On the Development of Olympic Movement and Green Olympics

-On the Construction of Beijing's "Green Olympics"

Guquinsi

(Kunming University of Science and Technology Law School, Kunming, Yunnan 650224)

Abstract: With the platform of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Movement has made its own contribution to the environmental protection of mankind in its own way. The construction of "Green Olympics" in Beijing not only enriches and develops the environmental protection concept of the Olympic Movement, but also greatly promotes the urban environmental construction in Beijing. In my opinion, it is necessary to put forward suggestions on building a "green Olympics" and some ideas on building an environmental management model in line with China's national conditions at the level of public participation, so as to promote the development of environmental protection in China.

Keywords:: Olympic Green Olympics suggested environmental management model conception

The "2 1 Agenda" adopted at the Rio Conference devoted a whole chapter *** 1 1 to environmental democracy, including public participation, and held that extensive public participation and real participation of social groups are one of the important conditions for achieving sustainable development. China 2 1 Century Agenda clearly points out: "The way and degree of participation of the public, groups and organizations will determine the process of achieving the goal of sustainable development." From the above two agendas, we can see that both China and the international community highly value the role of social groups and organizations in environmental protection. As an international non-governmental sports organization, the International Olympic Committee has successfully led the modern Olympic movement forward, and at the same time, with its extensive and huge influence, it has actively contributed its own strength to the environmental protection work all over the world by using the broad platform of the Olympic Games. The 2000 Sydney Olympic Games made people all over the world shine, and the concept of "Green Olympics" was widely known, and the world lamented the environmental protection achievements brought by "Green Olympics". China and Beijing successfully bid for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. To this end, the Beijing Olympic bid committee and later the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee solemnly promised to the International Olympic Committee to hold a "green Olympics, high-tech Olympics and people's Olympics" Olympic Games. However, as Beijing is still a developing city and still in the mode of extensive economic, the problems of excessive consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution are still serious. In addition, China's environmental legal system is not perfect, and people's awareness of environmental protection is still very weak. For Beijing, "Green Olympics" is both an opportunity and a challenge.

I. Olympic Development and Green Olympics

As we all know, the modern Olympic movement is a large-scale sports cultural activity with sports competition as the core. Organized and promoted by the International Olympic Committee, it has gone through a hundred years of history. While always pursuing the purpose of "peace, friendship and unity" and advocating the concept of "world family, sports without borders", we will publicize our ideas to the world and actively participate in the activities of the international community by hosting sports activities such as the Olympic Games. When environmental problems become the key issues related to human survival and development, the Olympic Movement takes an active part in environmental protection.

1. The modern Olympic Movement was founded by the French educator Baron Coubertin in 1894. This period is just after the industrial revolution. Despite the large-scale machine production, the scale of human development and utilization of environmental resources is growing, and serious natural resource destruction and environmental pollution problems have appeared in various countries. Some countries, such as Britain, the United States and France, have also formulated a series of separate environmental and resource protection laws and regulations. However, countries have not yet formed an overall environmental concept, environmental science and global environmental resources crisis, and various activities of developing, utilizing, protecting and improving environmental resources are also lacking in close contact and coordination. Baron Coubertin's original intention of establishing the modern Olympic Movement was only to promote people's friendship and world peace. After the 1960s, the awareness of environmental protection began to become a serious social problem that attracted worldwide attention.

2. The 1970s and 1980s were called "Stockholm period" of environmental law. At this time, people of insight in the Olympic movement have long realized the possible harm to the environment caused by the development of sports. 1974, the international Olympic Committee put forward the requirements of environmental protection, but did not form a complete environmental protection policy. The development of environmental protection in Olympic cities depends on their awareness and attention to environmental protection, because the host cities of the Olympic Games have basically never left economically developed countries (except Mexico City in 1968 and Beijing in 2008), and these countries have the consciousness and ability to do some work in environmental protection. Although the strength was limited, it was already valuable at that time. They set an example for later organizers and provided valuable practical experience for the enrichment and development of the Olympic Movement. For example, 1972 Munich Olympic Games put forward the slogan of "healthy competition in a healthy environment", requiring Olympic committees of various countries to plant shrubs in their respective Olympic parks. 1976 In the Montreal Olympic Games, each contestant got a maple sapling from Canada and brought it back to his own country for planting. From 65438 to 0980, the Organizing Committee of Lake Placid Winter Olympics used temporary buildings to reduce the changes to the environment, while the permanent settings were designed from the perspective of long-term use. 1984 los Angeles Olympic games, in order to reduce the impact of environmental pollution on the competition, the municipal authorities have taken a series of measures, such as arranging the marathon in the early morning with less pollution; Use some electric vehicles as competition service vehicles; In order to prevent athletes from lack of oxygen, cars carrying oxygen-making equipment blow on the road while driving; Wait a minute. 1988 Seoul Olympic games to prevent air pollution and reduce coal consumption; In order to improve the water quality, the Hanjiang River has been treated for 8 years.

