2. Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company is the largest database software company in the world, headquartered in redwood Beach, California, USA.

Company Type Listed Company (NASDAQ: ORCL)

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the slogan of information companies.

Founded in California (1977) [1]

Headquartered in redwood Beach, California, USA.

Important person Lawrence Ellison Lawrence J Ellison, CEO

Industrial database software

The number of employees exceeds 35,000.

product

database server

application server

Development tools

Middleware products

Bisexual

customer relationship management

Supply chain management

JDE

The revenue was $6,543.8+079 billion (fiscal year 2007).

main products

Oracle Bone Inscriptions's main products are currently divided into two categories:

* Servers and tools (main competitors: IBM, Microsoft)

* Database server: latest version 1 1G in 2008.

* application server: Oracle application server.

* Development tools: Oracle JDeveloper, Oracle Designer, Oracle Developer, etc.

* Application software (main competitor: German SAP company. )

:: Enterprise resource planning software. It has a history of 10 years. In 2005, PeopleSoft, which developed enterprise software, was merged to enhance its competitiveness in this field.

* Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software. This software was developed from 1998. In 2005, it acquired Siebel, which developed customer relationship management software.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions Corporation is the world's largest provider of information management software and services, founded in 1977, and headquartered in Shore, redwood, California, USA. In fiscal year 2000 (1June 1999 to May 2000), the turnover reached10/0/0/000, a record high in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was1300 million more than last year, and the profit increased by 6 1%, reaching 2/kloc-0. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has more than 36,000 employees, serving 65,438+045 countries around the world. Oracle has the only fully integrated e-commerce suite Oracle Applications R11I in the world, which can realize the automation of all aspects of enterprise management and is favored by users, which makes the sales of Oracle application software reach 447 million US dollars in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2000, nearly 654.38 billion US dollars more than that of SAP application software in the same period. This fact shows that Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle e-business suite covers all aspects of enterprise management. Although facing different competitors in different aspects, the core advantage of Oracle e-commerce solution lies in its integration and integrity. Users can completely obtain any required application function from Oracle Company. More importantly, they have a consistent application architecture based on Internet technology. If users want to get the complete functions provided by Oracle e-commerce from other vendors, they need not only to buy different applications from multiple vendors, but also to ask other consulting companies to assemble these different applications, and they must also ensure that they can work together.

Advanced products and efficient enterprise operation are the important reasons for the sustained growth of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's profits. A year ago, Oracle Bone Inscriptions decided to save $654.38 billion in daily operating expenses by adopting its own Internet e-commerce solution, which is equivalent to an increase of 654.38+00% in our annual profit margin.

Four years ago, when e-commerce was still in its infancy in the world, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company made a strategic plan to transform from a leading database vendor to a complete e-commerce solution provider based on Internet computing. This forward-looking strategy has brought great benefits to Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Today, Oracle can provide advanced, complete and integrated e-commerce solutions including platform products, application products and perfect services ahead of its competitors, and can seamlessly integrate supply chain management (SCM), enterprise resource management (ERP), customer asset management (CRM), enterprise business intelligence (BI) and e-commerce application IP(Internet Pocurement), exchange and portal. All Oracle solutions from low-end to high-end 100% are based on Internet application architecture and can be accessed directly through the Web, enabling enterprises to complete all links of enterprise business processes including quotation, order, payment, execution and service through the Web, helping enterprises to quickly transfer existing business content to e-commerce and quickly obtain high profits from e-commerce.

Oracle applications include 150 modules, such as finance, supply chain, manufacturing, project management, human resources, marketing and sales. It has won many world awards and has been adopted by nearly 7600 enterprises around the world. Due to its outstanding performance in e-commerce, Oracle Bone Inscriptions jumped from 122 last year to 13 in the latest authoritative global enterprise 1000 released by American Morgan Stanley Company, becoming the second largest independent software company and the largest e-commerce solution provider in the world. At present, 93% of the top ten Internet e-commerce websites in the world, such as Amazon and Dell, and nine of the top ten B-to-B websites in the world are listed. Com and 65 Fortune Global 100 companies have adopted Oracle e-commerce solutions.

Oracle China Co.

1989, Oracle officially entered the China market, becoming the first software giant in the world to enter China, which indicated that the national economic informatization construction just taking off in China received a positive response from Oracle, and the relational database technology pioneered by Oracle began to serve users in China. 1991July, after nearly two years' efforts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions established a wholly-owned company in Beijing in order to better adapt to the rapidly developing business. Today, Oracle China Company has more than 3,500 employees and set up branches in 12 cities across the country.

