Identification method

Investigation is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. Investigation is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses historical methods, observation methods and scientific methods, such as talks, questionnaires, case studies, tests, etc., to have a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of educational phenomena, and to analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize a large number of data collected through investigation, thus providing people with regular knowledge.

Questionnaire survey is the most commonly used survey method, and it is a research method to collect data in the form of written questions, that is, investigators prepare forms for survey items, distribute or mail them to relevant personnel, ask for instructions to fill in answers, and then recycle, sort out, count and study them.

Observation method

Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and investigations, observation has the following functions: ① Expanding people's perceptual knowledge. 2 inspire people's thinking. (3) lead to new discoveries.

experimental method

Experimental method is a scientific research method to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things by changing the main branch and controlling the research object. Its main characteristics are: first, initiative and innovation. Observation and investigation is to understand the research object and find out the problems without disturbing the research object. However, experiments need to actively manipulate experimental conditions, artificially change the existing mode and changing process of objects, and make them obey the needs of scientific understanding. Second, control. Scientific experiments require that according to the needs of research, with the help of various methods and technologies, the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science can be reduced or eliminated, so that the research object can be understood in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things.

Literature research methods

Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating literature according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines. Its functions are as follows: ① It can understand the history and present situation of related problems and help to determine the research topic. ② It can form an overall impression of the research object, which is helpful for observation and visit. ③ Contrast data of real data can be obtained. (4) help to understand the whole picture of things.

Empirical research methods

Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of the existing scientific theory and practice, it puts forward the design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, observes, records and measures the changes of accompanying phenomena, and manipulates purposefully and step by step under natural conditions to determine the causal relationship between conditions and phenomena. The main purpose is to explain the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable.

Quantitative analysis method

In scientific research, quantitative analysis can make people know the research object more accurately, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence, clarify the relationship and predict the development trend of things.

Qualitative analysis method

Qualitative analysis is the qualitative analysis of the research object. Specifically, the method of induction and deduction, analysis, synthesis and abstract generalization is used to process the obtained materials, so as to get rid of the rough, get rid of the false and keep the true, understand the essence of things and reveal their internal laws.

Interdisciplinary research methods

The method of using multidisciplinary theories, methods and achievements to conduct a comprehensive study of a subject as a whole is also called "cross-study method". The law of scientific development movement shows that science is highly integrated in high differentiation and forms a unified whole. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of differentiation between disciplines is still intensifying. At the same time, the links between disciplines are getting closer and closer, and there is a unified trend in language, methods and some concepts.

Case study method

Case study method is a research method to identify a specific object among the research objects, investigate and analyze it, and find out its characteristics and formation process. There are three basic types of case studies: (1) personal investigation, that is, investigation and study of a person in an organization; (2) Group investigation, that is, investigation and study of an organization or group; (3) Problem investigation means investigating a phenomenon or problem ... >>

Empirical research methods

Empirical research methods include observation, conversation, test, case study and experiment (1) observation: researchers directly observe the behavior of others and record the observation results in chronological order. This research method is called observation. (natural observation and laboratory observation; Participatory observation and non-participatory observation) (2) Conversation method: it is a method for researchers to understand the psychological state of the object through face-to-face conversation with the object in the process of oral information exchange. There are two kinds of organized and unorganized dialogues. It should be noted that: first, the goal is clear. The second is to pay attention to the way. The third is to pay attention to the use of "home advantage." The fourth is to be as concise as possible. (3) Test method: refers to the method of testing the subjects through various standardized psychometric scales to evaluate and understand their psychological characteristics. (Questionnaire test, operation test and projection test) (4) Case method: A person, a group or an organization is investigated, understood and collected for a long time, so as to study the whole process of their psychological development and change. This method is called case study. (5) Experimental method: The method that researchers purposefully give the subjects a certain amount of * * * to trigger a certain psychological reaction and study it is called experimental method. (Laboratory experiment and field experiment)

What are the empirical research methods commonly used in management?

The empirical research methods commonly used in management are:

Mathematical empirical research

Case empirical study

There are two methods of economic research, one is empirical research, and the other is what?

The research method of economics is normative research, not empirical research.

The so-called positive economics and normative economics are two important branches of modern economics, which are a division of economics by academic circles because of different research methods. Tracing back to the development history of western economic philosophy, we can see that this division is not a new argument. The scope of influence in China expanded after the reform and opening up. In 1980s and 1990s, normative economics prevailed in China, and now it is positive economics who occupies the mainstream position. The argument between them has not reached the intensity of the West in China.