3. The 1990s, known as the "period of sustainable development", was a period when regional environmental problems and global environmental resources problems broke out intensively. From 65438 to 0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development issued the Brundtland Report, that is, Our Future, which first put forward the idea of "sustainable development". 1In June, 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and five documents, such as Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 2 1 century, Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity and Statement of Principles on Forest Issues, were adopted and signed, which embodied new ideas and implemented the strategy of sustainable development. This congress is also of great significance to the Olympic movement. At the meeting, Mr. Samaranch, then president of the International Olympic Committee, first put forward his own ideas on environmental protection. At the Centennial Olympic Games held in Paris from 65438 to 0994, one of the topics discussed at the meeting was sports and environment, for which the International Olympic Committee established the Sports and Environment Committee. After the meeting, the IOC revised the Olympic Charter in 1996, adding the following statement in the second item (the role of the IOC): "The IOC ensures that the Olympic Games will be held in a friendly environment and encourages the entire Olympic movement to pay attention to the environment in a responsible manner; The IOC will reflect this concern in various events and activities and educate everyone in the Olympic field to realize the importance of sustainable development. " Since then, promoting sustainable development has become one of the fundamental goals of the Olympic Movement, and laid the foundation for the legalization of Olympic environmental protection work. After the Olympic environmental protection clause was written into the Olympic Charter, under the guidance of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Olympic Committee formulated and adopted the Olympic Movement 2 1 Century Agenda, which made an important plan for the global sports community to actively participate in, defend and protect the environment, and provided reference for sports groups at different levels to carry out environmental protection and sustainable development. The International Olympic Committee also issued the far-reaching Rio Declaration at the Rio Conference where this agenda was adopted, demanding that the implementation of Agenda 265438+20th Century of the Olympic Movement be the basis for close cooperation between the United Nations Environment Programme and members of the Olympic Movement. Since then, "environment" has become one of the three pillars of modern Olympic movement after "sports" and "culture", which also marks a milestone leap of modern Olympic movement. During this period, both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics have made remarkable achievements in environmental protection, especially the Lillehammer Winter Olympics in 1994. 1994 The Winter Olympics held in Lillehammer, Norway was hailed as the "most environmentally friendly event" in the history of the Olympic Games. Osmond EULAN SPA01 Spa01(Osmond Eulan Spa01), then the environmental official of the Organizing Committee, said: "We are trying to make this Winter Olympics a third success: sports and culture have long been included in the Olympic Charter, and now we want to add the environment." It can be seen that as early as 1999, before the International Olympic Committee established the environment as one of the three pillars of the Olympic Movement, the Norwegians had already taken the lead.

4.2 1 century can be called "green century", and all sectors of society are advocating "green" as the starting point and "green" as the destination. The concept of "Green Olympics" was first put forward at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. In view of the organizers and contractors of the Olympic Games, the Australian authorities promulgated about 65,438+000 laws on environmental protection and land maintenance during the whole Olympic construction period, which provided legal guarantee for the implementation of the "Green Olympics". Their environmental protection work has been well received by the international community. This Olympic Games is also called the first green Olympics in Olympic history. Although the 2004 Athens Olympic Games is not satisfactory in some places, the work done in traffic and greening is certain. There are still two years before the 2008 Olympic Games, and the eyes of the whole world are turned to Beijing.

Second, Beijing's "Green Olympics" construction

The Beijing Olympic bid committee and the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee promised to the International Olympic Committee that they would hold an Olympic Games with the concept of "Green Olympics, High-tech Olympics and People's Olympics". The so-called "green Olympics" is to organize the Olympic Games with the sustainable development concept of protecting the environment, resources and ecological balance. By hosting the Olympic Games, we will promote the construction of urban environmental protection infrastructure and the improvement of the ecological environment, extensively carry out environmental education activities, and raise public environmental awareness. Let's look at Beijing's "Green Olympics" construction from several aspects.

