First of all, we should study and judge the period of ancient floods. According to historical legends, the floods in ancient China mainly occurred in Fuxi, Nuwa, and other girls and girls, as well as in Yao, Shun, Gun and Yu periods. One question here is, did the above floods occur in three different periods or at the same time? The second question is, when did they happen, how long did they last, to what extent, and to what extent?
Obviously, solving the above problems involves the research and judgment of the causes of ancient floods. According to historical legends, there are three main reasons for floods:
1, Raining cats and dogs, Huainan Su Xun: "Raining cats and dogs makes people gather land to accumulate wages and choose hills." From today's point of view, when the atmospheric circulation changes, the rainfall increases sharply, exceeding the carrying capacity of the original water system, thus causing floods on both sides of the river.
2, water retrograde, "Mencius Teng Wengong Xia": "Yao Shi, water retrograde, flooding in China, snakes and dragons live in it, houses have no fixed place, under the nest, on the camp." China is high in the west and low in the east, and the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yangtze River all enter the sea from west to east. So the so-called "water retrograde" means that the river flows backwards. The author once pointed out that this was a transgression phenomenon more than 20 years ago, that is, the sea level rose, which led to the westward invasion of the coastline. According to relevant research, the transgression that occurred after the end of glaciers 10,000 years ago was worldwide. In China, this transgression reached its peak 7,400 years ago, and the coastline invaded westward at the foot of Taihang Mountain. The story of the goddess mending the sky and managing the water, the story of Jingwei filling the sea, the story of Gong Yu moving mountains (transporting stones to the coast of Bohai Sea), the story of workers knocking down Zhoushan and causing great destruction of heaven and earth, and the vicissitudes of idioms all involve the above-mentioned changes in the natural environment.
3. Man-made, the perpetrators are * * * workers. "History of Taoism": "* * The public, the duke of Tai Hao, was unscrupulous and arrogant in the last years of Tai Hao, claiming that water virtue is water auspicious, also known as chaos, so it spread to Jizhou, and Jizhou said that it was the chaos of Nu Wa replacing Ping." "Astronomical Training of Huainanzi" records that * * * workers fought with Zhuan Xu for the emperor, knocking down Mount Buzhoushan, causing the sky to fall to the northwest and sink to the southeast, causing floods. "Jing Xun in Huainan Ziben" clearly records: "At the right time, * * * workers shook the flood to empty the mulberry, the Longmen was not opened, the Lvliang was not sent, the Jianghuai River flowed, the world was in chaos, and the people all went to the mountains and trees." According to Shan Hai Jing, Xiang Liu, the minister of industry, caused a flood and was killed by Yu. The author believes that the above records recorded the changes of human living environment caused by floods, which triggered ethnic migration and its conflict wars.
The perpetrators are Chiyou people. Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing: "Some people wear Tsing Yi, which is called Huangdi Nuwa. Chiyou fought against the Yellow Emperor, who made Ying Long attack the wild land of Jizhou. Ying Long livestock water, Chiyou please Fengbo, rain division, longitudinal wind and rain. Emperor Huangdi said that when the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. I can't go back, and it won't rain. Uncle is the emperor, and the rear area is north of Chishui. Uncle is Tianzu. People who want to drive away and die say, "God goes to the north!" " "Get rid of waterways first, and then get rid of ditches. "
In the author's opinion, the story that * * * workers shook the flood and Chiyou invited the rain master from Fengbo to ride the wind and waves recorded the changes of human living environment brought by the flood, which triggered the great migration of residents in the disaster-stricken areas, and then triggered ethnic conflicts and wars.
According to the above records, floods have lasted for thousands of years (including continuous floods, such as transgression; And sudden floods (such as torrential rain, tsunami, mountain torrents caused by melting ice and snow), in which the historical event of Dayu's water control occurred in the late period of ancient floods, and its main project was to dredge rivers and drain accumulated water to restore or expand the area of cultivated land, usable land and livable land. In view of this, if you want to find the remains of Dayu's water control today, the most promising place is in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the most promising place is the Yellow River channel with some special terrain.
198 1 The third series of China ancient history published the author's paper "Ancient Legends of China and Changes of Natural Environment". This paper holds that the Guimenguan ditch in Sanmenxia of the Yellow River was dug by Dayu during the flood control, and broad jade traces may be found in Sanmenxia area. The main basis is the cultural accumulation of Yangshao period and Longshan period on Guimen Island. If Guimen in that period was a river, it would be very unsuitable for human beings to live on Guimen Island. Second, the appearance of ghost gate canal is conducive to straightening the Yellow River in Sanmenxia and improving the circulation here; Third, the riverbed of Ghost Gate is more than ten meters shallower than Shenmen Gate and Renmen Gate, indicating that Ghost Gate was formed at the latest. Fourth, there are rich stories about Dayu's flood control in the local area. Fifth, increasing the discharge of Sanmenxia will help to eliminate stagnant water in the Hetao area of the Yellow River and the lower reaches of Weihe River and Fenshui River, which are the richest agricultural areas in northern China in ancient times.
