Today, the area where Qingdao is located was a temperate forest in the Paleolithic Age, where a large number of creatures lived and thrived. Today, a large number of fossils were unearthed. In the Neolithic Age, the ancestors of Dongyi patriarchal clan system engaged in agricultural production activities here, and then developed hunting, animal husbandry and marine fishery, creating a rich and colorful Dawenkou, Longshan and Yueshi culture. During the Xia Dynasty, most of the residents here were artists. Shang Dynasty was the territory of Lai State; During the Western Zhou Dynasty, it belonged to Lai, Yi, Ju and Jie. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the territory of Jie, Yi and Lai. Qi destroyed Lai before 567, and now most of Qingdao is owned by Qi. In order to resist foreign invasion, Qi built the Great Wall on its southern border, and the site still exists today. During the Warring States Period, Jimo became one of the five capitals of Qi. Langya [Note 5] is an important port city; 476 years ago, Qi and Wu fought the first naval battle in the history of China in this sea area. Qin Shihuang visited Langya County three times, built Langya Terrace and sent Xu Fudong across Korea and Japan. Liu Che, the former king of Jiaodong, ascended the throne of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He went to Langya and Bojie many times and sent people to the sea to seek immortality. In the first 70 years, a major earthquake occurred in 49 counties and countries east of Henan County, killing more than 6,000 people and destroying all battlements, palaces, ancestral temples and ports in Langya. Since then, Langya declined and the county moved out.
In 623 AD, Jiaoxi County was merged into Gaomi County and Banqiao was established. The town has frequent merchant ships and extensive trade with East Asia, South Asia and West Asia. It is of great economic and military importance to become a big port in the north and a munitions transit station for the imperial court to fight against the DPRK. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Banqiao and its surrounding areas tended to be depressed due to frequent war-torn regime changes. During the Song Dynasty, the economy flourished again and foreign trade developed rapidly. Later, due to the confrontation between Song and Liao Dynasties, the ports of Dengzhou and Laizhou were closed, and Banqiao became the only maritime transportation port in the north, and it was also one of the five major ports in the Song Dynasty, with the establishment of Mizhou Shipping Department and Linhai. Banqiao has played an important role in trade and cultural exchanges with South Korea and Japan. Since then, Song and Jin became enemies, the trade of Banqiao was threatened and the economy weakened. 1 142, Song Jin agreed to establish the only Jiaoxi market for maritime trade, with Banqiao and Zhang Cang Town. 1280, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu ordered the construction of Jiaolai Canal, which took two years to complete the earliest isthmus canal in the world. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, set up Jiaozhou and Pingdu Prefecture. 1372, in order to resist the Japanese pirates, Lingshan Wei was set up on the bank of Lingshan Bay, which governed Jiaozhou Institute, Xiahezhai Institute and Lingshan Wei Institute. 1374, the officers and men of Jiankang Institute repelled the Japanese pirates and chased Ryukyu, which effectively dealt a blow to foreign invasion. 1402, Aoshanwei was established in the eastern coast of Jimo today, responsible for Fushan Institute and Xiongya Institute. 1537, the imperial court dredged the Jiaolai Canal and dug the Mahao Canal, which shortened the voyage by more than 700 miles and promoted the development of shipping and commerce.
Initial stage of construction
From 1734 to 1735, Lingshan Wei and Aoshan Wei were abolished, but due to the need of coastal defense, many ports were still docked by the Qing army. 1859, Qingdao port set up a branch of the tax bureau. 1865, the Qing government set up nine East China Sea Customs Offices, branches or agencies in Qingdao today to supervise the entry and exit of ships, trade taxes and other affairs, and the Qingdao port market gradually prospered. 1884, the Sino-French war broke out, and the more France occupied Jiaozhou Bay, the Qing government urgently ordered the port to be under martial law, dispatched 200 soldiers to guard Qingdao Port, and then immediately retreated. 189 1 year, the Qing government decided to fortify JIAOZHOU and built a wooden bridge for the navy pier, which is the predecessor of today's Qianhai trestle. On June 14 of that year, the cabinet of the Qing government issued an imperial edict to approve the fortification of Jiaozhou, which was later determined as the beginning of Qingdao's urban construction. 1892, Gaoyuan Zhang, the company commander of Dengzhou, led his troops to Jiao 'ao and built the company commander's yamen in Qingdao Village. 1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and the generals led troops to participate in the war, and the defense of Jiaoao was stagnant. At the end of 1895, the general troops returned to Jiaoao, continued to build defense projects, and completed the road to Jiaozhou. Qingdao Port has developed into a port town and an important coastal defense place.