1.On June 5th, 2003, BOCOG chose to launch the "Green Olympics" campaign in World Environment Day. Firstly, BOCOG's Green Office Guide was formulated according to its own behavior, which made environmental protection requirements for BOCOG's office and daily activities from three aspects: green management, green behavior and green action, including energy saving, water saving, garbage sorting, office equipment selection, newspaper recycling, paperless office and employees' environmental protection behavior. In order to strengthen and standardize the construction management of the Olympic project, the Environmental Protection Guide for the Olympic Project, the Green Construction Guide for the Olympic Project, the Environmental Protection Guide for the Olympic Reconstruction and Expansion Project and the Environmental Protection Guide for the Olympic Land Project have been successively formulated and added to the contract signed with the contractor in the form of supplementary clauses. In the contract with the contracted hotels, the Guide to Environmental Protection of Hotel Services for Beijing Olympic Games has been added, which puts forward the basic requirements of environmental protection such as comprehensive management, resource conservation, pollution prevention, indoor pollution, indoor and catering services, appraisal and acceptance. According to the ISO 1400 1 environmental management standard promoted by the National Organization for Standardization, the Beijing Olympic bid committee established the environmental management system for the 2008 Olympic Games, and officially passed the ISO 1400 1 management system certification on September 29, 2005, covering the green office of BOCOG, event route planning, venue planning and so on.

2. In order to cooperate with BOCOG's work, Beijing Municipal Government has started environmental remediation. Since 1998, Beijing has carried out large-scale environmental pollution prevention and control activities, and implemented a series of measures such as optimizing energy structure, developing and utilizing renewable energy, vigorously developing public transportation, popularizing the use of clean cars, improving urban infrastructure, ecological protection and construction. The formulation and implementation of Beijing Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Objectives and Countermeasures (1998-2002) laid the final foundation for the subsequent environmental protection work. The plan includes measures to prevent and control air pollution, such as introducing natural gas instead of coal, improving automobile emission standards, controlling dust pollution, strengthening drinking water supervision, building urban sewage treatment facilities, and controlling industrial pollution, solid waste pollution and noise pollution. There are 18 local standards that are stricter than the national standards, including Beijing Exhaust Pollutant Emission Standard (Trial), Boiler Pollutant Emission Standard, Gasoline Vehicle Steady Load Pollutant Emission Standard and Vehicle Gasoline Engine Exhaust Pollutant Emission Standard. After the successful bid for the Olympic Games, Beijing announced the Olympic Action Plan, in which the special plan for ecological environment protection formulated a series of pollution prevention measures to realize the promise of "green Olympics". In 2004, Beijing began to implement the second-stage emission standards for newly licensed heavy-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles, formulated and implemented local vehicle fuel quality standards, revised environmental protection standards for construction sites, intensified inspections on illegal activities such as dust pollution on construction sites, scattering of transport vehicles, open burning of wastes, and carried out special inspections on key polluting enterprises such as metallurgy, building materials and electric power. The emission standards of air pollutants from industrial kilns such as building materials and metallurgy were promulgated and implemented, and the green car plan for the 2008 Olympic Games was formulated. The goal is that all cars meet Euro III emission standards, taxis meet the highest emission targets, 90% of bus passengers use CNG clean fuel with low emission targets, and Olympic venues use zero-emission electric vehicles. In order to improve the sound environment in Beijing and effectively prevent noise pollution, Beijing has taken a series of measures. A series of normative documents have been formulated, such as the Notice of Beijing Municipal People's Government on Maintaining Construction Order and Reducing Noise Disturbance from Construction, the Notice on Using Sound Insulation Windows in New Buildings on Both Sides of Our City, and the Notice on Preventing Noise Disturbance from Motor Vehicle Theft Alarm, which have been promulgated and implemented. Wait a minute.