In fact, Sanmenxia Reservoir, which was built in the late 1950s, caused the water level of Anwei River to rise, and the farmland in coastal areas was salinized in a large area, so the water level of the reservoir had to be lowered. What's more, the construction of Sanmenxia Reservoir has seriously damaged the original landforms of Ghost Gate, Shenmen Gate and Renmen Gate, which has added many difficulties for us to further investigate Dayu's water control relics in Sanmenxia area today.
Second, go! Looking for the pyramids of China
In addition to some man-made changes in rivers and riverbeds (including changes in mountain shapes on both sides of rivers), we can also look for other clues, such as the residence, tools and relics of the builders in those days, and we can also look for other large-scale engineering relics related to water control, including pyramid-shaped buildings, such as the Imperial Terrace and Jishi Mountain recorded in Shan Hai Jing.
1, emperor's platform
Overseas North Classics: "I * * * called the prime minister Liu, and I ate nine poems in 1993. When Liu arrived, he was named Zexi. To kill Xiang Liu is bloody and can't grow grains. Yu Jue, three years old and three years old, thought it was the emperor's platform. North of Kunlun and east of Li Rou. Xiang Liu, nine faces, snake body and green. Dare not shoot north, afraid of the stage of * * *. Taiwan Province is in its east. On all sides of the platform, there is a snake in the corner, tiger color, facing south. "
"Wild North Classic": "The minister of * * workers is called Xiang Yao, and nine snakes are self-winding, feeding on nine soils, and their vomit is the source, which is not bitter but bitter, and all animals can't. The flood in Yu Yan, which killed Xiangyao, was bloody and smelly, unable to produce grain, and its land was watery and uninhabitable. Yu Yan, who lives in three places, thought it was a pool, and the emperor thought it was a platform, north of Kunlun. "
Haibei Jing: "Yao Di Station, Di Ku Station, Didan Zhutai Station and Shun Di Station each have two stations, which are in the northeast of Kunlun."
According to the above records, during Dayu's flood control, many quadrangular pyramid buildings were built, which were named Yao Di Terrace, Di Ku Terrace, Didan Bamboo Terrace, Shun Di Terrace and * * * Terrace respectively. The so-called "two stops each" may mean that they have a two-layer structure and belong to a stepped pyramid, similar to the early Egyptian pyramids and the American pyramids.
In addition, "Great Northern Wilderness" also recorded the platform of * *: "Those who attach Kunming Mountain have * * *, and shooters dare not go north." "Wild West Classic" records Xuanyuantai: "With Xuanyuantai, shooters dare not shoot Xixiang for fear of Xuanyuantai." They may have been built before the Imperial Terrace built by Dayu during the flood control.
The above-mentioned imperial pyramid in the early summer is located in the north of Kunlun (Xuanyuantai may be above Kunlun Mountain). According to the author's textual research, the Kunlun Mountain recorded in Shan Hai Jing is in the Ordos Plateau south of the Yellow River Hetao today. Therefore, the battlefield between Yu and Xiang Guo Liu and the construction site of Emperor Tai were located on the Hetao Plain of the Yellow River at the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia (formerly known as wetland).
2. Jishishan
According to ancient legends, a major project of Dayu's water control is to build Jishi Mountain. "Shan Hai Jing Overseas North Jing" says: "The mountain of accumulated stones is in the east of the country, and water enters it." "Yebei Jing" said: "There is a mountain in the wild, named Mountain, which meets the first threshold, and the river enters, and Haibei pays attention to it. There is a mountain in the west called the residual stone. " "Haixi Jing" said: "The river flows from the northeast corner to the north, southwest into the Bohai Sea, and then overseas, that is, from west to north, into the Jishi Mountain."
The so-called Jishishan is a kind of stone dam that intercepts water flow or adjusts water level. This is a great invention of our ancestors, and the most successful example is Dujiangyan water conservancy project, which is still playing a role today. If Dayu once built a stone dam on the Yellow River when he was controlling water, the most likely place is in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, and many places may build stone dam water conservancy projects of different scales. Because even after the collapse of the stone dam, there will still be relics and remains, so we hope to find the Jishishan in today's Yu era.
