Word analysis is a speech phenomenon that can enhance the effect of language expression. Based on the three main types of word analysis rhetoric and their rhetorical effects, this paper discusses it with examples in A Dream of Red Mansions.

Metamorphosis, homophonic, meaning and meaning analysis, a dream of red mansions

In the study of A Dream of Red Mansions, especially in the school of Dream of Red Mansions, people often use a very important rhetorical device to interpret this masterpiece, which is word analysis. In recent decades, although some rhetoricians are also interested in word analysis and have done some research, compared with other fields of rhetoric, it is still insufficient. Especially, it is rare to make a special and systematic study on the rhetorical devices of word analysis in China and Four Great Classical Novels. These common rhetorical devices of text analysis are all in contact, but they are rarely written. However, in these masterpieces, the rhetoric of word analysis is a rhetorical phenomenon that cannot be ignored. This paper briefly discusses some commonly used rhetoric in word analysis in A Dream of Red Mansions.

Chen Wangdao put forward in The Origin of Rhetoric that words are tangible, phonetic and semantic. Analyzing the word used from three aspects: formation, sound and meaning, seeing that other words are connected with it in a certain aspect, and then borrowing it to replace or deduce it, is called word analysis. The rhetoric of word analysis is unique to Chinese. Many Chinese characters contain characters, and they are composed of several parts, especially in recognizing characters and pictophonetic characters. The purpose of word analysis is achieved by using the sound, shape and meaning characteristics of Chinese characters. It is a language phenomenon that can enhance the effect of language expression.

1, morphological analysis of characters

Because Chinese characters are not pinyin characters, but pinyin characters, which are composed of different radicals, radicals and components. Deformation is a rhetorical device to change fonts, clutch, increase losses or just borrow fonts, and clutch is the most common. It uses the analyzable characteristics of Chinese characters to increase or decrease the structure (components or strokes) of Chinese characters, so that the original glyph changes and produces another meaning, thus achieving rhetorical effects.

(1) clutch

Clutch is a word parsing technique that decomposes and changes the font structure, recombines it to get new words and constructs temporary new meanings.

Suddenly I saw a picture of a wolf chasing a beautiful woman and wanted to vomit. Its book cloud:

My son is a Zhongshan wolf. If he succeeds, he will be crazy. The golden boudoir is full of flowers and willows, and she goes to Huang Liang with one load. (The fifth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions)

Here, the "Sun" in The Book is divided into "Zi" and "Xi", and then "Zi" and "Xi" are used instead of "Sun". The analysis of disjunctive words can also be used interactively with homophonic and other techniques. If the word "fake" is called "Xibei", it is formed by first changing the word "fake" into "Jia" and then decomposing the word "Jia" into "West" and "North".

(2) Increase losses

Many Chinese characters are single words, which are recombined into a part of a Chinese character to form a new Chinese character. This expression is giving and receiving. This figure of speech is the most common in A Dream of Red Mansions. For example:

Every bird that has never been born knows that it loves to make money next time. Obey the orders of two to three, and cry till Jinling is even worse. (Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions, the fifth time)

This poem, if we scrutinize it carefully, will find its connotation. "Fan" and "bird" are combined into "phoenix" (referring to Wang Xifeng), and "two" and "ling" are combined into "cold"; "Man" and "Wood" are combined into "Hugh". "One person obeys the second order, three people are dull", which implies that Jia Lian's attitude towards Wang Xifeng will change from obedience to indifference to giving up. This is the method of giving up and losing in word analysis rhetoric.

Another example is:

"Roots lotus fragrance, it's really hurt in my life. Since the two places were born alone, the fragrant soul returned to its hometown. " (The fifth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions)

This poem is about Xiangling. "Two places", that is, two "soil", is "Guangxi". "Solitary wood" is "wood". "Lonely tree in two places" is the word "Gui". Cleverly pointed out that since Xue Pan and Xia Jingui got married, Xiangling had a hard time and finally died of abuse. Cao Xueqin hinted at the future fate of some important figures in A Dream of Red Mansions through implicit and euphemistic text analysis.

(3) Form of loan

Because Chinese characters are not pinyin words, but spelling words. It consists of different radicals, radicals and components. It is precisely by using this feature of Chinese characters that Chinese characters are decomposed and separated, thus producing special expression effects. For example:

When Jia Zheng came to see it, it read: Xibei grass is young, and Shuiyue Temple is in charge of monks. It's a pity that a man has many girls and gambles with prostitutes. Unscrupulous children came to handle affairs, and the news came from Guo Rong's house. (A Dream of Red Mansions, back to 93)

"Xibei" is a typical word. Together with "Jia" and "Qin", it refers to Jia Qin, while "Cao" implies a mockery of Jia Qin.

2. Analysis of homophonic words

Homophone analysis mainly refers to replacing related Chinese characters with homophones and homophones, which are generally divided into three forms: borrowing, cutting and double opposition.