In order to help China users make full use of the world's most advanced computer software technology and products in time, Oracle China Company has invested a lot of resources in product localization. At present, most of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's products have achieved a comprehensive China culture, and the updating pace of China's products is basically the same as that of the United States. At the same time, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has received cooperation and support from hundreds of domestic computer companies in China. In addition to Oracle Bone Inscriptions global alliance partners such as Hewlett-Packard, Sun, Compaq, Cisco and Intel, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions global system integrators such as PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting Co., Ltd., Andersen Enterprise Consulting Co., Ltd., AXA Consulting, Deloitte Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd. and Capgemini Ernst & Young Consulting (Asia Pacific) Co., Ltd., Oracle Bone Inscriptions has also established a complete partnership system in China. Including 6 value-added distributors, 72 independent software developers and 3 application software partners, they have formed a national market development, system integration, value-added development and technical service system based on Oracle Bone Inscriptions technology products, which has provided strong support for Oracle Bone Inscriptions's business development in China. Hundreds of commercial application software packages developed by them based on Oracle platform have been widely used in domestic government departments, telecommunications, postal services, public security, finance, insurance, energy and electricity, transportation, science and education, petrochemical, aerospace, civil aviation and other industries.

Brief introduction of Oracle Bone Inscriptions company's main products

1.Oracle e-business suite.

Oracle E-Business Suite is the first integrated Internet-based business application suite in the industry, which automates the key business processes of front and back office. Oracle e-commerce suite covers every business field in the enterprise, including marketing, sales, service, contract, order management, product design, procurement, supply chain, manufacturing, finance, project management, human resources and professional service automation. In 200 1 year, more than 1 100 enterprises around the world implemented the Oracle e-commerce suite. At present, more than 12000 users around the world are benefiting from the unprecedented benefits brought by the Oracle e-commerce suite.

Since the first appearance of Oracle e-commerce suite, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company has launched six enhanced e-commerce suites, thus forming a mature and fully functional application suite. Oracle e-business suite gives users unprecedented choice and flexibility in implementing business applications. Its open infrastructure and single data model make users have many choices when deploying application software in the suite, which can be used independently, form business flow, and be deployed as an integrated suite. Oracle e-business suite can be provided to users as traditional software based on CD-ROM or as online service.

2. Oracle10g-a new generation of e-commerce platform

Oracle 10g is the first complete and intelligent next-generation internet infrastructure in the industry. Actually, Oracle 10g e-commerce platform refers to the complete integration of Oracle database 10g, Oracle application server 10g and Oracle development tool suite 10g.

Oracle database 10g is the first internet database with infinite scalability and high availability, which can run commercial software in cluster environment. It has more than 400 leading database functions and achieved new breakthroughs in cluster technology, high availability, business intelligence, security and system management. As a decade-long software technology research and development achievement of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company, Real Application Clusters can provide nearly unlimited expansion and overall usability, and bring users transparent and high-speed clustering functions.

Oracle application server10g is the lightest, fastest and most extensible application server certified by J2EE. It provides enterprise portal software, wireless support, caching, lightweight J2EE engine, business intelligence, rapid application development, application and business integration, Web service and other application development functions, forming a complete e-commerce application development and deployment environment. Users who use Oracle application server10g can upgrade software instead of hardware, which greatly saves the cost of infrastructure.

Oracle development tool suite 10g is a complete set of integrated development tools, which can quickly develop Internet applications and Web services using Java and XML languages, and support any language, any operating system, any development style, any stage of development life cycle and all the latest Internet standards.

Oracle after 9i requires very high hardware. (Windows version) 9i recommends 5 12M memory and 10g memory.

Oracle database architecture

Oracle database includes Oracle database server and client.

Oracle database server:

Oracle server is an object-relational database management system. It provides an open, comprehensive and integrated information management method. Each server consists of an Oracle database and an Oracle server instance. It has the autonomy of the site and provides a transparent mechanism for data storage, thus realizing the transparency of data storage. Each Oracle database corresponds to a unique instance name SID. After the Oracle database server is started, there are generally at least the following users: Internal, not the real user name, but the alias of Sys user with SYSDBA priority, which is used by DBA users to complete database management tasks, including starting and closing the database; Sys, the DBA user name, has the largest database operation authority; System is also a DBA user name, second only to Sys user.

Customer:

It is the user terminal of the database, which is composed of applications, tools and SQL* NET. When users operate a database, they must connect to a server, which is called a local database. In a network environment, databases on other servers are called remote databases. When users want to access the data in a remote database, they must establish a database chain.