3. Other ancient large buildings
There are seven famous buildings (including statues) around the ancient Mediterranean, which are called the seven wonders of the world by Europeans (in fact, the so-called world by Europeans only refers to the Mediterranean and its surrounding areas for a long time, because they know too little about the Pacific Ocean). In fact, there were many large buildings in ancient China, many of which were wonders of the world. This paper only introduces the capital, altar, observatory and imperial tomb in the pre-Xia period recorded in Shan Hai Jing.
"West Sutra on the Sea": "The sea Kunlun is empty, in the northwest, under the emperor. Kunlun Mountain is 800 li high, while Wan Ren is high. There are trees and grass on the ground, and it is five times long and five times big. There are nine wells on the surface, and jade is the threshold. There are nine doors on the surface, which are guarded by enlightened beasts. Where is God? On the occasion of Baguayan and Chishui, those who are not kind will not go to Ganggangyan. "
The Three Classics of Wuzangshan recorded that Kunlun Mountain was the imperial capital, but it did not describe the architectural scale and form of the capital of the Yellow Emperor. In contrast, Xijing in Hainan said that "the capital under the emperor" was built on the high Kunlun Mountain, where there were jade railings and nine gates, and enlightened beasts stood in the east of the gates. The geographical notes of Han and Tang Dynasties and the river map cover the ground: "The twelfth floor of five cities in the west of Kunlun Mountain, the river flows out, with four dimensions and many jade." "Notes on Water Classics and Rivers" quoted ten countries as saying: "Kunlun Mountain is triangular, with one corner due east, and it is called Kunlun Palace. There is a gold mine in it, which is a heavenly city with thousands of miles. There are five golden platforms and twelve jade buildings on the city. " "China Wilderness Classic Wonder Book" says: "There are copper pillars on Kunlun Mountain. Its high into the sky, the so-called Tianzhu also; Three thousand miles around, like a knife. " This Tianzhu was immediately exaggerated by harmony. The ancient novel "Hook Shen" series "Xuan Zhong Ji" said: "There is a mountain in the northwest of Kunlun Mountain, which comes back to Wan Li every Wednesday and is surrounded by giant snakes. This snake is the one with a length of nine Wan Li. Snakes live in this mountain and eat the sea. " The mountain may be Table Mountain, and the snake may be Candle dragon's imagination.
About the description of the capital of the Yellow Emperor, Huainanzi Terrain Training is the most detailed. After conquering the flood, the Kunlun market was excavated on a large scale, including Zengcheng No.9 Middle School, with 440 gates. If you open the north gate, bad wind will blow into the city; There are palaces, revolving rooms, county gardens, breezes, fan tong, sparse gardens and fresh water in the city. Qingfeng Mountain is above Kunlun Mountain, and the breeze is in Shan Ye Hanging Garden. Then you can become a god and live in the sky with Taidi.
There are two records in Mu Biography: "There are auspicious days in my heart, Tian Zi rose to Kunlun Mountain to see The Yellow Emperor's Palace, and Feng Yilong was buried for posterity." After the sacrifice in Kunlun Mountain, Zhou Muwang sent someone to guard the palace of the Yellow Emperor, climbed the Chong (Spring) Mountain and wrote it in the hanging garden. Accordingly, there was a site of the capital of the Yellow Emperor at that time (before 2900), and we still have hope to find it today.
"Hainei Jing": "Nine hills, water company. These names are: Tangtao Mountain, Shushu Mountain, Mengying Mountain, Kunyu Mountain, Heibai Mountain, Wangchi Mountain, Shenwei Mountain, Wufushan Mountain and Shenmin Mountain. There are trees, green leaves and purple stems, and Xuanhua Huangshi, named Jian Mu, has no branches. There are nine, and there are nine groves below. In fact, it is like hemp, its leaves are like awns, and it is big. The Yellow Emperor did it. " Among them, there may be large man-made buildings like Kunlun Mountain in places named after people.
There are several shrines and shrines in The Classic of Mountains and Seas, the most famous of which are the Imperial Terrace and the Adult Hall. "Wild East longitude": "There are birds with abundant grains, which abandon sand in their hometown. Di Jun is the only friend. When the emperor goes down to the second altar, birds gather as teachers. " Obviously, the emperor's platform is an altar. According to the author's textual research (refer to the full map of mountains and seas), the song and dance activities here are related to the reproductive worship of "Xuanniao going to business" and its marriage customs. "Wild East longitude": "There are valleys and mountains, and there is a country of adults. There is a city for adults, called the Adult Hall. An adult put it on it and opened his ears. " The so-called adult temple should be a temple in which a statue of an "adult" is enshrined.
