1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate opinions concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, epigrams of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: Strongly demonstrate opinions and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; (Role: Highlight the point of view and be impressed)

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. (Function: vividly demonstrate the point of view, so that the article is easy to understand and accept.) In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "using the spear of a child as a shield to attack" and "reducing to absurdity" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

5. Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complex and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Demonstration mode:

Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.

1. Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is an argument method that expounds the author's views and opinions from the front in view of a certain event or problem. When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:

(1) These views and opinions must be based on careful thinking or certain practice, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can effectively solve practical problems. Let readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.

(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from Wan Li, give full play to it at will, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument. Argumentative writing is very logical, and the argument must be close to the center and consistent from beginning to end. ?

(3) "standing" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and propositions, deny and refute them, so as to enhance persuasiveness and prevent readers from misunderstanding their own views. ?

2. Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or opinions.

(1) refute the argument. Refutation mainly refutes arguments, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to expound opinions and express opinions. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, we should refute and deny them in various ways and point out their absurdity or fallacy. A rebuttal argument is a direct refutation of the other party's argument.

One of the ways to refute an argument is to directly point out the error of the argument, directly refute it with conclusive and irrefutable facts, or make a thorough analysis and dissection in theory and directly point out the error. ?

Another way to refute the argument is to reduce to absurdity. Reduction to absurdity is a reasonable extension based on certain arguments and logical laws, but the conclusion is absurd. Because the extended conclusion cannot be established, therefore, the argument extending this conclusion cannot be established. In writing, some specious vague understandings can be clarified by using reduction to absurdity to reveal their "non-". ?

The reduction to absurdity method can also be used to refute, that is, the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the other party's argument, but establishes a new argument that is tit for tat with the other party's argument, and this new argument is established after full argumentation, so the opposing party's argument does not refute itself. ?

When using reduction to absurdity, we should pay attention to the contradiction and incompatibility between the refuted argument and the argument proved by ourselves. Only in this way can we meet the requirements of the law of contradiction in logic and achieve the purpose of affirming this and denying that. ?

(2) refute the argument. Refute an argument, which is a radical way to refute the other side's argument. In the process of argument, argument is the pillar on which argument depends. If the argument cannot be established, then the argument will lose its support and break itself. ?

(3) rebuttal. Refutation argument is to deny the argument put forward by the other side by exposing the loopholes in the illogical relationship between arguments in the process of argument. To carry out such an argument, we need to make a calm analysis of the other party's remarks, find out the contradictions in logical reasoning, and then make a strong disclosure.

(4) Draw inferences from others and seek truth from facts.