(1) Simple homonym, also known as loanwords, mainly refers to the use of homophones or homophones of Chinese characters to replace the original words with homophones or homophones to produce poetry. For example:

As he spoke, (Menzi) took out a copied' official security symbol' from his pocket and handed it to Yucun ... Jia is real, the golden horse of Tang Dynasty. Epang Palace, 300 Li, can't live in Jinling Yishi. The East China Sea is short of white jade beds, and the Dragon King came to invite King Jinling. In good years and heavy snow, pearls are as gold as iron. ..... This door reads: "These four families are all connected, damaged, sharing weal and woe, supporting and sheltering, and taking care of each other. Xue, who killed someone today, is also a "good weather and good snow" Xue. (The fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions)

The homonym "Xue" here reveals the grandeur of the four feudal families "Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue". Another example is:

"This kind of fragrance is made of the essence of exotic flowers and herbs newly born in famous cities, with the oil of various precious trees and pearls, and it is called' Fang Qun pith'." ..... "This tea comes from the fragrant cave in Chunshan, and is boiled with dew on the leaves of fairy flowers. This tea is called' Thousand Red Cave'. " ..... "This wine is made of the core of a hundred flowers and the juice of a million trees, and it is made of the pith of a forest and the milk of a phoenix, because it is called' Wan Yan Tongbei'." (The fifth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions)

The following is Jia Baoyu's experience of sleepwalking in a dreamland. The police fairy brought Baoyu into the room. Baoyu smelled a fragrance and asked what it was, and replied, "It's all flowers"; Take another sip of fragrant tea, ask what it is called, and answer: "Thousand Red Cave"; After another drink, I asked what the name was and replied, "Wan Yan has the same cup." . Obviously, here "Wan Hua", "Qian Hong" and "Wan Yan" refer to all women, while "marrow" is the homonym of "broken", "hole" is the homonym of "crying" and "cup" is the homonym of "sadness". Here, the author implicitly reveals the tragic fate of women in feudal society by using the rhetorical method of borrowing sounds and analyzing words, and points out the profound theme of "peerless beauty makes people sad" Another example is:

Tanchun said with a smile, "We started a poetry club. The first club was incomplete, and everyone was soft-faced, so it was chaotic. ..... Feng said with a smile, "I don't do anything' wet' or' dry'. Can I eat? (The fifteenth time of A Dream of Red Mansions)

"Poetry" and "wet" are homophonic, and words suddenly appear lively and interesting when they change from "poetry" to "wet".

(2) Two sounds used as syncopation are called syncopation. For example:

The red poster reads: "Lord Wu Zhuang, ask my grandparents to pay a New Year call to Jin 'an and Miss Jin 'an. The Spring Festival is full of happiness, glory and peace, promotion and progress, and everything goes well. " (Back to the 53rd Dream of Red Mansions)

According to some scholars' research, Cao Xueqin was born in Tieling, and Heishan Village is the land of Tieling. Is Wu, the head of Heishan Village, from Tieling? According to his family's records and local chronicles, Mr. Meng convincingly proved that Wu's prototype was Wang, the leader of Huangzhuang Wang wasteland in Tieling area during the Kangxi period, and he also had a brother named Wang Jinzhong, who Wu said was the "brother" who managed eight or nine Zhuangzi for the government.

The prototype is Wang, and the novel character is Wu. Why do you know that Wu is the king? But it turned out that Xueqin pulled up the curtain with an ancient voice. There were no pinyin letters in ancient times, so Chinese characters were marked by arc tangent method, also called syncopation, which was expressed by "x × x". Wang, the ancient rhyme is cut, and the rhyme published in Yongzheng four years is cut, and the word "Wang" is Wu. Look at "Wu" again. The ancient rhyme book is "Wang Hu Che" and the word "Wu" is "Wang". "Wu" and "Wang" are contradictory. In this sense, "Wu" is "Wang" and "Wang" is "Wu". Isn't Wu Wang? Think further: Wang, Wu Huangqi. The wild is the wild. This is obviously suggesting to readers that this Heishan village is the king wasteland of Tieling.

(3) Using double opposition is called double opposition. This rhetorical device of word analysis is rare in A Dream of Red Mansions, and it is often used by some later redologists when studying A Dream of Red Mansions.

3. Extended meaning and analysis of words

It refers to the use of polysemy in the sense of Chinese characters, or substitution, or attachment, or evolution, in order to achieve the purpose of personality analysis This figure of speech is often used in the poetry of A Dream of Red Mansions. It analyzes the words used in three aspects: formation, sound and meaning, and sees that other words are connected with it in some way, and then borrows them to replace them or deduces them immediately. Word analysis can change the meaning of words, generate interest and increase language expression ability. "Deriving meanings and analyzing words" is based on meaning, because the similarity or opposition of meanings can be attached through association.