It is particularly noteworthy that the Classic of Mountains and Seas records many astronomers and places where they engage in astronomical witchcraft activities. For example, the sun and the moon enter and leave twelve famous mountains, among which Wild East longitude records that the sun and the moon enter and leave six famous mountains. From southeast to northeast, there are Dayan Moutain, He Xiushan, Star Mountain, Tianshan Giant Lingshan, Yitian Sumen Mountain and heming Jijun Mountain in turn. Correspondingly, Xiye Jing describes six mountains where the sun and the moon enter, namely (from northwest to southwest) Fengju Yumen Mountain, Longshan Mountain, Sun and Moon Mountain, Yao Ju Mountain, Changyang Mountain and Big Barren Mountain. In addition, Xiye Jing also records that there is a mountain where the sun and the moon go in and out, that is, Fangshan Mountain, and there are pine cabinets (the earliest standard table) on the mountain, which together constitute a spectacular astronomical observation array.
At the same time, The Classic of Mountains and Seas also records many emperors' tombs in the pre-Xia period and their rich funerary objects, among which the tombs of Emperor Zhuan Xu and Emperor Jiu 'an are the most spectacular. Overseas North Classics: "On Fengjiao Mountain, Emperor Zhuan Xu was buried in Yang, and his ninth wife was buried in Yin. There are bears, scorpions, Hu Wen, pears and bamboos, Qiujiu and meat. " "Wild North Classic": "Outside the Northeast Sea, in the wild, between rivers, there are mountains with plenty of money, and emperors Zhuan Xu and Jiuyi are buried. There are Qiujiu, Wenbei, Li Yu, Luan Bird and Huang Bird, big and small. There are bluebirds, wolf birds, mysterious birds, yellow birds, tigers, leopards, bears, yellow snakes, carnivores, noble roses and Yaobi, all on the mountain. Ask Fiona Fang 300 Li, Qiu Nan Dijun Bamboo Forest, you can take a boat. There is red water in the south of bamboo, which is famous for its abundant source. There are three mulberry trees without branches. There is a deep garden in Qiuxi, and Zhuan Xu bathes. "
"Yenan Jing": "There is a mountain. There are mountains all over the sky in the South China Sea, and Chishui is poor. To the east of Chishui, there is the wilderness of Cangwu, and there are Shun and Shu burials. There are Wenbei, Li Yu, Qiu Jiu, Eagle, Jia, Wei, Bear, Yi, Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Wolf and Meat. " "Emperor Yao, Di Ku and Emperor Shun were all buried in Yueshan. There are wenbei, qiujiu, eagle, bear, yi, tiger and leopard; Zhu Mu, Chizhi, Tsinghua, Xuan Shi. There are mountain people. " Hainei Jing: "The hill of the southern Cangwu is deep in Cangwu, among which Jiuyi Mountain and Shunzhi are buried in the Lingling boundary of Changsha."
"Hainei Jing": "Within the North Sea, there is a snake mountain, and the snake water flows out into the East China Sea. There is a kind of bird, which is full of grain and flies all over the country. It is called ostrich. There are mountains not far away and buried in the west. "
In addition, when describing the sacrificial customs of 26 mountain ranges, The Five Zang Mountain Classics often points out that there are altars to worship mountain gods in the mountains, and there are graves of ancestors or gods in the mountains, for example, there is a Huashan Mountain in the west, a Li Er Mountain in the middle, a mountain with five classics in the middle, a bitter mountain, a Shaoshi Mountain and a Taishi Mountain in the middle, and seven classics of Jiao Shan, Bajing Mountain and Jiushi Mountain in the middle.
Three, go. Looking for hills without hills and verifying the mountain map.
As we all know, The Classic of Mountains and Seas is a compilation of four documents: The Classic of Five Zang Mountains in Yu's time, The Classic of Four Overseas Classics in Xia's time, The Classic of the Great Northern Wilderness in Shang's time and The Classic of Five Families in Zhou's time, among which The Classic of Five Zang Mountains is equivalent to the White Paper on Land and Resources Investigation in Yu's time.
The Five Zang Mountain Classics records the natural environment and products of 26 mountain ranges in five regions of southeast, northwest and central China, as well as the sacrificial activities of local people. * * * There are 447 mountains with names, directions and distances, 258 related water systems, 348 landscapes, 673 minerals, 525 plants, 473 animals (many of which are dressed by people) and 95 human activity scenes. The above content has been painted in a huge painting of 42 square meters, "Landscape of Emperor Yu".
Are the records in the Five Zang Mountain Classics true and reliable? Is the drawing of Jade Emperor's Mountain and River Map accurate? This requires on-the-spot investigation, including macro investigation and micro investigation.
