outstanding representatives in this period were Cao Cao and his son and Jian 'an seven sons. Cao Cao was not only a famous politician, but also an outstanding essayist. Cao Cao's articles are free in form, concise and rigorous, such as "Legacy Order" and "Order for Enlightenment". Some people say that he is "the founder of reform articles" and plays an important role in the development of prose. Among the seven sons of Jian 'an, Kong Rong and Wang have the highest achievements. Kong Rong's articles, such as Commendation and Balance and On Xiaozhang Sheng, are outspoken, bold and unscrupulous. RoyceWong mainly writes argumentative papers and letters, many of which are sincere advice to the world.

When Cao Zhi was like the Western Jin Dynasty, his prose was mainly about discussion. During this period, Erlu, Pan Liang and Zuo Yi appeared as three famous essayists, and Liu Kun and Guo Pu's essays between the Jin Dynasty were also very distinctive. Parallel prose became popular in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but there were still many people who made great efforts in prose, such as Tao Yuanming and Wang Xizhi. Wang Xizhi's letters are excellent, such as Notes of Wang Huiji and Newspaper Yin Haoshu. Its most acclaimed is Preface to Lanting Collection, which is fresh and natural in style. Tao Yuanming's prose is full of true feelings, and his masterpiece Peach Blossom Garden is profound and surprising.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the prosperity of parallel prose, prose began to decline, but there were also some outstanding achievements, such as Fan Zhen and Pei. Fan Zhen's theory of deification is thorough and sharp. Pei's Skill of Carving Insects represents the momentum of literature's transformation to quality. Su Chuo's Dabao, Yan Zhitui's Yan Jiaxun and Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics are all representative works of prose. In addition, the works of some historians and novelists in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as The History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou, Searching for the Gods by Gambao and Stories on Earth by Liu Yiqing, all illustrate the good achievements of prose in this period from different aspects.

2. The emergence of parallel prose

Parallel prose refers to parallel even sentences or mainly parallel even sentences.

Parallel prose is relative to prose, and its difference lies in whether it pays attention to duality and rhythm.

During the reign of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty, the formalism of poetry and prose developed rapidly and its rhetoric was gorgeous, which was the prelude to the appearance of parallel prose. Lu Ji, the founder of parallel prose, is a typical representative of parallel prose. His works, such as Wu Di Wen hanging from the tail, Preface to Shi Hao's Fu and Preface to Mourning for the Past, make extensive use of antithetical sentences, and combine discussion with lyricism. In the Southern Dynasties, the emergence of the theory of "four tones and eight diseases" by Emperor Wu of Qi in the following year greatly promoted the style of writing. Yan Yanzhi, the Jue of Kong and the famous literati in the Southern Dynasties in Jincon are all famous parallel prose writers. There are obviously not as many literati and articles in the Northern Dynasties as in the Southern Dynasties, but their articles are influenced by the Southern Dynasties and are also very distinctive. For example, Wen Zi Chong in the late Northern Wei Dynasty and Wei Shou in the Northern Qi Dynasty were both good writers of parallel prose.

3. Decline of Ci-Fu

During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, poetry was mainly lyrical, such as Poems of Jingfu Hall, Poems of Monkey by Ruan Ji and Poems of Qin by Ji Kang, which were all very famous. In the Western Jin Dynasty, The Journey to the West's Autumn Scenery by Pan Yue, Shi Haofu and Wen Fu by Lu Ji were all small fu with strong artistic appeal. By the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ci Fu had developed into a fresh and lively trend. For example, Justin's "Zheng Dong Fu", Guo Pu's "Fu Jiang", Tao Yuanming's "Leisure Fu", "Feeling the Misfortune of a Literati" and "Returning Home" all have unprecedented unique styles.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Ci and Fu flourished, famous artists came forth in large numbers, and Ci and Fu gradually paralleled. Bao Zhao was the most outstanding poet in the Southern Dynasties, and his Wu Chengfu was widely circulated. There are also Xie Tiao's poems about returning home and visiting the backyard, Xiao Gang's poems about late spring and Xiao Yi's poems about picking lotus, which are fresh and natural and spread widely. There are not many famous works of Ci and Fu in the Northern Dynasties, and Yu Xin is the most prominent one. His lyric poems, such as "Ode to Spring" and "Ode to Dangzi", are exquisite in style and superb in artistic level. His most important masterpiece is Mourning for the South of the Yangtze River, which is full of love and writing. Yu Xin pushed the parallel prose of this dynasty to the extreme, but it also marked the decline of "Fu" style.