(1) replacement

In other words, this is called substitution. This is common in quoted texts, and it is a way of using synonyms. For example:

"It's natural," said Grandmother Jia. . When he said this, he read: the monkey stood lightly on the treetop. -Give a name to a fruit (Chapter 22 of A Dream of Red Mansions)

Here, "standing on the treetop" and "standing on the treetop" are synonyms, so it is not difficult to guess the riddle given by Jia Mu by replacing "standing on the treetop" with "standing on the treetop". Of course, there is another way to analyze words, that is, borrowing sounds in homophonic analysis, and "standing branches" and "litchi" are homophonic. The answer to this mystery is "litchi". At the same time, the answer "litchi" can be homophonic as "off the branch". Through this method of text analysis, the meaning of Jia's riddle lies in the meaning of the so-called "tree falling down" in the future and the meaning of Jia's parents who are in the highest position. If we use this proverb as a metaphor, she is like an old monkey standing at the top of a tree.

(2) participation

What is involved at will is called involvement. For example:

Baoyu said, "That must be the reason. When I go back and ask who it is, I will teach them a lesson. " Daiyu said, "Your girl should learn a lesson, too. I shouldn't say it in theory. It's a small matter to offend me today. If Miss Bao comes and Miss Bei comes tomorrow, it will be a big deal! " Daiyu said, "It's nothing to offend me today; If Miss Bao comes and Miss Bei comes tomorrow, it will be a big deal. " (The 28th time of A Dream of Red Mansions)

"Miss Bao" is Baochai, and "Miss Bei" does not exist. It is precisely because the words "Bao" and "Bei" are interlinked in meaning that even if they are extended to the law, "Miss Bei" will be attached to "Miss Bao". Laugh at Baoyu for cherishing Baochai on weekdays and regard Baochai as a "treasure".

Another example is:

I saw Baoyu wearing a big bamboo hat on his head and wrapped in hemp fiber. Daiyu smiled unconsciously and said, "Where is the fisherman?" ..... Daiyu said with a smile, "I don't want him. Put it on, and you will become a fisherman in a picture and a play. " When I said it, I remembered that I didn't remember it, and I was connected with Baoyu just now. I regretted it and blushed, so I fell on the table and kept coughing. (Forty-five chapters of A Dream of Red Mansions)

Here, taking advantage of the antagonistic relationship between Weng and Po, we inherited the fisherman above, and blurted out that the fisherman and Po happened to be a pair, suggesting the love relationship between Daiyu and Baoyu, subtly and implicitly depicting Daiyu's psychological activities, which seemed humorous.

(3) Evolution

When expressing the implied meaning, it is full of twists and turns, acting as if it is related but not related, and it must be studied carefully to understand it. This metaphor is called evolutionary word analysis. For example:

The moon is hard to meet, and the colorful clouds are easy to disperse. The heart is higher than the sky, based on this. (The fifth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions)

Tongling jade is as big as a sparrow's egg, bright in color, crisp and wrapped in five-color patterns. (The eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions)

The word came out after the rain stopped, and the word "Qing" evolved. "Caiyun" is a pattern cloud with the word "Wen", which symbolizes the tragic experience of "". The word "if sunny" here is also "sunny", because summer is a harbinger of the weather turning from rainy to sunny; "Ying Run Ru Su" is the word "rain", which should come from Han Yu's poem "Rain Ru Su in Tianjie". "Five-color pattern" contains the word "Wen", because five-color pattern can be called Wen. "Rain" and "Wen" are combined into one, which is the word "Wen". This sentence implies the word "Qingwen Entangled". Another example is:

When I opened it, it was a sweet-scented osmanthus, and below it was a pond. The water in the pond dried up, the mud dried up, the lotus withered and the lotus was defeated. Behind it is a book cloud:

Lotus root is fragrant one by one, and it is really hurt in life. Since the birth of the orphan tree in the two places, the sweet soul has returned to its hometown. (The fifth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions)

This poem is about Xiangling. "Two places", that is, two "soil", is "Guangxi". "Solitary wood" is "wood". "Lonely tree in two places" is the word "Gui". Here, the author implies that since Xue Pan and Xia Jingui got married, Xiangling's life has been very difficult, and finally she was abused to death. The author hints at the future fate of some important figures in A Dream of Red Mansions through subtle and euphemistic text analysis methods.

From the above analysis, we can see that as long as the words are properly analyzed, they can always produce certain rhetorical effects, making the works more tortuous, implicit, humorous or interesting. Rhetorical analysis of words can change the meaning of words, generate interest, enhance the expressive ability of language, and show the author's superb artistic skills in language, which almost disappeared after the 1980s in A Dream of Red Mansions, which undoubtedly shows the artistic level of Cao Xueqin and Gao Ying.

Above, we have analyzed three types of word parsing, which can enhance the expression effect of words and have important reference value for the decoding of the original text, and deserve our attention and exploration.

Main references:

1 Liu Shuo, The Truth of A Dream of Red Mansions [M], Beijing: Huayi Publishing House, 1998.

2 Chen Wangdao, the development of rhetoric [M], Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 200 1.

3 Cai Yijiang, "Appreciation of Poems and Songs in a Dream of Red Mansions" [M], Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company Press, 200 1.

4 Cao Xueqin and Gao E, Collation of Ancient Trees in a Dream of Red Mansions, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2004.