The subject is the problem we want to study and solve. Small-scale projects refer to educational and scientific research that takes the specific problems encountered by teachers in teaching practice as the subject and is completed by individual teachers or several people in cooperation, and can achieve results in a short time. Project research is an essential quality for teachers and an important way to improve teaching quality. Small topic research generally has the following four steps.

I. Selected topics

Topic selection is the key to the research. The subject determines the depth, breadth, significance, content and process of the research. Don't blindly and rashly choose the topic. The general idea is to find the problem-find the information-analyze the problem-determine the topic. There are some misunderstandings in the topic selection: the more fashionable, the better; The more popular, the better; The bigger the better. In fact, being fashionable, popular and big is not necessarily right and good. Small-scale research is characterized by seeking cold from hot, seeking differences from the same, and making a mountain out of a molehill. There are several basic ways to choose a theme:

(1) Choose a topic from the problems and puzzles in education and teaching.

The purpose of small topic research is to solve various specific problems existing in education and teaching. Teachers are in the educational scene every day, which is the origin of educational problems. For example: how to improve the efficiency of students' group cooperative learning; How to improve the efficiency of students' homework; How to make classroom teaching both open and orderly; How to treat the differences between students, etc. Teachers can choose topics from places where they are dissatisfied or need improvement, accumulate them for a long time, dig out problems worth studying and establish their own "problem library".

Faced with many practical problems, which problem should teachers choose as a small topic to study? This should be considered from the value and urgency of the problems worth studying. When a problem becomes difficult, teachers need to analyze the main manifestations and reasons of the problem. Then look up information, learn from other people's experience, and seek solutions to problems. In this way, teachers pay attention to, track and analyze a teaching problem, and this problem can become a topic. If some students can't finish their homework independently, the main performance is that they don't master what they have learned. The solution is to improve students' classroom learning efficiency and cultivate their learning ability, from which a topic can be formed: the study of strategies to promote students to complete their homework independently.

(2) find a topic to communicate.

The discussion and communication between teachers is one of the sources of small topics. Communication can broaden our horizons and let teachers know more about education and teaching. This may cause problems that teachers are not aware of and gradually form small topics.

(3) reflect on the topic in theoretical study.

In reading learning, the most important thing is that teachers should always pay attention to thinking in a targeted way in combination with their own work practice, and interpret and analyze the related problems or experiences in their own work, so that valuable problems or experiences can be gradually clarified in contact and interpretation.

(4) Find the topic from the students' answers.

Teachers should know more about students' reactions, observe their words and deeds, communicate with them more, better discover their real needs, solve problems in education and teaching, and at the same time dig up some unexpected but valuable topics for teachers.

(5) Summarize the subject from the applied research of existing achievements.

The research orientation is mainly to apply other people's research results to their own educational practice. This kind of topic is suitable for young teachers, because it is implemented in education and teaching practice after learning the achievements of others. Generally speaking, teachers should choose topics from other people's achievements that they are interested in, but they must pay attention to operability.

(6) Summing up experience to form a topic.

Teachers combine their own interests, analyze and summarize the teaching experience of self-education, and conduct systematic combing and rational analysis. This will help teachers find their own bright spots and successes in education and teaching, promote teachers' personalized development and form self-education characteristics. This kind of small topic is generally suitable for backbone teachers who have certain teaching practice.

(7) Innovative works students publish topics.

This kind of small project often needs more scientific research methods, which requires higher quality of teachers' education and scientific research, and is more suitable for teachers with certain scientific research ability to choose. The research direction is mainly to discover new laws, explore new methods and expound new relationships.

Second, make plans.

After the topic is determined, the topic is demonstrated first. That is, the significance, content, present situation, benefit and feasibility of the subject are analyzed and studied. Then determine the research objectives, process, content and methods (forming hypotheses) and write a research plan. In the research of small topics, teachers don't have to write detailed and standardized research plans, but they must be clear about their research objectives and contents, and clear about the research process and methods. There should be clear and specific research ideas. Finally, fill in the "evaluation form" of the subject research and report it to the relevant departments for approval.