3.BOCOG and Beijing municipal government also actively keep in touch with environmentalists and environmental organizations. During the Olympic bid, the Beijing Olympic bid committee invited more than 20 non-governmental environmental protection organizations to work out an Olympic action plan with the Beijing Municipal Government. After the successful Olympic bid, BOCOG continued to hire famous environmentalists as environmental consultants, participated in the preparation of BOCOG normative documents and work plans, and made suggestions for the preparation of a green Olympics. At the same time, BOCOG cooperated with environmental NGOs in Beijing to exchange experiences in environmental publicity and education. Organize online answering activities to provide an opportunity for the public concerned about the "green Olympics" to participate in and understand the green Olympics; BOCOG also actively participates in supporting the activities of students' environmental protection associations and the publicity and education activities of environmental protection organizations. In addition, BOCOG and Beijing Municipal Government vigorously promote the application of high-tech products and green products.

Third, the legal guarantee of "Green Olympics"

From the above materials, we can see that building a green Olympics is a systematic project, which can not be separated from the careful organization of the Olympic Organizing Committee, the strong support of the government, the extensive participation of the broad masses of the people and legal protection. Any action must be completed within the framework of the legal system, so it is very important to establish and improve the legal system.

1, the Beijing Olympic bid committee promised to the International Olympic Committee that it would strictly abide by the Olympic Charter and the Olympic Movement 2 1 Century Agenda as the highest legal document and action guide of the Olympic Movement, and suggested that the idea of sustainable development should be established as the guiding ideology; Taking "Green Olympics" as the evaluation standard for bidding for the Olympic Games; In order to ensure the smooth progress of Olympic environmental protection work, it is suggested to set up a "green Olympic fund"; Because environmental protection is a global task, and most of the Olympic Games are held in economically developed countries and regions (except for the Mexico City Olympic Games in 1968 and the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008), we should consider holding more Olympic Games in developing countries, which can help the host countries to speed up environmental protection construction.

2. As a large-scale sports event, the Olympic Games will focus on sports, so we must first abide by the basic sports law of the host country. China's basic sports law is the Sports Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted at the 15th meeting of the 8th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on August 29th, 1995 and came into force on August 9th, 1995. Since the promulgation and implementation of this law, it has played a very important role in the development of sports in China. However, due to the rapid development of China's sports industry in more than ten years, the sports-related sports industry has grown year by year and has occupied an important position in China's tertiary industry. The content of the current sports basic law obviously lags behind the actual development needs, especially after Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games, the demand for the corresponding basic law is more urgent. It is necessary to establish the guiding ideology of sustainable development and supplement the green in the current Sports Law of the People's Republic of China. Clarify the environmental protection function and task of modern sports, and put forward feasible requirements for environmental protection in sports activities.

3. Since China began to try to commercialize and professionalize sports in the 1990s, there have been more and more economic behaviors in the field of sports, and environmental pollution, ecological destruction and resource waste have become increasingly serious, including the impact of sports on the environment. (1) Impact of sports on the atmospheric environment: In the competition activities of motorcycles, automobiles, motorboats, airplanes and other machinery, the exhaust gas emitted by machinery will cause air pollution to the surrounding environment; In some competitions, the audience is concentrated and there are many people, which leads to the decline of air quality in competition venues; (2) Impact on water environment: The development of water sports such as swimming, boating, paddling, motorboat, sailing and windsurfing will directly affect the water environment of secondary pollutant, and some will have an impact on the water ecological environment; (3) Noise pollution: It mainly comes from the roar of mechanical motors such as automobiles, airplanes, motorcycles and motorboats, and the shouts and loudspeakers of spectators when watching the game. Switzerland refused to participate because of the deafening roar of the world Formula One car. (4) Waste of natural resources: Artificial ski resorts and artificial swimming pools (gyms) will waste a lot of water resources; (5) Impact on the ecological environment: frequent mountaineering activities make the snow line of the snow-capped mountains rise, and excessive diving activities will have an impact on the underwater ecological environment. Therefore, strategic environmental assessment system and environmental impact assessment system should also be established in the field of sports.

Because the Olympic Games can't be frequented frequently, but the environmental protection work will continue. "Green Olympics" can make Beijing's urban environmental protection plan completed three years ahead of schedule, which shows its role. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an environmental management mode based on the "Green Olympics" mode, that is, a "green sports" operation mode with humanity as the basis, science and technology as the means, green as the purpose, government as the support and law as the guarantee. Please refer to the State Environmental Protection Administration and the State for specific operations.