From Comrade Deng Xiaoping's proposal that science and technology are productive forces, and then strengthened into primary productive forces, to the central government's clear transformation of economic growth and development mode, it mainly depends on scientific and technological progress and the improvement of labor quality, and then to the establishment of the policy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. Since the reform and opening up, from top to bottom, the central government to local units and individuals have attached unprecedented importance to science and technology and adopted a series of principles, policies and measures to implement it. However, for more than 20 years, the way of economic growth and development has not fundamentally changed, and the separation of science and technology from the economic system has not been completely solved. The vast number of enterprises have not become the main body of technological innovation, and economic growth and development mainly rely on the input of a large number of resources and the support of cheap labor. In recent years, the Outline of Medium-and Long-term Science and Technology Planning and the Outline of the Eleventh Five-year Plan for Economic and Social Development, which focus on the goal of realizing a well-off society in an all-round way in 2020, have once again raised the development of social economy by relying on science and technology to a new height. Why is this happening? The reason is of course complicated. The science and technology conference held in early 2005 clearly put forward the goal of building an innovative country. However, the key to put forward this goal and determine whether the corresponding policies and measures can fundamentally change the above situation lies in whether the problem can be identified and the right medicine can be given. There has been a lot of discussion on this aspect, and this paper is not prepared to make a comprehensive analysis, but there is a problem that has been analyzed by some scientists and technical experts, but it has not attracted much attention, especially the attention of high-level officials. This is the difference between technology. All the above slogans, objectives, principles and policies put science and technology together and form a solid concept. It seems that science and technology are the same thing, and science and technology are often abbreviations. In some places, such as "rejuvenating the country through science and education", this is how to interpret the word "science and education". Actually, science and technology are two different things. The word science and technology was coined by China people, and there is no equivalent in English. Confusion of science and technology has caused quite serious consequences, hindering their respective development and progress, especially the combination of science and technology and economy, which has affected the development of innovation. Without solving this problem (of course, there are many other problems to be solved), rejuvenating the country through science and education and an innovative country cannot be realized. This paper intends to discuss this. I the relationship between science and technology-connection and difference 1. Concepts and processes. Technology has existed since ancient times. Generally speaking, science is the process and result of human's exploration of nature (later including society and human itself) and the pursuit of law (truth). Its process is a scientific research activity and its result is a scientific theoretical system. Technology is a method and means for human beings to transform nature to meet the needs of life (from simple food, clothing, housing and transportation to later complex social needs). Its method is skill, and its means is tool. Yu Li Rufeng? Carmen said that science is to explore what already exists, and technology is to create what does not yet exist (to the general idea), or that science pursues discovery and technology pursues invention. From ancient times to modern times, science and technology are basically carried out independently, and there is not much connection between them. There are two completely different kinds of people engaged in scientific and technological activities. Science is not the theoretical basis of technology (of course, technical measures and tools should objectively conform to scientific principles, but there is no direct connection with the scientific theoretical system that human beings have discovered at that time), and scientific exploration activities are largely labor that scientists can complete without relying on more technical means. On the other hand, technology does not provide a means for scientific activities, and people engaged in technology do not seek scientific support, nor do they have the ability to understand the scientific theories that have been formed at that time. Because mastering and owning technology is a means to make a living, some progress in technology can often bring about great improvement in productivity (for example, from Paleolithic to Neolithic, when there was no science at all), so after the formation of human society, technology and productivity, technology and economy have always been closely linked and interdependent. However, there is no direct relationship between scientific activities and productivity. Except for some cases (mainly the observation of natural phenomena), on the whole, scientific discoveries cannot directly improve people's lives. Therefore, only when the productive forces develop to a certain stage and people's labor achievements meet their most basic needs (including food, clothing, housing, reproduction and continuation of race) and there is a certain surplus, from a social point of view, it is possible that a small number of people can not engage in direct productive labor, but specialize in management (which later developed into a ruling group), and