The architecture of Oracle database includes physical storage structure and logical storage structure. Because they are separate, when managing the physical storage structure of data, the access to the logical storage structure will not be affected.

1. Logical storage structure

It consists of at least one tablespace and database schema objects. Here, a schema is a collection of objects, and a schema object is a logical structure that directly references database data. Schema objects include tables, views, sequences, stored procedures, identical words, indexes, clusters and database chains. Logical storage structure includes table spaces, segments and ranges, which are used to describe how to use the physical space of the database. Schema objects and their relationships constitute the relational design of database.

Block: It is the smallest unit for the database to perform UO operations, which is not the same concept as the block of the operating system. Oracle database does not request data in units of operating system blocks, but in units of multiple Oracle database blocks.

Segment: A logical storage structure of a specified type in a tablespace, which consists of one or more ranges. Segments will occupy and increase storage space.

These include:

Data segment: used to store table data; .

Index segment: used to store table indexes;

Temporary segment: used to store intermediate results;

Rollback segment: used to recover the transaction when an exception occurs.

Extent: It is the logical unit of database storage space allocation. A range consists of many consecutive data blocks, and the range is allocated in segments accordingly. The first allocated range is called the initial range, and the later allocated range is called the incremental range.

chronological table

In 1970s, a software company named Ampex designed a database named Oracle for the CIA. Ellison is one of programmers.

From 65438 to 0977, Alison and her boss Robert Miner set up the "Software Development Lab". At that time, IBM published a paper on "Linked Database", and Allison created a new database named Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

1978, the company moved to Silicon Valley and changed its name to "Relational Software Company" (RSI). Two years later, * * * has eight employees, and the annual income is less than1000000 USD. IBM, which first proposed "linked database", adopted RSI database. It was renamed Oracle Bone Inscriptions on 1982.

During the three years from 65438 to 0984, it successively entered Canada, Netherlands, Britain, Austria, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Australia, Finland, France, Hong Kong, Norway and Spain. When 1986 went public, its annual revenue soared to $55 million. It went public in March of the same year, raising $365,438 +0.5 million.

The revenue from 1987 reached $65,438 +0.3 1 billion, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions became the fourth largest software company in the world one year later. In two years, we will enter Mexico, Pakistan, China, Cyprus, Malaysia and New Zealand. A year later, revenue doubled to $282 million.

From 65438 to 0990, Oracle Bone Inscriptions invaded Chile, Greece, South Korea, Portugal, Turkey, Venezuela, Taiwan Province, Belgium, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica and the Philippines within two years, but Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded a loss for the first time and its market value plummeted by 80%. Allison arranged for senior managers to participate in the operation for the first time.

1992 Oracle 7, the flagship product, came out, and the company resumed its upward trajectory, with an annual income of165438+79 million USD. Raymond Lane was once regarded as Oracle Bone Inscriptions's successor and was later removed from the post of Chief Operating Officer.

1995, Allison announced that PC was dead, pushed all products to the development of the Internet, and set up a "network computer company" to sell "network computers", which was eventually eliminated.

In 2000, when the branch network came to an end, E-Business Suite was launched to seize the application product market, which constituted a serious conflict of interest with former business partners. During the same period, Microsoft and IBM improved their data technology. Since then, the share of new orders in Oracle Bone Inscriptions has dropped by 6.6% in two years, and the business has regressed 10%.

The hostile takeover of Peoplesoft in 2003 caused a sensation in the industry. News of the dispute between the two companies is endless. In the same year, the US Department of Justice filed a case to prevent Oracle Bone Inscriptions from buying.

Supplementary content:

oracle 1 1g

On July 12, 2007, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company announced the launch of Oracle database 1 1g in new york, USA, which is the latest version of Oracle database. Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that Oracle Bone Inscriptions 1 1g has more than 400 functions. After150,000 hours of testing, the development workload has reached 36,000 people/month.

Interestingly, according to the release experience of previous versions in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the release frequency of new versions of Oracle Bone Inscriptions database is about 3 years, and so on. Oracle 1 1g should be released at the end of 2007, and it should be released in July. I wonder if it has something to do with SQL Server 2008 code-named Katmai? Because SQL Server 2008, which is still in the testing stage, will be released in February 2008, the comparison between Oracle 10g and SQL Server 2003 in the industry once annoyed Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

XML can sense high temperature.

When XML came out, perhaps no database vendor would pay enough attention to this technology, but today, XML has begun to have a huge impact on data storage. Today, this extensible markup language has always been the preferred format for all kinds of data, especially documents, and the mainstream international database manufacturers have naturally followed suit and launched a new generation of database products that are compatible with the mixed application of traditional relational data and XML data.