The project research plan generally includes the following contents: 1. Project description (project name); 2. The significance of the subject (research object and scope); 3. The purpose and significance of the research; 4. The content of the study; 5. Research methods; 6. Research steps; 7. Expected results of the study; 8. Members of the research group and their division of labor; 9. Requirements for budget and equipment conditions.

Third, implement research.

The implementation of project research is the process of practicing research plan and the core part of project research. Teachers should not only clarify the research methods, but also pay attention to the research methods. There are many methods to study educational topics, with special emphasis on literature research, case study and action research. The core of small topic research is action, which is the process of putting research scheme into practice and solving problems. The research process should be substantial and practical. Collect, sort out and save the original data in time. This will become the most vivid and powerful material for teachers to write papers. In the process of education and teaching, we should pay special attention to some meaningful details. The reflection and improvement of details can improve the level of teaching practice. Pay attention to learning while practicing, practicing while learning, and revising repeatedly. Small-scale research should pay attention to dilute the form and pay attention to actual results. Based on teachers' personal characteristics and hobbies, we should focus on solving problems and changing the way of thinking and behavior, and serve daily education and teaching activities and teachers' professional development. Teachers should pay attention to cooperation and communication with colleagues and seek expert guidance when necessary. At the same time, managers should pay attention to the personalization of research operations. Encourage teachers to choose and use appropriate methods and strategies to carry out research according to their own conditions.

Fourth, express the results.

A concluding paper (report) is a summary document of the research process and results. Writing a final paper is an important means to improve the research results of the subject. There are many ways to express the research results of small topics, such as papers, educational narratives, diaries, case descriptions, lesson reports, experience summaries, etc. These methods are simple to operate, supplement teachers' work practice, and can solve the contradiction between work and research well, which is an important carrier of teachers' educational research activities. In fact, in the process of telling the results, teachers can have new experiences, new discoveries, new understandings and new thinking.

The general format of the summary paper is as follows:

Introduction

The introduction is the initial part of the text, and the writing of the introduction should briefly explain the following contents: the source, background, purpose and significance of the research; The contents, methods, processes and stages of the research, as well as the problems that need to be explained in the research.

Text part

The text is the core part of the research report. Its manifestations are diverse and can be determined according to needs. Usually take the following format:

1, problem.

This question is very important in the research report. Why do you want to study this problem (or why do you want to determine this topic)? What is the main background, the research status and the key problems to be solved? What's the innovation? This part answers all these questions. It can be said that whether the project has great value can be judged by asking questions.

The problem mainly includes three points: one is the background, the other is the reason, and the third is the foundation.

2. Design of the study.

The project research design mainly explains the connotation and extension of the project concept, research assumptions, main contents, research objectives, research objects and methods, research guiding ideology and principles, etc.

3. The implementation process of the study.

This part should write out the implementation steps and specific research situation of the research process, and through comparison, analysis, induction and abstract generalization, raise the first-hand materials and perceptual knowledge obtained in the research process to rational knowledge. Fully reflect the progress of research.

4. Research results and analysis.

This part mainly includes the research results, conclusions and analysis. Results should include effectiveness, achievements and achievements. The main purpose of writing this part is to present the research results as objective facts. This part strives to be illustrated with pictures and texts, combining qualitative with quantitative, which is innovative and has certain influence and promotion value.

5. Reflection on the research.

The reflection of the subject research is the last part of the subject research report, which mainly describes what problems have not been solved in the subject research; New unsolved problems in the research; Put forward some ideas and exploratory opinions on the unsolved problems.

Appendix part

Appendices refer to quotations, references and original materials (such as articles, investigation reports, documents, charts, data, questionnaire contents, test topics, etc.). ) attachment.