among them, a small number of people engage in scientific activities, while the latter have mastered certain scientific and cultural knowledge, in their own. A large number of people engaged in technical activities form a group of craftsmen. They don't have much cultural knowledge and rely on personal experience and guidance to continue and develop technology. Although their living conditions are relatively superior to those of ordinary workers, they belong to the broad working class as a whole. Great changes have taken place in science and technology from modern times to modern times. Due to the development of productive forces and social progress, more and more people are engaged in science, and a large number of scientific discoveries have emerged, gradually forming a theoretical system. According to different research objects, scientific classification has formed a discipline system, the number of scientists has increased, independent groups with a certain scale have formed in society, and different academic groups have formed according to disciplines. On the other hand, science has gradually entered a new field, from the macro world of the universe to the micro world of material structure, from the inorganic world to the organic world to the human body itself. Exploration is becoming more and more difficult, and the means needed are becoming more and more complicated. It is difficult to accomplish it by the individual ability of scientists, but it needs the systematic support of technical means (tools and instruments). With the continuous development of human theory and exploration ability, science education came into being. On the other hand, craftsmen engaged in technology have gradually formed groups and formed various guild organizations according to different fields. With the increasing scale of human production and the increasing complexity of technical means, it is no longer enough to rely solely on personal experience from tools to equipment. It is necessary to sum up experience and turn it into theory, and the adopted mentoring method is far from meeting the requirements, resulting in the germination of modern technical education. Some craftsmen gradually become engineers, but craftsmen (technicians) still exist in large numbers. At the same time, technology gradually rose to theory, and people began to seek the support of scientific theory as the basis of technological development to avoid detours in the process of technological exploration; On the other hand, technology also provides the necessary means for scientific development. As a result, the relationship between modern science and modern technology, as well as the relationship between scientists and engineers, academic groups and engineering and technical organizations has gradually been established and gradually become closer. However, the close contact has not eliminated the differences between them, and even blurred the boundaries between them. Science and technology are still two independent fields. Scientific theory does not necessarily have practical use, and technological inventions do not necessarily have a scientific theoretical basis. A lot of things have been made, but there are still many things that are not clear in theory. If one thing must be thoroughly understood in theory before it can be done, then probably nothing can be done. Medicine is an obvious example. 2. Science As mentioned above, the purpose of science is to explore all kinds of things in the objective world and seek their laws. Therefore, the basic motivation for people to engage in scientific activities is human desire to explore the truth and personal curiosity and interest. Many scientific discoveries are often made by accident, and it seems that they can be met but not sought. If scientists do not have a strong interest, or even forget to eat and sleep, it is often difficult to make a real discovery. The stories of many great scientists illustrate this point. Of course, most people engaged in scientific activities may not be able to reach this level, so big scientific discoveries are relatively rare. Science is to seek laws, so we should get to the bottom of it, and don't cling to a loophole. Its basic method is reductionism, that is, layer-by-layer analysis, and the basic principle is understood by dividing the smallest category. In scientific activities, the rigor of logic is the key, and in the development of science, the struggle against superstition and theism is an important content. There is no direct relationship between science and economic development. Science does not form direct productive forces, but major scientific discoveries may stimulate the emergence of new major technologies, which may have a major impact on human economic and social development in the long run, whether it is physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience or biology. Mathematics is a tool for all kinds of scientific research and technical research. Although some propositions have nothing to do with the real world, they have obvious influence on thinking science and methods. Because there is no direct connection between science and real social life, it is difficult to evaluate its results according to its actual effects. Its basic evaluation method is peer recognition, that is, peer review in the same subject field. The important criterion used in peer review is repeatability, that is, whether the results you publish can be repeated by others. In order to let the peers know, the discoverer must make his discovery public, that is, publish it. On the other hand, because scientists work independently in different posts, some discoveries are often made by many people in similar time, and who is the first discoverer becomes a key issue, so it should be published as soon as possible after discovery. When people evaluate, they look at the publication time, not the actual production time, because the former is infallible, while the latter is often said by the discoverer himself, and others can believe it or not. As can be seen from the above, the discoveries of scientists in one country are found all over the world. Therefore, it can be said that scientific discovery is the achievement of all mankind, and science knows no borders. However, there are many scientific discoveries in different countries, large and small, and the scientific level is obviously different. When comparing the scientific level of different countries, the quantity and quality of published papers can be used as an important indicator. 