XML has an obvious advantage in data storage, that is, it can directly write logical relations with XML files. What functions should a fashionable XML database provide? To sum up, there should be four basic functions: the ability to use, store, query and generate XML.

In Oracle 10g, the most important improvement people talk about is the support for XML schema(XML syntax) transformation, which allows users to realize XML schema transformation by mapping existing data to new schema. You don't have to export all XML data and then re-import. Other things will be done automatically by the database.

In Oracle 1 1g, the performance of XML DB has been greatly improved. XML DB is a component of Oracle database, and customers can store and manipulate XML data in a native way. 1 1g adds support for binary XML data, and now customers can choose XML storage options suitable for their specific applications and performance requirements.

Of course, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is not the only one who is optimistic about XML. In order to attract Oracle users, IBM DB2 9 directly takes XML as the biggest selling point of its new products. Microsoft and Sybase also claim that their products can also realize high-performance XML storage and query, so that existing applications can better coexist with XML.

Grid computing is a bit cold.

The new Oracle 1 1g still uses g(Grid) as the suffix to indicate that it is a database containing the foundation of grid technology. Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that Oracle 1 1g can run on the grid composed of low-cost servers and storage devices more conveniently. However, at present, only IBM DB2 database still supports grid computing technology.

Grid computing regards multiple servers and storage as a large computer, which enables them to dynamically share computer resources on the high-speed network to meet the ever-changing computing needs. In short, multiple servers and storage are coordinated to serve as a host. Grid computing is widely regarded as the future computing mode.

Although Microsoft is also interested in grid computing, it promises to make Windows better adapt to the high data density computing grid. But apart from internal research, Microsoft seems to have been very silent on this topic. As for grid computing in database, Microsoft and Sybase said that grid application still needs to solve some technical problems (such as multi-node performance problems). If grid technology is to become the mainstream of commercial applications, it will take several years to further improve its applications and products.

What is not optimistic is that the survey released by the consulting company Quocirca shows that the actual adoption rate of China power grid is still low, and the overall power grid index ranks ninth among the 15 countries surveyed, which is at the middle and lower reaches level. Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that users in China may not really accept the value of grid. Many domestic enterprises hold a wait-and-see attitude and feel that the application of grid is risky.

1 1g is it safe?

Some insiders have said that Oracle 10g can only be regarded as a transitional version. Because in 2006, NGSS, the next generation security software organization, made a weakness comparison between Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle database, and the results showed that Oracle database products had more weaknesses.

According to NGSS researchers, Oracle has 233 defects, while SQL Server has only 59. These defects were reported in SQL Server7, 2000 and 2005 and fixed in Oracle8, 9 and 10g versions. ESG, an analysis organization, also released a survey report, saying that Microsoft beat Oracle Bone Inscriptions in security, and the security myth that Oracle Bone Inscriptions's database is "impeccable" seems to disappear.

In view of the experts who constantly criticized Oracle Bone Inscriptions's security performance, Oracle Bone Inscriptions finally began to fight back fiercely. At the end of 2006, Eric Maurice, the safety manager of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Global Technology Department, said on the company blog that Oracle Bone Inscriptions's technical level in development and safety was in the leading position in the industry. Compared with the security performance of Microsoft database, people with ulterior motives are playing digital games, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions will not let external pressure change its established security strategy.

So far, at least from the data, it can be seen that Oracle's security certification has obtained the ISO standard certification with the highest certification level, while SQL Server has not obtained any security certification. This proves that Oracle Bone Inscriptions's security should not be so blamed.

From Oracle Bone Inscriptions's 1 1g, it can be seen that in terms of security, in addition to the existing data valve and encryption, 1 1g also adds four security functions: secure backup, asymmetric data authorized secure retrieval, monitoring, management and alarm.

Oracle 1 1g database enhances Oracle's transparent data encryption function and extends it beyond volume-level encryption. 1 1g also adds the table space encryption function, which can be used to encrypt the entire table, index and other stored data. Large objects stored in a database can also be encrypted.

It seems that Oracle Bone Inscriptions attaches great importance to the security performance of11g. Flashback trading technology can cancel wrong transactions and any related transactions, and perform parallel backup and recovery functions. In addition, a new consulting software, data recovery consultant, can automatically investigate problems, intelligently determine recovery plans and deal with various fault situations.

Oracle Data Guard component of Oracle 1 1g can be used for reporting, backup, testing and "rolling" upgrade of production database. By offloading the workload from the production system to the standby system, a more economical disaster recovery solution is formed.