The difference between positive economics and normative economics should follow the argument between perceptual epistemology and rational epistemology in western philosophy. It can be said that there are two views on this issue from the beginning of the construction of western philosophy: perceptual epistemologists believe that only historical induction is the only effective way to study social science, and their views are based on rational epistemologists' criticism that scientific rationality can solve all problems in human development, while empiricists believe that scientific research can only find answers from human cognitive experience, and the so-called essential problems behind the facts do not exist. Or even if it exists, it cannot be understood and used by humans with limited cognitive ability. Humans can only know what is within experience, and what is beyond experience does not belong to the scope of social science research, and should be handed over to philosophers for study. It is based on this epistemology that perceptual epistemologists only believe in empirical things and strongly oppose studying social science problems by logical and speculative methods. On the contrary, rationalists respect human cognitive ability, think that human beings can solve any problems in reality by virtue of their superb speculative and logical reasoning ability, and find any regular things in the field of social sciences, and constantly emphasize that human beings should peel off the false coat of perceptual knowledge, examine everything with rationality, and re-evaluate all value judgments with rationality. This cognitive method has even had a great influence in the field of western philosophy. They think that social science research can't imitate the real world in the laboratory like natural science, and then build a model to simulate it. Only by relying on scientists' rational thinking, establishing a set of strict logical rules and using mathematical methods can we construct a rigorous mathematical model, so as to turn abstract problems into problems that can be intuitively understood, or solve them by using local equilibrium or overall equilibrium. Rationalists only believe in what has been processed by human reason, and do not believe in perceptual things, thus pushing rationality to the highest level.

Positive economics and normative economics are based on two different epistemology in philosophy, thus forming two different historical schools. The former opposes the latter to base the study of economics on several simple unrealistic basic assumptions and realize that they are divorced from human practical activities. This critical method captures the theoretical core of normative economics and gives a fatal blow. They also oppose the method of logical deduction. It emphasizes the absolute position of historical induction, while the latter opposes that the former only pays attention to empirical things and cannot go deep into things to grasp the essence of things. They say that inductive things can only explain past facts, but can't predict and help the future. They can't grasp the main contradiction that affects the development of things from complex things, and they emphasize the absolute position of human rational knowledge.

In addition, the language and theoretical framework used by the two are also very different, which is a secondary issue.

The discussion of the relationship between them should be based on the thought of materialist dialectics. Empirical analysis method is an effective means to obtain information, which makes human beings obtain the starting point of truth knowledge. However, it is necessary for human beings to choose these perceptual materials, promote things useful for research, give full play to human cognitive ability, and dig out the true essence of things, thus forming truth knowledge to guide practice. Many famous economists in history have tried to link the two.

References:

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Characteristics of empirical research methods

(2) Characteristics of empirical research methods: 1. The purpose of empirical research method is to know the objective facts and study the movement law and internal logic of the phenomenon itself. 2. The empirical research method is objective to the conclusion of the phenomenon studied, and it is tested according to experience and facts. (3) Steps of empirical research method: 1. Determine the research object, analyze the composition factors, mutual relations and influencing factors of the research object, and collect and sort out relevant facts. 2. Set assumptions. In the process of research, the behavior of the research object is determined by its characteristics, and it is obviously unrealistic and impossible to try to cover all complex factors. Therefore, it is necessary to set the conditions used by a certain theory. Of course, some assumptions are unrealistic, but scientific research cannot be without assumptions. When using empirical research methods to study problems, we must correctly set assumptions. 3. Put forward a theoretical hypothesis. Hypothesis is a temporary conclusion drawn from an objective study of phenomena, that is, an unconfirmed conclusion. Hypothesis is an empirical summary of the phenomenon of the research object, but it cannot explain whether it can become a theory with universal significance. 4. verification. Under different conditions and at different times, the hypothesis is tested and its correctness is tested by facts. Testing includes applying hypotheses to predict the movement development of phenomena. (d) Related concepts: standardization of research methods

Empirical analysis steps

Empirical analysis method: an empirical analysis tool

Empirical analysis should use a series of analytical tools, such as individual analysis and overall analysis, balanced analysis and unbalanced analysis, static analysis and dynamic analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, logical deduction and empirical induction, economic model and rational person hypothesis. This paper focuses on the equilibrium analysis, static analysis, dynamic analysis and economic model which are the most widely used in economics and have never been explained before.

First find an empirical paper of the same type and imitate it.

The data should be changed, the map should be redrawn, the situation should be changed, and the enterprise data should be changed.

In the graduation season, many students can't write their papers well. Poor paper writing will not only affect grades, but also affect graduation. So, I'm here to share some experiences with my classmates.

Analyze the topic of the paper. After choosing the topic of the paper, everyone must analyze the writing focus of the topic of the paper and distinguish between primary and secondary.

Collect information and write reading notes. After you have analyzed the main writing direction of the paper, you should start collecting the paper materials related to the paper. Write the materials related to the selected papers in your reading notes for reference when writing papers in the future.

Research status at home and abroad. Everyone should make clear the main research purpose of the paper. Then find and analyze the analysis and research on this topic at home and abroad.