3. technology. Technology is a method and means to transform nature, and its purpose is to create new things to meet the needs of human society. The fundamental motivation for people to engage in technological activities is to pursue interests. Because technology can improve productivity, improve product quality, improve production conditions, manufacture new products or build new facilities, objectively create new wealth for society, and subjectively gain benefits for people and organizations engaged in technology, engaging in technical activities is of course driven by personal interests, but basically it is more a means for people to make a living and make profits, so it has obvious utilitarianism. To be effective, technology is to make things, so its basic method is practice. It is good to have theoretical guidance, but without theoretical guidance, it is equally important to rely on many times of practice to achieve practical results. It can even be said that there is no theory to rely on practical exploration, which is a broader practice. Many new inventions often have to go through dozens or even hundreds of experiments to succeed. On the other hand, because practical things are complicated and involve all aspects, it is impossible to exclude all secondary factors to prove the principle like scientific activities, but all factors must be taken into account, so technical activities need comprehensive methods and abilities. The role of technology lies in improving productivity and promoting economic development. Therefore, if science and technology are productive forces, then technology is direct productive forces. Technology is closely related to economy and material production. In other words, technology is the endogenous factor of economy. In modern society, economic development must mainly rely on science and technology, which is also the true meaning of "the first productive force" and "changing the mode of economic growth". On the other hand, technological activities must be aimed at improving productivity and developing economy. Without this purpose, technology is meaningless. Therefore, the basic evaluation method of technical activities is to look at the actual effect, see what role it plays in improving productivity, and see what economic effect it has (of course, it should also include the impact on the ecological environment, that is, possible negative effects and other factors). In addition, there are no other evaluation criteria. Because technology involves the interests of its owners (individuals and organizations), technology, especially new technology, is often private and undisclosed, so it is difficult to get peer evaluation before it produces obvious effects, and it is not necessary for others to evaluate it after it produces actual effects. Therefore, the evaluation of technology is mainly market and application. 4. contact. As mentioned earlier, since modern times, there has been a relationship between science and technology, and the relationship has gradually become close, mainly in two aspects: technical science-many modern technologies have scientific foundations, but science is divided according to its exploration objects, such as natural science and social science, and natural science is divided into organic to inorganic, macro to micro, universe to particles, etc., and its disciplinary system has been constructed. On the other hand, technology is divided according to the categories of things it wants to create, such as energy, transportation, machinery, electrical appliances, information and communication. , and built into the professional system, the two do not correspond. Therefore, when constructing the scientific basis of technology, there needs to be a transformation, that is, combining the related contents of natural science corresponding to a technology to form a new scientific theory, such as energy science, mechanics, informatics and so on. This is not a discipline in the original sense, but a discipline built according to the specialty, which is called technical science. Modern technical science has formed a huge system at different levels. Scientific engineering-Modern science needs complex technical support, including all kinds of large-scale equipment, instruments, tools and methods, such as supercomputers and large accelerators. For some large-scale scientific research and exploration projects, special engineering projects are needed to support them, such as the famous Manhattan project and Apollo project in history, the current Chinese lunar exploration project, manned space flight project, ITER project in which China participated, etc. These projects are not in the general sense, because they are not aimed at directly generating economic benefits and cannot be evaluated by the market, so they are called scientific projects. If you want to make great discoveries in the development of contemporary science, you can't do it without these big scientific projects. They will have a long-term impact and reflect the national strength. Despite the close relationship mentioned above, science and technology are still two different categories, and the fundamental difference between them mentioned in the previous sections has not changed. At present, many scientific discoveries have not been found to have current practical uses, and not all technologies have sufficient scientific basis.