Perhaps it is the enhancement of security that makes Andy Mendelsohn, senior vice president of database server technology of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company, confidently say, "Oracle 1 1g has really overcome the challenge and achieved real innovation."

A crazy enthusiast rebuilt a small IDC in his garage and built an Oracle 10g database with Sun Enterprise 220R server.

Enhance the ability of information lifecycle management and storage management: introduce more self-management and automation functions;

Transparent encryption: Oracle extends this function beyond volume-level encryption;

◆ Improve information availability: avoid planned downtime and unexpected downtime;

◆ Faster XML: Through the XML DB component, customers can store and manipulate XML data natively;

Self-service management and automation capability enhancement: management functions such as automatic SQL and memory fine-tuning have been added;

Enhanced application development capability: Provide a variety of development tools for developers to choose from, including Java real-time compiler.

When the open source database is mature

The open source database system represented by MySQL and PostgreSQL has become an attractive choice to replace the closed source database.

Mature open source databases make it difficult for closed-source vendors like Oracle Bone Inscriptions to take off.

The well-known Online game Matrix Online has tens of thousands of online players online at the same time every day. In order to support huge online gamers to play games at the same time, Sony Online Entertainment (hereinafter referred to as SOE) needs intensive use of databases.

In the past, SOE used a large number of Oracle RAC clusters to provide services, but the authorization certificate of Oracle database was very expensive and inflexible, and the company needed more additional databases. Therefore, since 2005, the company began to seek an open source database with low total cost of ownership and good flexibility to replace Oracle database.

Kick Oracle Bone Inscriptions away.

SOE has a great demand for databases, and its database application is the most appropriate interpretation of mission-critical applications: hundreds of thousands of online players play SOE games every day, and each game is a database and its intensive application.

In fact, SOE has a long history in the application of open source, and has used Linux, Tomcat, Apache and Hibernate to build systems. In this open source selection, SOE pays more attention to finding ways to make use of its valuable assets (database talents who can skillfully use Oracle internally), and lists four criteria when selecting open source databases:

1 can give full play to the potential of its existing database administrators and developers;

2. It is easy to migrate the existing Oracle application of SOE to the new database;

3. It can provide commercial quality reliability, including backup and recovery standards, to support mission-critical applications;

4. Scalability and high performance.

Before choosing an open source database, SOE needs to use many Oracle 9i RAC clusters. In addition, SOE deployed databases in its back-office operations. Like many enterprises today, SOE hopes that open source software can provide solutions to these business challenges.

According to SOE's evaluation of different open source databases, they chose EnterpriseDB which is compatible with Oracle database, because SOE has more than 80% specific Oracle applications and can be executed in EnterpriseDB with little or no modification. Compared with the existing cost, the total cost of ownership of each online game can be reduced by 80% after using EnterpriseDB. The total annual savings exceed1000000. In 2007-2008, SOE will use hundreds of EnterpriseDB database cluster servers.

Open source is more promising.

Enterprises using Oracle database are generally interested in open source databases for three main reasons: First, by deploying open source databases, these enterprises can significantly reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) of databases, sometimes as high as 90%; Secondly, they can usually get more license flexibility and business convenience from other manufacturers; Finally, these enterprises will find that other manufacturers are more eager to provide them with excellent technology.

For open source databases, enterprises are somewhat worried, because many enterprises only use open source databases for some simple applications, such as the supporting applications of some websites. Because these enterprises generally believe that open source databases may not be stable, reliable or scalable enough to meet their mission-critical application needs. In addition, the enterprise may think that the cost of changing the database (for example, the cost related to application recoding and personnel retraining) may exceed the expected savings target.

MySQL, Firebird, EnterpriseDB and PostgreSQL (the predecessor of PostgreSQL) are all very robust open source databases. EnterpriseDB is developed based on PostgreSQL, which not only maintains the stability of PostgreSQL, but also achieves a growth rate of 50%. The system can automatically monitor whether there are patches, which greatly reduces the work of administrators.

In recent years, some large enterprises in the United States have adopted open source databases. They often use commercial databases in their headquarters and open source products on Linux servers in their branches. These databases are not only cheap, but also unique. Compared with commercial products, open source database is simple in structure, but not simple in function, fast in reading operation, easy to manage, and even does not need full-time administrators. This has attracted big companies like Cisco and Yahoo, as well as many small and medium-sized enterprises. In China, we are familiar with large portals such as Sina and Netease, which are also users of open source databases.

This enterprise brand ranked 36th in the Top 500 World Brands compiled by the World Brand Lab in 2006.