Make an outline. Combined with the topic of the paper. Start listing the outline. Explain the relevant knowledge points in the paper first. Then write the research status quo, then write the problems and shortcomings of a certain topic, and then write the countermeasures against this problem. Pay attention to the corresponding problems and countermeasures. Examples, supplementary data and analysis pictures should be listed in the paper.

Start writing a paper. Start writing the paper according to the outline, but add transitional paragraphs where necessary. Then there are footnotes, quotations, references, conclusions and so on.

Finally, let's do the typesetting well. Please correct the unfinished business. I wish you all a better paper.

Special attention should be paid to:

Pay attention to the corresponding problems and countermeasures.

Add a transition if necessary.

Empirical analysis often appears in economics papers, so what is empirical analysis? Empirical analysis, also known as empirical analysis, aims to support the ideas put forward in the paper or prove a theory with facts, including two analytical methods, one is statistical analysis, in which case analysis is a special case (only one sample) and the other is regression analysis. So what are the empirical analysis of graduation thesis writing?

For a certain point of view, it is only necessary to give an example to prove it (temporarily acceptable). If the result of verification is that the facts do not conform to the theory, it is necessary to analyze the possible reasons: ① the facts do not correspond to the theory, and the theory should not explain this phenomenon; (2) the theory is incorrect, so long as a counterexample can deny a theory (falsified by facts), and the theory without counterexample is considered as a temporarily acceptable assumption; The background of this theory is inconsistent with the current reality in China. We should analyze the inconsistencies, and then improve the theory or put forward policy suggestions to change the reality.

Compared with theoretical analysis, empirical analysis should be the focus of writing and topic selection. Because theoretical innovation is difficult, and empirical analysis can and can reflect the workload paid in the process of writing the paper, so the paper is easy to pass. Graduation thesis (especially bachelor's thesis and master's thesis) should be based on empirical analysis, which can include:

1. Case investigation and analysis may include: case analysis with certain innovative significance, if the case can deny a certain theory or explain that the theory is not applicable in a certain field; Social surveys with practical significance, such as the current "three rural" survey; A survey done in a new field that others have never done or rarely do, such as a survey of college students' loans based on their own situation. ?

2. Find a piece of evidence that can prove the theory put forward by others but not proved. For example, Lin Yifu's article "Food Supply, Food Acquisition and Famine in China in 1959~ 196 1 year" is the first one.

3. Verify the theory with large sample data, or verify the theory or viewpoint with new methods. Although others use the same data, they use more data, a longer period (such as using stock market data that grows every year) and more arguments ... >>

How can I become a talkative person!

Nothing is like a fly. Oh, I'm sorry, it's a group of flies, buzzing and chattering endlessly.

What is empirical research?

Empirical research refers to the research in which researchers personally collect observation data to put forward or test theoretical hypotheses. Empirical research has distinct direct experience characteristics.

The basic principles advocated by positivism are objectivity and universality of scientific conclusions. It emphasizes that knowledge must be based on the empirical facts of observation and experiment, and the general conclusion can be revealed by means of empirical observation data and experimental research, and requires that this conclusion can be proved under the same conditions. According to the above principles, the empirical research method can be summarized as a research method to obtain objective materials and summarize the essential attributes and development laws of things from individual to general through a large number of observations, experiments and investigations on the research objects.

What is normative research and what is empirical research?

Empirical study: suppose two people are discussing the minimum wage law. These are two expressions you have heard:

A: The minimum wage law has caused unemployment.

The minimum wage should be raised.

Now, whether you agree with these two statements or not, it should be noted that A and B want to do different things. A talks like a scientist: he made a statement about how the world works. B's statement is like a decision maker. He made a statement about how he wanted to change the world.

Generally speaking, there are two ways to express the world. A type, such as the expression of A, is empirical. They stated what the world is. The second kind, such as the expression of B, is normative. Normative expressions are necessary. They state what the world should look like.

The main difference between positivism and norms lies in how we judge their correctness. In principle, we can confirm or deny empirical statements by examining evidence.

The above paragraphs are the explanations in the economics book. Of course, I copied others.

Personally, I think: empirical analysis is to use practical and universal examples to prove what laws a thing operates according to; Normative analysis is to gradually prove what laws things should follow through axioms and theorems, but they are not or will soon deviate from the track.

Empirical analysis in econometrics, to put it bluntly, is to use econometrics to analyze the past data of things. Since it is past data, it must be a common example and a practical example. Therefore, econometrics itself is a method of empirical analysis, and the analysis conducted by econometrics should be considered as compensation analysis. The research methods are constantly improving, which means that the methods used to guide the study of subjective education thoughts have gradually developed from normative research to the combination of analytical research and normative research. The so-called normative research refers to discussing problems from the perspective of value.