1896, the Russian Pacific fleet docked in JIAOZHOU bay under the pretext of wintering, trying to establish a naval base, but failed. In 65438+February of the same year, Germany formally asked the Qing government to lease Jiaozhou Bay, but it was rejected. 1897165438+1October 14. Germany used the Juye religious plan as an excuse to send troops to land and occupy Qingdao Bay. 1On March 6th, 898, China and Germany signed the lease treaty of Jiaoao, leased Jiaoao and its surrounding areas for 99 years, and built the Freeport and Shandong Railway, which set a precedent for western powers to divide their spheres of influence in China. 18991June 12, Kaiser Wilhelm II issued a decree, taking the newly-built urban area in the concession as the capital of the concession and naming it "Qingdao"; In the same month, China Demarcation Commissioner Yu Hepeng and German Demarcation Commissioner Luo Shenda signed the Beach Contract and the Border Contract, and Qingdao was formally born. The government bought and demolished the original villages in China at a high price, and invested a huge sum of money to build a completely German-style modern port city according to its urban planning, which laid the foundation for the urban pattern and architectural style of Qingdao today.
Mainland China in the Republic of China [Editor]
After the Revolution of 1911, the royal nobles and senior officials of the former Qing Dynasty moved to Qingdao, where they planned and implemented the restoration of Guichou and Ding Si, but they all failed. 19 14 in the summer, the Japanese and British allied forces declared war on Germany, and Germany was too busy with the European battlefield in World War I to look east. As a result, the Allied Forces seized the Jiaozhou Bay Concession on 1654381October 7, and then Japan ruled the Jiaozhou Bay area (called Jiaozhou Bay Concession in Japan) through Article 2 1, and its sphere of influence inherited the German concession territory stipulated in the original lease treaty. A garrison command subordinate to the emperor was established. Thousands of Japanese immigrated to Qingdao and invested in Qingdao, and Qingdao began to become an important textile industry base in China. 1919 65438+10. In October, the Paris Peace Conference recognized Japan's rights and interests in Jiaozhou Bay, which triggered the May 4th Movement, and students demanded that Qingdao be returned to me [see 6].
1922 On February 4th, at the Washington Conference, China and Japan signed the Shandong Cold Case Settlement Treaty. 65438+ In February of the same year 10, China officially recovered the leased land in Jiaoao and established the Jiaoao Commercial Port Supervision Office directly under the central government (under the Jiaoao Commercial Port Bureau). Subsequently, the Order of Qingdao Municipality on Implementing Autonomy was issued, and Qingdao Special City was established, making Qingdao the first city in China to be declared as a city by the state in the form of a decree. However, due to the scuffle between warlords and differences among senior officials, the announcement of the autonomy order was postponed. 1925, Zhang Zongchang revoked Jiaoao Commercial Port Supervision Office without authorization and changed Jiaoao Commercial Port Bureau to Shandong Office. 1On April 20th, 929, Nanjing National Government established Qingdao Receiving Commissioner's Office to take over Jiaoao Commercial Port; On July 2nd, Qingdao Special Municipal Government was formally established, directly under the Central Government Executive Yuan [7], and became one of the five municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China before the Anti-Japanese War. 1930, renamed Qingdao, with the same organizational system.