The so-called microscopic investigation is to conduct on-the-spot investigation and textual research on each mountain in the Five Zang Mountain Classic to see if there are corresponding minerals, plants, animals and human civilization activities or their remains; It goes without saying that this requires considerable capital, manpower and material resources, and it is difficult to fully carry out it at present.
The so-called macro-investigation, that is, textual research on the general orientation of the Wuzang Mountain Classic and the geographical orientation of the Sanguisorba Mountain Map, can select a number of landmark peaks for orientation comparison, such as Buzhou Mountain.
"Three Classics of Xishan Classic and Xici Classic": "Three hundred and seventy miles northwest, that is, I don't think about mountains. Looking at the mountains in the north, the moon rushes to the mountains, looking at the mountains in the east, the river is flooded, and its original muddy bubble. There is a kind of fruit that is very beautiful. In fact, it is like a peach, and its leaves are like dates. It is yellow and red, and it tastes terrible. " "Wild West Classic": "Beyond the Northwest Sea, there are mountains that are out of touch with each other, and it is called that there are two yellow beasts guarding them. There is a kind of water called hot and cold water. There are wet mountains in the west and curtain mountains in the east. Yu Gongguo Mountain. "
According to the above records, Buzhou Mountain is a jagged crater, located in the northwest (from the direction of the Central Plains). It was considered to be the birthplace of the Yellow River at that time, and it was adjacent to Kunlun Mountain in Xishan Jing, and was drawn in the Hetao area of the Yellow River today in the map of Yushan River of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Because this is a very special and striking landform, which can only be formed by volcanic eruption or meteorite impact (the legend that workers knocked it down suggests that it may be a giant crater), it is easy to identify with modern scientific and technological means, so we have great hope to find it.
Fourth, action! Establish Gong Yu Friendship Association and Shanhaijing Friendship Association.
1, based on snow, mountains and seas in Xue Jing.
In China's historical legends, Dayu's deeds are very rich, including flood control, delineation of Kyushu, determination of tributes, and implementation of the earliest and largest land and resources survey in human history. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special knowledge to study Yu's deeds and their influence on the development of human society. The name of this knowledge is suggested as "Yu Xue".
At the same time, as Shan Hai Jing is the oldest book on physical geography and human geography in human history, its ancient information can be called the pyramid of civilization (it should be declared as the world intangible cultural heritage). Therefore, it is necessary to establish a special knowledge to study and interpret the information in Shan Hai Jing, whose name implies "Shan Hai Xue Jing".
From the perspective of history and the history of human civilization, Yu Xue and Shan Hai Xue Jing belong to the category of pre-Xia history, which is also the basis of pre-Xia history research. This is because the Yu era is a historical stage connecting the past and the future, with the legendary period of Three Emperors and Five Emperors and Fuxi Nuwa in front and the historical period of Xia, Shang and Zhou behind. Therefore, only by clarifying the events in the Yu period (according to the law of time compression in the legendary era, it may be a long period) can we further clarify the events before the Yu period.
2. Establish Gong Yu Friendship Association and Shanhaijing Friendship Association.
At present, many scholars and ordinary people at home and abroad are paying attention to Dayu's deeds of water control and the records in Shan Hai Jing, because they are an important part of Chinese civilization. In this case, it is necessary to establish the Friendship Association at home and abroad and the Friendship Association of Shanhaijing, so as to unite scholars and enthusiasts at home and abroad, popularize the study of Yu and Shanhaijing, and develop the corresponding cultural tourism industry.
Many counties and cities in China have stories about Dayu's flood control and activities, and the cultural departments in these places should become group members of Gong Yu Friendship Association.
3. Develop Yu Ji's tourism resources and mountain and sea cultural resources.
Dayu flood control sites are all over the north and south of the Yellow River. Many of them have beautiful natural scenery and profound cultural connotations, which means that these sites have the value of tourism resources. Therefore, if it can be carefully organized and developed, there is hope to form a new tourist route for concubine Yu.
At the same time, according to the rich ancient civilization information recorded in Shan Hai Jing, we can also develop the tourist hotline of Shan Hai Jing and related cultural industries of Shan Hai Jing.
Before that, our first task is to organize and implement the exploration activities of Yu Ji and Shan Hai Jing. At present, some scholars, enthusiasts and explorers have contacted the author, and are preparing for field trips, as well as corresponding academic seminars and planning meetings. As this is an unprecedented move and the historical mission of our generation, it is necessary to solicit opinions and suggestions from people from all walks of life and welcome more people of insight to participate.