1938 10 year 10/0 day, Japan invaded Qingdao for the second time on the grounds of 1937 Dexian Road Incident, and established Qingdao Public Security Committee, which was subordinate to China People's Provisional Government, and later on1939. 1June, 939, Jimo County and Jiaoxian County were designated as "Greater Qingdao City" in order to implement the urban planning of Qingdao. According to the statistics of 1940, the land area of Qingdao has reached 6052.39 square kilometers. 1In September, 945, the National Government took over Qingdao, which was still a special city and restored its previous territory. From 65438 to 0946, the city was divided into four districts: Taitung, Taixi, Shinan and Shibei, and eight townships: Sicang, Licun, Labor, Labor, xia zhuang, Fushan, Yindao and Xuejiadao. From 65438 to 0947, with the relocation of the naval academy of the Republic of China, Qingdao became an important base of the navy of the Republic of China. At the end of the year, the land and sea area of the whole city 1377 square kilometers. 1949, because Jinan, the capital of Shandong province, was occupied by the People's Liberation Army, the Shandong provincial government moved the capital and sent it to Qingdao. In June, affected by the civil war situation in China, the troops of the National Government 1 1 appeasement area were ordered to leave Qingdao.
* * * Contemporary China
1On June 2nd, 949, China People's Liberation Army captured the downtown area of Qingdao, and Qingdao was reduced to a prefecture-level city, which was under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province, and its territory was greatly reduced. 1950, after the Korean War broke out, Qingdao launched patriotic education to resist US aggression and aid Korea, and sent volunteers to the DPRK medical team and condolence group to serve at the front line. Citizens raised funds to donate planes and cannons, and the amount of donations ranked among the top in the country. /kloc-0 In the mid-1950s, the central government decided to rebuild the education system. During this period, there were no new universities in Qingdao, but some universities were merged or moved out, which had a negative impact on Qingdao's education and social development. During the Cultural Revolution, Qingdao organized young intellectuals to go to the countryside or support the frontier. By the end of 198 1 20,000, it has made great contributions to the social development of the surrounding areas.
197865438+On February 23rd, Jiaonan County, Jiaoxian County and Jimo County were assigned to Qingdao. On August 30th, 1983, Pingdu County and Laixi County were assigned to Qingdao. At the beginning of the reform and opening up from 65438 to 0984, Qingdao became one of the national 14 coastal open cities, and its economy began to recover. 1985, in order to solve the serious water supply crisis in Qingdao since 1970, the State Council approved the Yellow River Diversion Project, which started in the following year. The water supply of 1989 ended the history of residents' limited water supply, industrial and agricultural shutdown or semi-shutdown. 19861June15th the State Council approved Qingdao to become a city under separate state planning. From 1990 to 12, all six former suburban counties were removed from counties to set up cities (districts), and Qingdao became the first second-tier urban agglomeration in China. 1992, the municipal government decided to develop the east, and then the municipal administrative center moved eastward, and the construction of the new urban area in the east began. 1994, Qingdao was listed as one of the national 15 sub-provincial cities.
In March of 20001year, the municipal government decided to shift the economic focus to the west coast. On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2007, the municipal party Committee formally put forward the strategic concept of "protection and development around the bay" to turn Qingdao, a city born of Jiaozhou Bay, into a real "city around the bay" and promote the further upgrading of industrial structure. In August and September, 2008, Qingdao, as a partner city of Beijing, hosted the 29th Summer Olympic Sailing Competition and the 3rd Summer Paralympic Games. On April 23, 2009, a military parade to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Navy was held in Fushan Bay, Qingdao, Yellow Sea. In September of the same year, the General Assembly of the International Horticultural Producers Association decided in principle that Qingdao would hold the 20 14 World Horticultural Exposition. 1 1 In June, Qingdao signed the confirmation of the right to host the 20 14 World Horticultural Exposition, and the undertaking of the World Horticultural Exposition officially started. 165438+1On October 30th, the foundation stone was laid for Qingdao Metro, and Qingdao's 22-year subway dream officially entered the concrete implementation stage.
201July 16, German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited China, and the Ministry of Commerce of China and the German Ministry of Economy and Technology signed the Memorandum of Understanding on * * * supporting the establishment of Sino-German Ecological Park, and the two sides decided to support the establishment of Sino-German Ecological Park in Qingdao Economic and Technological Development Zone. On June 30th, 20 1 1, Qingdao JIAOZHOU bay bridge and Qingdao JIAOZHOU bay tunnel were completed and opened to traffic, ending the history of "no connection between green and yellow" on both sides of JIAOZHOU bay. 201March 17, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of Qingdao Campus of Shandong University. Shandong University, which left Qingdao for 54 years, finally settled in Qingdao again in 20 14.